Background to Study
Controversies around Intelligence
Defining intelligence
The definition of intelligence based on the intelligence quotient has become better known as the psychometric view. A more contemporary view of intelligence involves theories that define intelligence more broadly and consist of a range of competencies and abilities that are important in different aspects of an individual's life.
Nature of intelligence
Gardner's approach views culture as the fundamental component of intellectual development, as different cultures value certain competencies over others.
Theories of Multiple Intelligences
These intelligence subtypes as described by Gardner are: linguistic or verbal, which refers to the ability to use words, whether spoken or written, including "...the ability to learn. This includes the ability to visualize, to use visual or to represent spatial ideas graphically, and to orient oneself appropriately in a spatial matrix" (Noruzi, 2010, p. 119); bodily-kinetic intelligence enables one to manipulate objects and refine physical skills ( Shaffer, 2011); musical intelligence refers to the ability to perceive and create rhythmic patterns; it extends to the tone of "...marked sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm and tone" (Shaffer, 2011, p. 13 ); interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand other people by being able to perceive, distinguish and adequately respond to them.
Research on Multiple Intelligences
As a result of the culturally stereotyped masculinity and femininity roles into which men and women are socialized, those who are on the.
Research Problem and Hypotheses
What is the relationship between parents' level of education and their students' scores on multiple intelligences proposed by Gardner. HO: There is no relationship between parents' level of education and their students' scores on multiple intelligences.
Justification of Study
HI: As parents' educational levels increase, so will their ratings of the multiple intelligences. Therefore, examining laypeople's evaluations of their own and their parents' levels of intelligence can guide research toward useful conclusions about the implicit theories of intelligence, based on the assumption that research participants are to some extent informed about the topic.
Description of Methodology
The fact that "...lay people have long been interested in the subject [of intelligence] suggests that people in general may be relatively well informed about [intelligence]" (Furnham, 2000, p. 510). This suggests that people generally have "...reasonable insight into the concept of intelligence and their own personal ability" (Furnham, 2000, p. 510).
Outline of Thesis
It is also likely that the average person has been exposed to an IQ test or evaluation, either by having one administered to them or simply being informed about it. University students are most likely to be informed about the concept of intelligence, be it formally (eg, through studying subjects such as psychology) or informally through in-person encounter with intelligence tests, among other options.
Introduction
Thus, discussion of the Flynn Effect is required to understand these differences.
Theories of Intelligence
Psychometric or differential approach
- Spearman’s theory of intelligence
The second main difference lies in the geometric arrangement of the factors in the theories (Sternberg, 1985). One of the leading causes of promotions in the US has been found to be an individual's level of 'g' (or now translated to IQ level).
Implicit theories of intelligence
- Theories of multiple intelligences
Several studies based on Gardner's types of intelligences have highlighted different cultural perceptions of intelligence (Furnham & Baguma, 1999; Furnham & Chamorro-Premuzic, 2005; Furnham, Rakow, Sarmany-Schuller & De Fruyt, 1999; Persaram, 2005). Gardner defines this form of intelligence as “the kind exhibited by people who can discern patterns in nature” (Sternberg, 2004, p. 426).
The Flynn Effect
Intergenerational estimates of multiple intelligences
The expectations parents have of their children's behaviors can be attributed to their children's perceived intelligence levels. In previous studies, there has been a large focus on parents' ratings of their children's intelligence (based on Gardner's multiple intelligences).
Culture and Intelligence
In addition, Americans rated themselves higher in verbal, musical, bodily-kinetic, logical-mathematical, and spatial intelligence compared to British ratings. The variation demonstrated by the many studies on self-ratings of multiple intelligences contributes greatly to the understanding of different cultures and races.
Race and Intelligence
The refutation of race as biological has given rise to the examination of the idea that IQ is. Therefore, members of the in-group, whether in terms of race, culture, ethnicity or religion, are assumed to be of greater intelligence than their subordinates.
Education and Intelligence
The effect of schooling in intelligence
South Africa’s Black education: A brief historical background
- The rise of Bantu education
- Inequalities in education
These schools had to provide education that was considered to be in accordance with the needs, lifestyle and cultural heritage of the Blacks (Christie & Collins, 1982). This is reflected in the quality and value attached to the education to be given to them.
Black education, intelligence, and estimated intelligence
Stereotypes and Intelligence
- Stereotypes
- The social role theory
- The validity or invalidity of stereotypes
- Multiple intelligences and gender differences: male hubris and female humility 39
A detailed description of the analysis used in the study will also be part of the current chapter. The ethical considerations of the study will then precede the concluding comments on the chapter.
Research Design
The sampling procedure used in data collection, as well as a breakdown of the participants involved in the study, are also discussed. The questionnaire used in the study will be described and its validity and reliability will also be discussed.
Sampling
Participants
There were no age restrictions for participants, as students are a large and diverse population.
Procedure
Challenges
These students felt that this form of labeling was discriminatory since other races in the country were also African. These participants emphasized that they were merely expressing their opinions and concerns about the use of the term.
Research Instrument
Reliability and Validity of Research Instrument
Reliability and validity of self-report measures
Paulhas, Lysy, and Yik (1998) suggest ways to improve the validity of self-report measures of intelligence. In addition, strategies have been developed for improving self-report measures of intelligence, which have proven useful in limited samples.
Internal Validity of Study
Applying these strategies to their own study, Paulhas et al (1998) found self-reports of intelligence to be reliable in predicting IQ scores; this is due to the “… limited range of abilities in competitive university tests, but the validity limit appears to be .30” (Paulhas et al., 1998, p. 551). From the above studies, it could be noted that determining the reliability and validity of self-report measures of intelligence and multiple intelligences is a challenging task, which requires that the definition of multiple intelligences, its relation to other psychological constructs such as personality traits, be considered.
Testing
Instrumentation
Selection
Ambiguity about direction of causal inference
Analysis
Ethics
Informed consent and voluntary participation
Volunteering to participate in the study was outlined orally and in writing to the students; the possibility of refusal or withdrawal was also indicated when the study began (Terre Blanche et al., 2006). Signing informed consent is done to protect participants from potentially harmful research being conducted on them without their knowledge or willingness to participate in the study (Schuler, 1982).
Confidentiality and anonymity
It is the researcher's responsibility to be sensitive to any implicit negative consequences that may be perceived to arise from student non-participation (Babbie, 1992). The study did not predict any harm, except perhaps the discomfort that may be associated with being labeled differently in South Africa according to previous racial categorizations.
Beneficence and non-malfeasance
Concluding Comments
Introduction
Students’ Self-Estimates of Overall and Multiple Intelligences
Students' self-estimates of overall and multiple intelligences by gender Female students Male students Types. These differences may coincidentally indicate that male and female college students perceive their levels of overall and multiple intelligences to be similar.
Inter-Generational Differences in Overall and Multiple Intelligences
Students' self-ratings were statistically higher than their mothers' ratings of logical and body-kinetic intelligence. Students rated their fathers higher for verbal and interpersonal intelligence, while according to them (students) higher ratings than their fathers for intrapersonal and body-kinetic intelligence.
Students’ Estimates of their Parents’ Intelligences
Gender-specific estimates
There was also no statistically significant difference in the male and female ratings of their fathers' overall and multiple intelligences, F p > 0.05. Tables 6 and 7 show the mean differences in female and male ratings of the parents' overall and multiple intelligences respectively.
Estimates According to Parents’ Highest Qualifications
Key: No diploma/degree refers to one of the following qualifications: unskilled, primary school, secondary school or certificate. Diploma/degree refers to one of the following qualifications: diploma, bachelor's degree or postgraduate degree.
Students Views on Intelligence and IQ Testing
- Question 1: Have you ever taken an intelligence test?
- Question 2: Do you believe that intelligence tests measure intelligence fairly well?
- Question 3: Do you believe males are on average more intelligent than females? 64
- Question 5: Do you believe IQ tests are useful in educational settings?
- Question 6: Do you believe some races are more intelligent than others?
A chi-square test showed a statistically significant relationship between gender and the question whether you think men are more intelligent than women on average. A chi-square test of independence with Yates' continuity correction showed a statistically significant association between gender and the question of whether you think intelligence is.
Best Predictors of Overall Intelligence
Best predictors of overall intelligence: self
Best predictors of overall intelligence: fathers
Best predictors of overall intelligence: mothers
Concluding Remarks
The discussion explains the findings of this study in terms of the literature related to previous studies on assessments of general and multiple intelligences. This is followed by a discussion of intergenerational differences in assessments of general and multiple intelligences, participants' assessments of their parents' multiple intelligences, the connection between education level and intelligence assessments, and finally, participants' views on heredity and other dimensions of intelligence.
Students’ Self-Estimates of Overall and Multiple Intelligences
The chapter begins with a discussion of the students'. estimates of their own superior and multiple intelligences. Generational Differences in General and Multiple Intelligences Research on generational differences in estimates of intelligence has reported on.
Inter-Generational Differences in Overall and Multiple Intelligences
Students’ Estimates of their Parents’ Intelligences
Gender-specific estimates of intelligence
It was expected that the mothers would be rated higher than the fathers on these factors, since these types of intelligences are stereotyped to be of the female domain (Furnham, Hosoe, & Tang, 2002). The possible influence of common conceptions of the self on estimates of multiple intelligences remains to be investigated.
Estimates according to highest qualifications
This was unexpected as other studies of a similar nature have shown that lay people perceive their "...fathers to be more intelligent than their mothers...". On the other hand, for multiple intelligences, the fathers were also not estimated to be significantly more intelligent on male-associated types of intelligences, which are verbal, spatial, and logical intelligence.
Students’ Views on Intelligence and IQ Testing
Best Predictors of Overall Intelligence
This type of intelligence is considered a cultural factor of general intelligence, which is often seen as a feminine domain. Therefore, physical-kinetic intelligence is considered the best predictor of the mother's overall intelligence and one's own, because most of the study participants are female.
Concluding Comments
The validity of a new self-report measure of multiple intelligence. 2004), African parents' estimates of their own and their children's multiple intelligences. The "Flynn effect," its applicability to longitudinal IQ assessments of US college students. 2011). The effectiveness of multiple intelligences (MI) as an instructional planning tool in an elementary school setting.
Conclusion on the Research Questions
Implications for Future Research
This study investigated gender differences in the intelligence level of the participants themselves and that of their parents. Since the more educated an individual is, the higher their level of intelligence is believed to be, and higher income or a higher status job may be indicative of higher levels of education than may it is concluded that highly paid individuals are also highly intelligent.
Limitations of the Study
Concluding Remarks
Self-estimates of intelligence: Cultural and gender differences in self- and other-estimates of both general (g) and multiple intelligences. Indian- and IsiZulu-speaking South African parents' estimates of their own and their children's intelligence.
