The study proposes to fill these gaps in the existing literature through a two-level analysis of the Niger Delta conflict: (1) internal (2) international. COSEND Consolidated Council for the Social and Economic Development of the Niger Delta Coastal States.
Nigeria‘s Wealth: Serving the Few, Starving the Many
The geographical distribution and population projection of the Niger Delta are shown below (see Table 1 below). In terms of natural resources, the Niger Delta is easily one of the most blessed regions in the world. Notable among these are the 'Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People' (MOSOP), the Ijaw Youth Council (IYC), the Ijaw National Congress (INC), the Egbesu Boys of Africa (EBA), the Niger Delta Volunteer Force (NDVF ). ), the Ijaw Nationality Rights Protection Organization (INRPO) and the Ogoni Patriotic Union (OPU)’ (Ojakorotu and Uzodike, 2007: 95).
The Niger Delta of Nigeria: Scarcity and Surfeit
Research Problem
Research Hypothesis
Research Objectives
Research Questions
Theoretical Framework
Relative Deprivation (RD)
This discrepancy is a frustrating experience that is sufficiently intense and purposeful to culminate in rebellion or revolution." In his masterpiece Why Men Rebel, Gurr argues that "the greater the deprivation an individual perceives in relation to his expectations, the greater his dissatisfaction is; The more widespread and intense discontent there is among the members of a society, the more likely and serious civil war is.” What Gurr is essentially saying is that collective disadvantage and relative deprivation underlie violent political mobilization. 21 In the final formulation of Berkowitz's theory, the perception of frustration would induce anger.
Research Methodology
Research Contribution
At the end of this chapter, the reader should have an acceptable understanding of such important concepts as: development, the oil-development-resource curse nexus, the Gulf of Guinea, the Nigerian state in perspective, security, ethnicity, ethnic conflict and minority problems, civil society and ethnic militias-cum-resource control. Specific attention will be devoted to the issue of ethnicity, ethnic conflict and minority problems, as they provide the benchmark for the key thematic issue of this study.
Development
This covers various aspects of social well-being, expressed in phenomena such as life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, school enrollment, etc., at the macro or group level; and health, literacy levels, social security, etc., at the household or individual level. This concerns the perception of a person's position, capabilities and opportunities in society, at the level of the social group, the household or the individual (Dale.
The Gulf of Guinea
Most states in the region (on the whole) have some of the most despicable forms of underdevelopment and misery. 27 “This is an estimate of crude oil production and proven oil reserves of oil producers in the Gulf of Guinea for 2008: Angola (daily total oil production: 2.014), proven reserves: 9.035 billion barrels).
The Oil-Development-Resource Curse Nexus
In light of the above, oil in Nigeria can be described as a "curse" rather than a blessing. In light of the above, we should ask: What is the problem with Nigeria.
The Nigerian State in Perspective
These are the things of the crisis in the Niger Delta.34 From the point of view of human security, the security of the state is not an end in itself: "it is a means to ensure security for people" (du Pisani, 2007: 18). 34 The shift from an authoritarian, state-centric view to the notion of human security is based on the fact that people are the means and goal of the development process.
Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflicts, and Minority Problems
37 Elsewhere, Isajiw (1992: 5) claims that "the most common approach in the literature is to start with ethnic groups and see ethnicity as arising from an individual's relationship to a certain ethnic group." He defends this approach as follows: ―First, the meaning of the concept of ethnicity depends from Two strands of the concept of citizenship create conflicts between groups on the continent (de Waal, 2000: 47).
Civil Society
The most important values for building a civil society are trust, reciprocity, tolerance and inclusiveness. New personal communications technologies can strengthen civil society by enabling citizens to communicate independently of state surveillance.
Ethnic Militias and Resource Control
For example, while militia groups in the Niger Delta emerged as a result of specific problems in the Niger Delta, of. This chapter seeks to explain the root causes of the conflict in the Niger Delta, identifying them as political and economic in nature.
Political Root Causes of the Niger Delta Conflict
- A Brief Political History of the Niger Delta People
- Federalism and Conflict Management
- Nigeria‘s Federalism: A Brief Explorative Study
- Nigeria‘s Federalism and Conflict Management
- Overcentralisation and the Defective Federal State
- The National Question
For example, the gradual reduction in emphasis of the principle of revenue generation (which stood at 50 percent between 1960 and 1967 and fell to a low of 3 percent in 1999) by the federal government is used to support this argument (Ogundiya, 2011). These global trends highlighted the struggle for the Niger Delta as a critical aspect of the national question in Nigeria (Agbu.
Economic Root Causes of the Niger Delta Conflict
A Brief Economic History of the Niger Delta
Even the dawn of the slave trade did not replace local practices such as farming and fishing. And with the abolition of the slave trade, people returned to the agricultural activities they had previously engaged in.
The Oil Industry in Nigeria
In addition, the Nigerian state attempted to gain greater control over the proceeds of oil exports. The growing interests of the Nigerian government in the affairs of the oil sector were represented by the newly formed NNPC.
Demands of the Oil Producing Communities in the Niger Delta
In view of the above, the next section identifies and breaks down the main grievances and demands of the oil-bearing ethnic minority communities in the Niger Delta. Fearful of the physical geography of the Niger Delta, the prospect that the area could not be developed emerged very early in Nigeria's history.
Government Policies towards Oil-bearing States in the Niger Delta
- Redistributive Policies
- Reorganizational Policies
- Regulatory or Repressive Policies
The piece is titled "The Ogoni Question and the Role of the International Community in Nigeria" in Na'Allah. Resource Utilization and Impact of Industrial Activities,‖ in The Endangered Environment of the Niger Delta: Constraints and Strategies, edited by D.
State Militarization and Gramsci‘s Explanation
The Environmental Causes of the Niger Delta Conflict
The Curse of Oil: Pollution and Human Rights in the Niger Delta
One of the most prominent factors in human rights violations is an unhealthy environment. Years of oil activities in the Niger Delta have led to pervasive pollution caused by oil spills and gas flaring.
Shell in the Niger Delta: A Symbol of Death
Anything spread outside in the neighborhood is soaked with oil as the wind carries the oil miles away from the scene of the incident. It is instructive to note that long before Shell's activities in the Niger Delta made international news, officials from the Inspectorate Division of the Nigerian National Petroleum Company raised the alarm about the oil exploration activities of Shell and the other foreign oil companies. do to the delta environment.
The Net Effect of Shell‘s Activities in the Niger Delta
The World Bank therefore argues that actual annual figures of oil spills in the Niger Delta are actually about ten times the officially released estimates (Moffat and Linden Okonta and Douglas, 2003: 66). Faced with this stubbornness, the WWF went public in December 1995 and denounced Shell's operations in the Niger Delta.
The Social-Security Causes of the Niger Delta Conflict
Supply and Demand
Weiss (2003) aptly notes that “by bringing demand reduction measures to the fore, the problem of small arms proliferation can be debated in new forums. While unequivocally reaffirming the values of "sovereignty, non-intervention and the right to individual and collective self-defense," the signatories asserted that "the problem of proliferation, circulation and illicit trafficking of small arms and light weapons.
The ‗Hobbesian Niger Delta‘ and the Collapse of the Social Contract
123 result of the disintegration/collapse of the social contract (and of weapons in particular), then it follows that the task that awaits is to. Insofar as the legitimacy of the state at the local, state and federal levels is challenged by a vast majority of people in the Niger Delta, they will continue to challenge the right of the state and its agencies to monopolize the instruments of society. of violence (Ibeanu, 2005: 53).
Oiling the Guns and Gunning for Oil
According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the growing unrest in the Niger Delta is one that. Other groups include the Coalition for Militant Action in the Niger Delta (COMA), the Joint Revolutionary Council (JRC), the Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF), and a number of cult groups, such as the Outlaws and Icelander (see Hazer and Horner, 2007: 19).
Janus Unbound: Armed Resistance in the Niger Delta
- The Ogoni Resistance
- The Ijaw Resistance and the Use of Deadly Weapons
Reflections on the National Question,‖ in Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Crises of the Nigerian State, edited by O. Philosophy and Theory of the National Question,‖ in The National Question in Nigeria: Comparative Perspectives, edited by A.
Setting the Scene: The Ambivalence of the International Community
The Globalisation of Local Resistance
Human rights struggles in the Niger Delta have largely revolved around exposing wanton rights abuses by the state and multinational oil companies and appeals to the international community for support to ensure reparations. In 2000, the Niger Delta Congress – a coalition of oil minority movements – sent the Niger Delta Bill of Rights to the United Nations.
How MOSOP Engaged the International Community
According to Isike et al, the Ogoni struggle exemplifies the nature and objectives of the crisis and local resistance in the Niger Delta. It should be noted that modern information technology played a central role in the internationalization of the Niger Delta conflict.
How MEND Engaged the International Community: The Militarization of Local
Having investigated the internationalization of local resistance in the Niger Delta, with a particular focus on MOSOP and MEND, the concluding chapter goes in search of solutions to the current impasse in the Niger Delta. 157 formula for mitigating the problems of Nigeria's ethnic minorities and the associated challenges it poses to the country's development, especially in the oil-rich Niger Delta.
Consociational Democracy: A Viable Option?
The participation of the representatives of all significant groups in the government of the country (also referred to as grand coalition). For a more nuanced appreciation of the current state of consociational theory, it may be useful to examine John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary's The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consociational Engagements published in 2004.
Other Policy Options
The Perverse Manifestation of Civil Society: Evidence from Nigeria.‖ The Journal of Modern African Studies 39(1). 1996). ―The Crisis of the Post-Colonial Nation-State Project in Africa,‖ in Challenges to the Nation-State in Africa, geredigeer deur A.
