This research aims to explore different aspects of policy implementation in a multi-organizational context. My husband, Dumisani Mashele, thank you for trusting me and for the constant support you gave me.
B ACKGROUND
S COPE FOR S TUDY
T HEORETICAL F RAMEWORK
R ESEARCH P ROBLEM AND O BJECTIVES
R ESEARCH M ETHODOLOGY
He also points out that research on local governance and urban services should consider how the delivery of urban services takes place, who delivers these services and how they are financed (Hero. Minutes of Msunduzi Municipality Portfolio Committee Meetings together with Msunduzi Municipality's Integrated Development Plans ( IDPs) and annual reports were analyzed to establish the respective management structures and processes.
S TRUCTURE OF T HESIS
He will also complete the study and reflect on the challenges facing policy implementation in multi-organizational contexts.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN AN ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT . 13
- P UBLIC P OLICY
- T HE P OLICY C YCLE
- P OLICY I MPLEMENTATION
- The Top-Down Approach to Policy Implementation
- The Bottom-Up Approach to Policy Implementation
- P OLICY I MPLEMENTATION IN A M ULTI -O RGANISATIONAL C ONTEXT
- C ONCLUSION
According to Hill and Hupe (2002: 5), the public policy literature often talks about stages or phases of the policy process. Lipsky is considered one of the strongest proponents of the bottom-up approach to policy implementation.
LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA
- I NTRODUCTION
- L OCAL G OVERNMENT IN G ENERAL
- L OCAL G OVERNMENT IN S OUTH A FRICA
- T HE L EGISLATIVE F RAMEWORK FOR L OCAL G OVERNMENT IN S OUTH A FRICA
- L OCAL G OVERNMENT AND THE P ROVISION OF B ASIC S ERVICE
- Basic water
- Free Basic Services
- I NDIGENT P OLICY
- C ONCLUSION
According to Havenga, local government is important for the democratization process and promotes public participation in the decision-making process. One of the most important pieces of apartheid local government legislation was the Group Areas Act (Act 41 of 1950). According to the White Paper on Local Government, efforts have been made to ensure that black residents have their own way of managing their structures in Bantustans and townships.
The crisis brought about a collapse of the apartheid local government system and the reform process in national government began in the 1990s (White Paper on Local Government, 1998: 13). The Local Government Negotiating Forum was the main platform where the national debate took place regarding the future of local government (White Paper on Local Government. It was administered by The Local Government Transition Act (Act 209 of 1993) through the amalgamation of former race-based structures ( White Paper on Local Government, 1998: 14).
The Municipal Structures Act (Act 117 of 1998) states in the Preamble that local government is important to democracy, development and nation building in South Africa.
THE MSUNDUZI MUNICIPALITY
I NTRODUCTION
M SUNDUZI
H ISTORY OF THE C ITY
Greater Edendale is where most black people were moved to, during apartheid, further away from the Central Business Distict (CBD) where white people lived (IDP, 2011: 84). The municipal changes that took place between 1995-2000 were important for the preparation of the first democratic elections. At the same time, the Greater Edendale area was incorporated with other areas to the east (IDP, 2011: 84).
In 2000, Vulindlela and other areas in the east and south-east of the city previously administered by separate entities now formed the newly created Msunduzi Municipality (IDP, 2000: 84). It is also evident that the size of the city has doubled compared to 1994. The 2007 census shows that the population of Msunduzi Municipality has grown steadily at approximately 1.2% per year (IDP, 2011: 59).
The Indian population is the second largest group at approximately 12%, while the white population is 8% and the colored population is the smallest at 3% (Piper, 2010: 3).
P OLITICAL C ONFIGURATION
It is noted in Figure 4.3 that the African National Congress (ANC) is the dominant political party as it is concentrated in most wards. It highlights where the various departments are located and the socio-economic position of the areas in Msunduzi. Noted by Piper (2010: 7) is that the ANC is mostly found in traditional black townships and urban areas located historically outside the city.
The political party ANC was found in the Edendale area and the IFP was more entrenched in the Vulindlela Tribal area. ii) The Council and the Executive Committee. Political leadership is represented in the Municipal Board, the Executive Committee (EXCO) and the various portfolio committees. The Msunduzi annual report 2009/2010 states that the function of the municipal council and the executive committee is to manage the political decision-making process and to supervise the implementation process in the council.
The Executive Committee is involved in the approval of operational matters and is intended to provide assurance to the Council that the vision, mission and goals within the IDP are being met.
A DMINISTRATIVE C ONFIGURATION
- The Municipal Manager and Administrative Business Units
- Organisational Configuration for the Provision of Water Services
- Organisational Configuration for Financial Services
The municipal director is appointed by the mayor and is subject to the political instructions of the municipal board. There is a DMM for Corporate Services who is responsible for responsible municipal management and personnel functions in the municipality. According to the organization as depicted in structure Figure 4.5, the responsibility for water falls under the DMM for Infrastructure Services, which in turn is the function of the process manager for water and sanitation.
The Msunduzi Municipality is the Water Service Authority (WSA) and Water Service Provider (WSA) for the entire Umgungundlovu district area.1. Which service must be provided to consumers against the fees set out in the schedule of fees determined by the Council, provided that: .. i) the average water consumption per erf through the unlimited water connection for the zone or group of consumers in the zone does not 6kl does not exceed over any 30 day period; and . ii) the Council may adopt any measures necessary to limit the water flow to service level 2 consumers to 6 kl per month. If a consumer receiving Service Level 2 breaches condition in sub-paragraph 2(i): . i) the Council can install a meter in the service pipe on the premises, and ii) the fees for the water services must be applied in accordance with section 6.
One of the main challenges facing the Msunduzi Municipality is the extent of their water loss.
T HE P OLICY F RAMEWORK FOR I NDIGENCE AND F REE B ASIC W ATER AT M SUNDUZI
The PM for Budgets and Finance must implement and manage all aspects of the Municipal Financial Management Act (Act 56 of 2003) and other legislation. The Msunduzi Annual Report 2009/2010 estimates the number of needy households at 3,336 Applied Needy and 26,833 Automatic Needy. The Msunduzi Municipality sets out its Free Basic Water or FBW by-laws in its Tariff Policy.
Some of the objectives set out in the Msunduzi tariff policy state that municipal services “must be financially sustainable, affordable and equitable. The policy should also take into account the needs of the needy when applying the tariff policy”. The Tariff Policy states that the municipality must implement and review its Needs Policy annually and that the extent of subsidy must be made public in accordance with the municipality's Needs Policy (the Msunduzi Tariff Policy). Tariffs can be set so that the full cost of a service is provided or to recover part of that cost, or to create a surplus that can be used to subsidize other non-economic services (the Msunduzi tariff policy).
The Credit Control and Collection Policy should be read in conjunction with the Msunduzi Indigent Policy and the Msunduzi Tariff Policy.
C ONCLUSION
It is also stated that the supply of services such as electricity and water is metered by the municipality and that the meters are read monthly. It establishes a framework within which the municipality can develop an effective procedure for billing and collecting revenue (Msunduzi Credit Control and Collection Policy, 2011: 13). The Council issues a monthly bill to consumers for services provided, such as rates, water, electricity, waste and sanitation.
The Municipality has the authority to disconnect or limit water supply if payments by check have been dishonored by the financial institution. The three policies outlined above all have an implication in the delivery of FBW and are the guiding policies in rolling out the FBW to those in need. The next chapter provides a more critical analysis of the organizational implementation challenges that this study identified.
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
O RGANISATIONAL I MPLEMENTATION C HALLENGES
In addition to problems related to water supply and the financial costs of water losses, the municipality also faces poor collection of long-term debts. The municipality has not enforced adequate credit control procedures and mechanisms in terms of its credit control and collection policies and in accordance with the Municipal Financial Management Act (Act 56 of 2003) and the Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000) (IDP, 2011). :45). The MEC has established a provincial intervention team to further investigate the financial challenges of the Msunduzi Municipality and formulate a turnaround strategy for the municipality.
No data were available on the quarterly collection rate of invoices, nor on the percentage growth of revenue collected by the municipality as a percentage of the expected revenue target (COGTA, 2011). The accounts receivable percentage collected as a percentage of money owed to the municipality was 55.82% of the target of 95. The budget that the municipality actually spent on capital projects showed that the target was 50 and the municipality used only 19.91% .
The municipality also found from the operating budget spent on repairs and maintenance that it could only spend 1% of the 100% target.
CONCLUSION
In the case of Msundizi, it was found that there is a formal structure to coordinate the implementation of the free basic water policy. South African Department of Foreign Affairs (2004) The Apartheid Museum: From Apartheid to Democracy - The Struggle for Liberation in South Africa. DWAF (2002) Guidelines for Mandatory National Standards and Norms and Standards for Water Service Tariffs and Contract Regulations for Water Service Providers. 2004) Beating the Backlog: Meeting Targets and Providing Free Basic Services.
Taking in the poor: Free Basic Water Policy and Housing Subsidy Scheme. South African baby meter. Paper submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate of Philosophy (Public Administration). For Master's Thesis: in partial fulfillment of a Master's degree in Social Science at the Faculty of Humanities, Development and Social Sciences at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Msunduzi water losses are 63%. http://www.umgeni.co.za/governance/docs/BusinessPlan.pdf. 2008) The Impact of International Development Networks on Public Policy: A Review of the IDRC Experience.
