TI-IE NON-PRODUCTIVE VERBAL EXTENSIONS IN ZULU: A STUDY OF DERIVATIVE MORPHOLOGY is my own work, both in concept and execution. Verbal extensions are known to play a very substantial role in the derivation and/or inflection of verbs in contemporary Zulu. Less known and less well researched is a group of verbal derivatives that used to play an important role in distraction, but can no longer be freely linked to verbal stems: the nonproductive verbal extensions (NPEs).
INTRODUCTION
- THE IMPORTANCE OF EXTENSIONS
- NON-PRODUCTIVE EXTENSIONS
- REASONS FOR CHOICE OF TOPIC
- LITERAT URE REVI E W
Doke distinguished between what he called 'ordinary verbal derivatives' in Zulu and a group of 'miscellaneous derivative derivatives'. The distinction was made on the basis of the regularity with which verbs can be derived with these suffixes. At the same time (but apparently independently) Meinhof produced his Introduction to the Phonology of the Bantu Languages, in which he also discussed word extensions. Attention is given to ideophone NPEs, but the treatment of denominative verb suffixes is extremely brief.
DOKE MEINHOF CANTRELL
CONTACTIVE
ST ATIVE ACTUAL STATIVE
PERSISTIVE
REVERSIVE·TRANS. SUFFIX
INDICATING MOTION
INDI. SUDDEN MOVEMENT
IDEO.TRANS. SUFFIX
IDEO.INTRANS. SUFFIX
IDEO. CAUSATIVE SUFFIX
CAUSATIVE -~
I NEUTER
SCOPE OF THESIS
This will include an analysis of the role of reduplication and of combined expansions. iv) Discuss the syntax of the NPEs, with the main focus on changes in transitivity (Chapter 5). v) Analyze the meaning of the NPEs. A review of the verbs given as examples in various discussions of NPEs reveals several instances of verbs listed as Ur-Bantu roots in the Doke I Vilakazi dictionary. I There has been some debate in the literature about the status of the two expansion-causing J~I and akal.
SOME ISSUES IN DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY
PRODUC TIVITY
In this way, 'the degree of generalization of an addition in the vocabulary of a language is a reflection of the past productivity of that addition' (Baucr, 1988: 61). Bauer produces the most comprehensive summary of the various distinguishing criteria that have been proposed. We return to Bauer's list of various criteria which have been suggested to allow a distinction between descent and inflection (Saucr. 1988: 73).
CHAPTER 3
MORPHOPHONOLOGY OF NON-PRODUCTIVE EXTENSIONS
INTRODUCTION
THE STANDARD PHONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ZULU
The derivation of verbs by means of NPE shows to a large extent the characteristics of agglutination. Words formed by these procedures must always conform to the basic phonological structure of the Zulu language. Not only the structure of words, but also NPEs must conform to the structures of phonological rules.
VC CVC
PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES
For example, in the formation of the verb lokotha, the UV-Q of the ideophone loko is maintained while the initial vowel -~ of the extension -(a)th- is deleted. For example, the final vowel ~ of the verb denda is replaced by the vowel -e in the derived verb dendebula. The same phonological rule applies to the final vowel -u of the ideophone khanku which is replaced by the second vowel -a of the derived verb khankatha.
2, VOWEL COALESCENCE X
6, MAINTENANCE
INVOLVEMENT OF UVs IN REDUPLICATION
Several of the NPEs choose both IDs and verbal bases; for example, the contact person selects the -ath- ideophone (16) and verbs (12) in almost equal proportions. No NPE selects only verbal bases, but several NPEs (e.g. the -b-, -m -, -hl-, and -mb- extensions) select only ID bases.
ERB IDEOPHONE NOUN ~DJECTIVE RELATIVE I NTERJECTIVE CONTACTIVE
STATIVE ACTUAL
STATIVE DISPERSIVE
EXTENSIVE
IND,SUDDEN
INO, FRICTION
PHONOLOGICAL CO STRAI NTS
XXX(2)
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES: UVs OF VERBS + NPEs
DELETION COALESCENCE ASSIMILATION SUBSTITUTION MAINTENANCE
The ejected explosives p, t, k are selected by only three NPEs, either ejected explosives or aspirated explosives. The ejective side affricate kl is selected only with extensive -bul-, and the ejective side affricate nhl only with the switch -(a)th-. It will be noted that in many cases NPEs do not select stems that contain the same UC as in NPE.
The spread over several NPEs indicates the problematic nature of the traditional label for the -mb--extension (contains click consonants).
EXPLOS1VES IMPL FRICATIVE LATERAL
SELECTION OF ULT.CONS. IN BASES 1(1J
IND.S,M
X X~XX XXX X
Combination of extensions
- Combined monosy llabic id eophonic stems
- Disyllabic idcoph onic stems
- The stative dispersive -alal-
- The stat ivc positional -am-
The contactivc -(a)th- is linked to monosyllabic and disyllabic verb stems, monosyllabic and disyllabic ideophonic stems and duplicated monosyllabic ideophonic stems. The UVs -a result in vowel coalescence; the UVs -0 and u are retained and the IV of the NPE is removed. The extended verb fumbatha is derived from the two monosyllabic ideophonic roots fu and mba.
The phonological processes involved are vowel attachment (verbs and ideophones); deletion (ideophones); and an example of consonance. The aspirated plosive is replaced by a voiced plosive g affected by secondary nasal disease voiced since it is voiceless. Between the ideophonic stcm fudu and UV -a are two extensions, the static position -am- and the current status -al-.
The extension -alal- is added to disyllabic verb stems and to one monosyllabic and several disyllabic ideophonic stems, all with the UV -a, so that vowel coalescence occurs. The stative positional -am- is linked to monosyllabic and disyllabic ideophonic stems, disyllabic verb stems and one monosyllabic interjective stem. In the example below, removal of IV-~ from extension -(a)m- occurs and the UV-e cC bhe is retained.
Disyllabic verb ste m s
Reduplicated monosyllabic idcophonic stem
The rcversives
- The reversive -ul-
- The rcvcrsivc ·uk-
The reversive -uk extension is associated with two monosyllabic ideophonic stems and with three syllable ideophonic stems.
EXT +
- The extensive -bul-
- The denominative -s-
- The exte nsion -ba l- (in d icat ing a ugment ation and d iminution)
- Exten sion -m- (indicating sudden mov ement)
- Monosyllabic ideophonic ste ms IS
- Extension -hl- (indicating fricti on)
- CHAPTER 4
This extension is attached only to two-syllable ideophone stems ending in UV - l l, where the process of deletion occurs. Extensive -bul- is attached to one monosyllabic ideophone stem, a considerable number of disyllabic verb stems, and a few disyllabic ideophone stems. The nominatives -ph- and -ph al- are attached to the noun, ideophone, adjective, and interjection, while the demoninatives -5- and ·z· are attached to the relative and interjection.
This study claims to have identified four more, and in the appendix we list eleven denominative verbs. The denominative -ph- is attached to the following: noun, adjective and interjective stems, 10 form denominative verbs. The designation -phal- is linked to two verb stems, one adjective stem and three ideophonic stems.
The final vowels are retained because the extension begins with aconsonanL There is nasal m deletion of the relative stem -(m)nandi when the extension -s.' is affixed. The nominative -z- is added to one disyllabic and two trisyllabic noun stems, two monosyllabic ideophonic stems, some two-syllable ideophonic stems, and two disyllabic interactive stems. The extension -b- is added to some monosyllabic and disyllabic ideophonic stems, with UVs -g, -1.
The derived verbs in this category are formed by attaching the extension -m- to five monosyllabic and quite a few disyllabic ideophonic stems ending in UVs -3, -i.
Trisyllabic combi nat ion of PEs
Neuter + Intensive + Passive bon-ek-isis-w-a (secn close) Mutual + Intensive + Neuter bon-an-isis-ek-a (get each other .. seen close) Mutual + Applied + Mutual bon-an-eI -an -a (see each other . for each other) Cause + Applied + Reciprocal khal-is-el-an-a (make cry. The children see I Recip - Applied - Reeip I every day) (The children see each other for each other every day) . In sentences (ii) and (iii), the focus of the combined expansion 00 is the last PE.
COMBINATION OF NON-PRODUCTIVE WITH PRODUCTIVE EXTENSIONS
- Disyllabic combination of NPEs with PEs
- The contactive -a th- (i) The contactive + Pass ive
- The Revcrsivc -ul- (i) The Reversive + Pass ive
The following examples give some indication, on a very selective basis, of how a productive stretch can be combined with an unproductive stretch. In the case of fudumala there seem to be three stretches which combine, viz. ii) Present Stative + Causative. iii) Dispersive static + causative STATIVE D. iv) Position static + causative.
REVERS
NEUTER
APPLIED
The Rcversive -uk-
CAUS
REVERS + NEUTER
The Reversive -ulul-
The Revcrsive -uluk-
The Denominative -ph- (i) The Denominative + Causative
- The Denominative -z-
We now turn to the cases where two different productive extensions are suffixed to non-productive extensions in extended verbs. Since it is virtually impossible to reproduce these subtle shifts in meaning in English, these examples will not be translated. i) Reverse -uluk- + Application + Reciprocal sombulukelana -ulukelan-. uluk- non-productive reversal expansion. ii) Reversive -uk-+ Applicable + Causative. IS- productive causative extension -me- productive neuter extension. vi) Stative Positional ~am- + Causative + Passive phaphamiswa or phaphaniswa ~amlsw- or -enigeISw-.
The palatalization produced by the passive extension in the above example is discussed under 4.5 below. vii) Persistive -ezel-+ Intensive + Passive. ezel- unproductive persistent extension. Several examples are listed, including those involving typical repetition for emphasis. i) Contact + Applied + Causative + Reciprocal singathelisana -athelisan. ath- unproductive conlative extension. Causative + Applicative + Passive phakanyiselwa -amiselw-I-anyiselw-. causal productive extension productive applicative extension. iii) Persistent + Implementing + Reciprocal + Causative bambezelelanisa -ezelisanis-. ezel- unproductive pcrsistive extension.
These combinations are possible but rare and highly likely to involve repetition. i) The reversal -uk- + Application + Causative + Reciprocal + Causative. IS productive causal extension -a- productive reciprocal extension -is- productive causal extension. ii) The Contactive + Causative + Application + Reciprocal + Cause.
Palatalization occurring within NPEs
Palatalization occurring within both the stem and the NPE
In this chapter we have discussed ways in which verbs derived using NPEs are regularly combined with single or multiple PEs, leading to a subtle and flexible change in meaning. Although the relative position of NPEs and PEs can be adequately explained in terms of the theory of lexical morphology, it should be noted that the palatalization in both stems and NPEs regularly produced by the productive passive expansion is not predicted by this theory and future developments required. explanation.
CHAPTER 5
- TRANSITIVITY
- EXAMPLES OF TRANSITIVITY
- The Stative Dispersive -alal-
- The Stative Positional -am-
- The Pcrsistive -czel-
- The Denominatives
- THE EXTENSIVE - bul-
- EXTENSION -b- (indicating motion)
- Extension - hl- (indicating friction)
- Extension -mb- (used with click consonants) From disyllabic ideophonic stems
The extended verb khatha is transitive because of the object amafwha , while the addition of a further extension to create kharha/a produces a semi-transitive verb, which is followed by an adverb. Some NPEs are fully predictive of the transitivity of verbs they derive: e.g. derived by the stative positional -am- can all be intransitive or semi-transitive. However, some NPEs are less predictable: bulala from extension -al- is transitive, while !imala from the same extension is semi-transitive; cibalala with the extension -alal- is transitive, while all others derived from -alal- are intransitive or semi-transitive.
Ideophones have an unusual transitive status in that when used in a sentence they do not take an object; instead they take an adverb that makes the predicate semi-transitive. The productive passive tense is included to show how the original subject, inyama, is here returned to subject position. al-extension chooses the transitive verb stern; and derived verb stems are either transitive, intransitive, or semi-transitive. The meat is warming up). alal- conjugation selects transitive verb stems, but produces derived stems that can be transitive, intransitive, or semi-transitive. verbs derived from ideo-phones are unpredictable in terms of their transitivity.
Books are distributed by the student to the table). am- extension chooses the transitive verb tenses. but it produces intransitive or semi-transitive verbs. With ideophones, all of which are semi-transient. derived verbs can be transitive, intransitive or semi-transitive. The child wakes up in the morning). ezel-extension selects transitive and semi-transitive verb stems and produces transitive, intransitive and semi-transitive derivatives.
On the other hand, semi-transitive ideophones produce derived verb stems that are transitive.
