It is the management of fishing activity that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs; It is the interweaving of the industrial sub-sector and the small-scale fishing sub-sector with the institutional apparatus as well as related fishing activities that enable the interaction and functioning of the fishing process in the country. It is a combination of fishing boat and fishing gear or one of these items (boat or gear) only that employs fishermen or a fisherman (woman and/or man) with or without a fishing boat using fishing gear (IDPPE, 2006) ;.
It is a fishing gear that comprises one or more fishing hooks that are usually operationalized using the fisherman's hand (IDPPE, 2006). It is a national state institution that is judicially and administratively independent from the Ministry of Fisheries. It is a collection of knowledge and beliefs passed down through oral tradition and first-hand observation.
Introduction
By ignoring the use of indigenous knowledge in the fisheries management process, especially at the artisanal fisheries management level, the government faces limitations in making important artisanal fisheries management decisions on which the welfare of fishing communities and development depend. The inclusion of IK in artisanal fisheries management as part of the fisheries management decentralization program will enable the government to make better decisions for sustainable fisheries management. Although the government is clearly aware of these problems, little has been done to validate the use of indigenous knowledge and its full integration into the artisanal fisheries management process.
IK has also been recognized as effective, especially when used together with scientific knowledge as integrated knowledge for fisheries management. In such circumstances, IK must be formally recognized and validated to be an integral part of knowledge for the management of artisanal fisheries. In this chapter, emphasis was placed on the need to integrate and/or combine indigenous and scientific knowledge for successful and efficient fisheries management.
Description of the study area
Each of the ten provinces is headed by a provincial governor, appointed by the central government. The construction sector is expected to grow by 8.0% as a result of the planned public investments. In the marine area of Sangage and the southern part of the urban area of Angoche, the beaches are formed by mangrove forests.
As shown in figure 7, nearly 220 km of roads are considered national (Angoche-Nametil and Angoche Moma). In the process of building the educational infrastructure, IDPPE is one of the main partners of the government for the district. The general trend is the fulfillment of the fishing sectoral objective: "improving the social and economic conditions of the fishing communities".
Fisheries in Mozambique: An overview
The period 1975-1980 can be considered as the phase of "adaptation of tools" for the creation of fisheries policies. In 1977, PESCOM - the national undertaking for the commercialization of fishery products and EMOPESCA - the national undertaking for fishing were established and have delegations in Angoche (NPL), Quelimane (ZAB), Beira (SOF) and Maputo (MPT). In 1978, a legal Decree was published defining the functions of the State Fisheries Secretariat under the Ministry of Industry and Energy.
The experience of merging the fishing sector with agriculture was disastrous and led to the decline of the fishing sector (Gonçalves, 2004). Based on the information in Table 1, the 7,574 licensed craft boats correspond to 19% of the total number of craft boats (39,398) registered in the census. The artisanal fishing sector was the most important as it landed 63,973 tonnes (representing 70% of the total catch), worth US$155.6 million.
Research methodology
Finally, a map was produced showing the localization and distribution of the identified fishing grounds in the study area. Recommendations and suggestions are proposed for the validation and integration of indigenous knowledge in the fisheries management process, especially for sustainable artisanal fisheries management. Capabilities for assessing and researching the state of the coastal environment were limited.
Based on the above premise, the sample must be representative of the object of research and the minimum sample size must be proportional to the total number of fishermen in the selected study area. As shown in figure 14, the sampling process is based on the list of the seven identified and existing planning areas in Angoche district. In the present case, 64% of 50 (the total number of fishing villages found in the seven PAs in Angoche district) equals 32 fishing villages.
The selection of the 32 fishing villages from 50 was done by applying the random sampling technique. At the end of the sampling process, the results obtained were as shown in Table 4. The formula adopted to ensure representativeness of the sample size was: (D = (C x B)/A) where:. A) is equal to the total eligible population for sampling (1,286) in all 32 randomly selected fishing grounds in the study area and (B) is the total sample size (180) randomly selected from the total eligible population for sampling and (C) is is the total eligible population for sampling for each randomly selected fishing village and (D) is the (unknown) number of sample size units (fishers) to be taken from each of the 32 fishing grounds to make up the total sample size of 180 units.
The "exploratory survey" was conducted in each of the randomly selected fishing villages (32) in the study area. "Exploratory survey", designed to obtain a list of the entire population eligible for sampling in 27 fishing villages selected from 50. Coordinates (latitude and longitude) for identification and characterization of fishing areas were recorded by direct inclusion of artisanal fishermen. using their local knowledge interpretation.
The questionnaire focused on individual opinions on the identification and characterization of artisanal fishing zones and formed the basis for the majority of the data and/or information collected.
Data analysis
Results on "dense forest" and "undulating terrain" coverage show similar behavior globally or by design area.
Discussion and conclusion
The approach on the use of indigenous knowledge for the identification of artificial fishing zones is all about fishing zones in the open sea or offshore. Data and information about indigenous knowledge described in this thesis show the potential of using this type of knowledge in fisheries management. The information herein shows the potential of indigenous knowledge that can be integrated into science for sustainable artisanal fisheries management.
Furthermore, indigenous knowledge fishing uses relatively simple technology that limits environmental impact, leading to sustainable artisanal fisheries management. In this regard, it is clear that only indigenous knowledge plays an important role in the management of artisanal fisheries. Indigenous knowledge identified atmospheric and oceanic factors as the main factors underlying the identification of artisanal fishing zones.
They are also intended to provide answers to the survey objectives as follows. i) - Understand how artisanal fishers identify fishing zones using their indigenous knowledge. Results from this thesis show that identification of fishing zones offshore or in the open sea can be done simply and solely based on local indigenous knowledge without scientific knowledge support. Water darkness, seabirds, water tonality and rocky seabed are indicators of the use of indigenous knowledge to identify fishing zones.
In this respect, indigenous and scientific knowledge can be effectively and significantly correlated. iii) - Potential for use of indigenous knowledge in decision-making for artisanal fisheries management by government and other development agencies. GIS was used in this study to process, visualize and produce spatial and non-spatial data provided by indigenous knowledge on fish zone identification. In this regard, GPS and GIS technology facilitated the incorporation of indigenous knowledge into other knowledge that can be used for local decision-making processes.
The results from this research show that the identification of inshore or offshore fishing areas can be done simply and based on local indigenous knowledge, as shown in Table 6.
Questionnaire for individuals
3.3.2 - In the table below, indicate PERIODS OF HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY for each of the following activities. 3.3.3 - Based on your own experience, under what CONDITIONS do you consider ARTISAN FISHING to be VERY GOOD. 3.5 –––– Traditional and cultural pr Traditional and cultural pr Traditional and cultural practicesTraditional and cultural practicespractical practices.
5.3 - From your fishing hub, how many HOURS it usually takes to reach the fishing zone you normally use to fish. 6.1 - If you have your FISHING UNIT IN GOOD CONDITION, or go fishing when it is. Climatic characteristics Yes; always Yes; sometimes No; not at all 7.1.1 - The best months for fishing.
Questionnaire for group interview
2.2 - List in the table below the PERIOD OF MOST PRODUCTIVITY for each of the following activities. 3 3 –––– Traditional and traditional and traditional and cultural practices Traditional and cultural practices Cultural practices Cultural practices. 3.1 – What TRADITIONAL and CULTURAL PRACTICES are associated with fishing activities AND HOW IT WORKS.
3.2 – HOW these traditional and cultural aspects ARE TRANSFERRED to the youth for their preservation. 3.3 – Explain the MEANING and the OBJECTIVES of the following traditional and cultural aspects: (If an answer has been given in point 3.1, do not repeat it). 5.3 - If “ANY TYPE” is known from the above fisheries, please give an explanation of HOW YOU CHARACTERIZE IT and GIVE ITS SPECIFIC LIMITS.
Questionnaire for scientists
4 - What are the common species caught in the Artisanal fishing zones where the following fishing gear is used? .. 5 – List on the table below which months you think are: -a) the best and –b) the worst for artificial fishing. 7.1 - Do you think there is any connection between METEOROLOGICAL CALENDAR and SPECIES CAUGHT in artificial fishing zones. MOON CYCLE New Moon First quarter Full Moon Second quarter TIDE CYCLE Rising tides Falling tides.
7.3 – Do you think there is any connection between the LUNAR CYCLE and the SPECIES FOUND in the artisanal fishing areas? 7.4 – Do you think there is any relationship between TIDAL CYCLE and CATCH OF SPECIES in artisanal fishing areas? 9 – What role (if any) do you think indigenous knowledge can play in artisanal fisheries management.
Questionnaire for identification of fishing zones
Community development in artisanal in artisanal fishing villages, Angoche
Industrial fleet and artisanal fishing boat
Selective artisanal fishing gears in fishing zones
Fishing zones’ indicators and winds identification in fishing villages
Artisanal fishing zones identification in Angoche coastal zone
