The share of news related to the political change, daily newspaper coverage of KANU and the opposition. One of the manifestations of the ideology of order is the high respect given in Kenyan politics to constitutionalism. The effect was that a culture of silence was established on the part of the population.
The temporal comparison will concern the influence of the change in political culture on the performance of the press. This is because politicians depend on the press for publicity and legitimacy in the eyes of the public. The Crusade for Multipartyism was one of the most politically consequential controversies in Kenya's history.
Some aspects of the political issues may gain prominence in the news to the implied subordination of others.
Thesis Outline
This is due to the fact that the political space available to the members was severely limited. Criticism of the president and his government (as opposed to individual ministers and civil servants), however constructive and well-founded in fact, was usually immediately dismissed as anti-nyayo (Tostensen and Scott, 1987: 94 ). The effects of this culture on the human and political rights of citizens have been identified.
In fact, most African media scholarship is deeply rooted in the academic traditions of the West. Therefore, Western theoretical traditions and perspectives are relevant to any reasonable discussion of the role of the media in the democratic process of African countries. Conversely, politicians can convey their differing views to the wider community through the media.
Some of the characteristics of collective development were considered to be national identity and national unity. However, its main emphasis is different, and therefore important for this study, because it has normative implications for the role of the media in the political public sphere of African countries. It is in the first sentence above that Habermas came to describe the role of the press as a public sphere.
On the political stage, freedom of the press against state control was closely linked to the development of parliamentary politics. The strongest theoretical arguments about the limitations of the media's role in the democratic process are rooted in Marxism. As a result, the ideas of the dominant class are the ruling ideas of the era.
From this perspective, private owners of the media of mass communication belong by definition to the capitalist class. This problem is compounded by the fact that the concept of the media is generic and therefore does not refer to a single entity. These misrepresentations or ideological distortions contribute to the reproduction of the same conditions of oppression.
Althusser argues that the "reproduction of submission to the ruling ideology" requires the cultural institutions of the Church, mass media, and political apparatuses.
Summary
In this chapter I will attempt to provide an instructive history of the daily press in Kenya. However, my intention is to demonstrate that the political performance of the daily press in Kenya has been most influenced by the power dynamics in the political arena. It projects and presents to the wananchi (the citizens) the policies and achievements of the government.
The second most important event in the history of the daily press took place in 1902, when Mr. After independence, the press became an important actor in promoting and preserving the colonial socio-economic legacy.
According to the Weekly Review (April 4, 1991), he appeared for the time being to have the blessing of the President. Some politicians see this as 'the biggest obstacle to press freedom in Kenya'. It is these experiences that made Ng'weno loathe the KANU government's interference with press freedom.
In addition, it is a requirement of the act that no newspaper be printed without a bond of Ksh. However, this clause had a proviso, which seemed to be the most important part of the bill. For most of the time, the press was seen as free, but within limits.
It is therefore quickly apparent that the concept of media text and the simultaneous identification of the meaning of a text are understood differently in the literature. It is clear in the above reasoning that epistemological and ontological questions or problems are at the center of the discussion. Finally, a pragmatic proposition contains a reference to the sender or receiver of the message.
The answer to this question, Andren asserts, will depend on the object of the interpretation.
Introduction
The Quantitative Stage: Data Collection and Analysis
From the summaries above, it will be ascertained b) what percentage of all narratives about the democratic-political change are focused on the activity of a) the KANU government and b) the opposition. This statistic will represent the degree of publicity each daily gives to each of the opposing political groups. In other words, using the time comparison, I will determine whether the political change had any significant effect on the ratio of national news coverage tuned by each daily to each of the two political groups.
In the next step, I will then c) categorize the news according to the nature of the publicity, a) positive or b) negative, given to the KANU government or the opposition. A decision will be made as to whether the subject of the news (person, issue or event) is reported in such a way that the story "speaks approvingly (positive publicity) or disapprovingly (negative publicity) of one of the political groups. This should help infer the partisan sympathies, if any, created by the news selection and treatment values of the newspaper.
For each daily newspaper, I will identify and summarize all those news stories relating to the activities of the two warring political groups, the KANU government and the opposition. This aims to determine the effect of the political change on the incidence of party political narratives critical of the KANU government. This statistic will be taken as a measure of the extent to which the relevant daily newspaper, with the change, had or developed a tendency to allow stories that helped build legitimacy for the opposition, thus strengthening the ideological position of the KANU government was challenged.
This can also be taken as a measure of the degree of support the newspaper had for the ruling party in helping to protect its legitimacy and public image. This statistic will also be taken as a measure of the daily newspapers' support for the status quo. A temporal consideration of the above results will highlight the role of democratic-political change in the process.
This type of problem will necessitate continuous examination of the news item over a number of times. It is in the belief that 'the main point of the story is encapsulated in a 'strong lead', thus implying that 'a news story'.
Quantitative Analysis: Indices, Frequencies and Tables
For example, a long news story may end up covering both the opposition criticizing KANU and KANU defending itself against criticism. In order to overcome the problem, I plan to start by first determining the original subject of the news in addition to the other transmitted information. I will do this by following Tiffn's aspects of the 'inverted pyramid' presentation style.
For the categories of publicity and legitimacy of each news item, I will also take into account ideological preferences in the title, introduction and following sentences (see Dijk Gans. Finally, where there is ambiguity, I will decide using the above guidelines, which party or any other value dominates in the news.While the balance in the number of favorable and unfavorable attributes of a symbol, idea, or topic is usually interpreted as a measure of the direction of bias.
Furthermore, it can be argued that the kinds of qualifications made and associations expressed regarding a symbol, idea or subject are often interpreted as a measure of the intensity or strength of a belief, belief or motivation (see Krippendorff, 1980: 40). ). Much depends on aspects of the context of a reference, which are difficult to capture quantitatively, or on internal relationships between references in texts, which can be lost during the abstraction process (McQuail). Frequency measures are likely to be successful indicators when the underlying phenomena are not also frequency related.
It has already been shown at the end of the previous chapter that in order to classify or categorize a news or story, qualitative judgments will be used to determine, for example, which actors or political activities dominate it and to derive the values and attributes inherited. (found between the lines). Notwithstanding the above observations, the most common form of data presentation, which serves primarily the summary function of the analysis, is in terms of frequencies: absolute frequencies, such as the number of incidents found in the sample, or relative frequencies, such as EG percentages. of sample size. The next most common form or representation of data is in terms of relationships between variables.
Such relationships can be seen in a cross-tabulation of the frequencies of simultaneous occurrences of the values of one variable and of the value of another. In the analysis of the quantitative data, I will primarily use simple relative frequency tables to summarize the data and facilitate comparisons.
The Qualitative Stage
