The thesis concludes that residents of Apartheid settlements use their housing units as a valuable asset to improve their living conditions and create a sustainable environment. However, in the settlements developed by the post-Apartheid regime, residents struggle to use their homes as an asset to improve their living conditions and create a comfortable and sustainable environment.
ANC BAS A
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION
- Summary
Currently, access to housing finance for low-income groups is one of the greatest challenges facing South Africa (Rust, 2002). One program linked to the post-apartheid agenda is the Informal Settlements Upgrade Program (2004b), which is designed as a program to "progressively eradicate informal settlements" (2004b, 12).
DEFINING THE PROBLEM
- The problem outlined
- The approaches to housing delivery
- An integrated approach to housing
- Understanding the subjectivity aspect in the consolidation process of human settlements
- The hypothesis
- Summary
The second is the recognition of the importance of the beneficiaries' informal resources in the consolidation of their homes. Are the strategies introduced by the post-apartheid government in terms of the creation and consolidation of human settlements anti-poor than those of the Apartheid regime.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DELPHI STUDY
- Introduction
- Design of the consolidation indices
- Primary sources
- Delphi study
- Analysis of the Delphi study
- Qualitative research and data gathering
- Settlement models within the Ethekwini region
The selected experts were asked to rank the order of the components according to their experience and knowledge. The null hypothesis in the Kruska/-Wallis test assumes that the samples are from identical populations, and was therefore appropriate in terms of the data collected from the Delphi study.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- The Modernisation Theory
- The Dependency Theory
- The Movement Economic Theory and locational configurations
- Summary
The document further attempts to reverse the effects of the ideologies contained in modernization theory. There are several authors (Jacobs, 1961; Coleman, 1986; Newman, 1992) who have contributed to the understanding of the socio-spatial relationship.
URBANISATION, SLUMS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- Introduction
- Urbanisation in Developing Countries: An Overview
- Urbanisation: A Theoretical Framework
- Informal settlements and slums: a global perspective
- Urbanisation and slums in Africa
- Urbanisation and slums in South Africa
- Urbanisation and sustainability
It shows that the gap between developing countries and the world as a whole is narrowing. Twenty years later, the picture was reversed: more than half of the world's population growth took place in the urban areas of developing countries. Nearly half of urban population growth in developing countries is caused by rural-to-urban migration.
Political instability, one of the causes of forced migration, also contributes greatly to the increase in urban population. Another factor contributing to urbanization in South Africa is the abolition of the Influx Control Act in 1986 (Cox et ai, 2004). It appears that informal settlements and the growth of slums are a response by the urban poor to the housing crisis created by the rapid growth of urbanization in Africa.
South Africa's housing crisis is one of the enormous challenges posed by the rapid growth of the urban population. Some answers lie in the complexity of the spatiality of the informal settlements themselves (Huchzermeyer, 1999). Another important aspect to achieve sustainable development is preserving the diversity of cultures.
Sustainable development in South Africa
- Sustainable development and policies in South Africa
- Adequate shelter in South Africa: the challenge
An effort to support sustainable development in South Africa is seen as an aim of the post-apartheid government to restructure and integrate cities, to make them livable. The end of the Apartheid era and the emergence of a non-racial, democratic South Africa revealed a diverse set of development problems and issues. The housing subsidy program was established as a reformed version of the Independent Development Trust's Program.
The subsidy cannot bridge the financial gap between income and housing costs. However, despite the existence of the aforementioned policy framework to promote sustainable development in South Africa, the legacies of apartheid such as high levels of poverty between urban and rural communities, unemployment and lack of social stability (Twelfth Session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, 2004) continue to affect most South Africans and cities continue to show a widely distributed and segregated profile (Todes et ai, 2003). However, little attention has been paid to the "politics of politics" when dealing with environmental issues within the political forum (Hinchcliffe, 2001).
In South Africa, among the aspects that comprise sustainable development, namely environmental, social and economic, the major challenge may be to improve the social welfare of the majority of the urban poor. The indicator approach is certainly not applicable to elements that cannot be quantified, such as values, lifestyles, landlord-tenant relationships and the influence of the stakeholders in the housing system. Provision of adequate affordable shelters for the majority of the urban poor appears to be one of the critical issues that South African policy makers need to address.
Summary
Such a process seeks to alleviate poverty, reduce the vulnerability of poor households and promote their inclusion in the urban fabric. Although sustainable development is the focus of this chapter, other aspects of sustainability such as social, environmental or ecological are also relevant to human well-being. This should be achieved through an effective political system that devises policies that allow for economic growth and social justice to promote a fair redistribution of countries' wealth.
The second objective is to preserve our environment, which supports the living conditions of today's generation and generations to come. Housing in Africa in general and South Africa in particular has been identified as an important sector to stimulate sustainable development and forms a central part of the social aspect of sustainable development. The four main components of this approach have been identified as favorable social preconditions for the construction and use of environmentally sustainable housing; equitable distribution and use of housing resources and assets; harmonious social relations within the housing system and an acceptable quality of housing and living environment.
Adequate housing that low-income families can afford is one of the prerequisites for sustainable development. Unfortunately, in South Africa, subsidized housing provided to low-income families did not qualify as adequate housing. Difficult access to affordable urban land was recognized as one of the main obstacles preventing the provision of well-located low-cost housing in South Africa.
HOUSING POLICY AND PRACTICE
- Introduction
- The evolution of housing policies
- Objective and subjective priorities for housing
- Housing policy and state intervention
- Housing in the developing countries
- The World Bank and housing
- The evolution of the World Bank's housing policy
- The development of the National Housing Policy
- State intervention in housing
- The South African housing policy: a critical overview
- A comprehensive plan for the development of sustainable human settlements settlements
- Introduction
- The emergence of Breaking New Ground
- Summary
The key issue to be addressed in the evolution of the housing policy is to address the housing crisis. The paper argues for a real empowerment of the private sector in the housing delivery process in developing countries. However, the policy document of the World Bank (1993) focuses more on the supply rather than the demand side (Omenya, 2002).
The approach was seen as a major response to the housing crisis of the urban poor (Mathey, 1992). Currently, the ability of the 'Housing enabling strategy' (World Bank, 1993), the policy derived from the neo-liberal theory to benefit the urban poor and alleviate their housing problems, is being questioned (Omenya, 2002). The evolution of the housing policy for the future finds its basis in the Millennium Development Goals and urban sustainability.
Government policy plays an important role in the analysis and explanation of housing policy developments. The provision of housing for the poor was and still is almost entirely in the hands of the state. However, the way in which GEAR influenced the outcome of housing policy has been questioned.
This is especially necessary if housing policy is to meet the needs of the poor. Many authors saw housing market dysfunction as the main weakness of housing construction in South Africa (Khan & Thurme, 2001; Rust, 2002; Charlton, 2004).
SOCIAL HOUSING AND THE CREATION OF SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOODS SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBOURHOODS
- Introduction
- Conceptual analysis of social housing
- Social housing in Europe
- Overview
- Evolution of social housing in Europe
- Challenges facing social housing in Europe
- Social housing in South Africa
- Overview of public housing programme in South Africa
- The evolution of social housing in South Africa in line with housing policy policy
- Social housing and sustainable issues
- Challenges facing the social housing sector in South Africa
- Enhancing the social housing sector in South Africa
- Conclusion
In Germany, for example, social housing is provided by the private sector (Tsenkova & Turner, 2004; Fitzpatrick & Pawson, 2007). Currently, the social housing sector in Europe is looking for strategies to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. According to Malpass (2001), the restructuring of the social housing sector in Europe can be dated back to the 1970s.
The regeneration of the city center is one of the roles attributed to social housing in South Africa. Tonkin (2006) argued that the outcomes of the implementation of social housing in South Africa have produced mixed results. The next section will highlight the contribution of social housing in the development of unsustainable human settlement.
In fact, in its inception, social housing in South Africa was not designed for low-income households. The social housing sector in South Africa undoubtedly has a lot to learn from the European experience of social housing. The first issue to be highlighted is at the level of the definition of social housing.
SETTLEMENT AND NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING AND DESIGN AND DESIGN
- Introduction
- Evolution of settlement planning
- Modern and Post-Modern Theory
- The colonial influence on Africa
In other words, Mohan and Twigg (2007) emphasized the importance of a place in relation to people's perception of the quality of life. The intrinsic relationship between neighborhood and adequate housing should stimulate planners, policy makers and communities to design housing projects that are vibrant, convenient, safe, close to the workplace and shops, facilitate poor households' livelihood strategies and prevent the deterioration of the physical environment. . Modern town planning, sometimes called land planning, defined as "the art and science of ordering the use of land and the character and location of buildings and communicative routes" arose partly in response to the overcrowded, unhealthy industrial cities of the nineteenth century (Taylor , 1998, 6).
The ability of capital to circulate globally has redefined and weakened the role of traditional state politics (Offe, 1984; Castells, 1989). One important consequence of the quest for sustainable urban development has been a resurgence of interest in theories and policies of compact cities. Perhaps the most immediate global dimension is the environmental problems that policies are targeting.
Indeed, the failure of the rate of economic development to match the rate of demographic growth can only lead to deterioration in all aspects of sustainability (UNDP, 1992; Satterthwaite, 1999). In 1995, the state formally committed to compaction policies with the publication of the Development Facilitation Act (Republic of South Africa, 1995). The government's use of the single capital grant linked to the detached single-storey residential unit as the dominant policy instrument promotes large, monofunctional mass housing projects.
