An overview of the chapters of this study is provided, and the chapter concludes with a summary. 3 This research study is located in the positive psychology paradigm and made use of the conservation of resources theory as its theoretical framework.
Problem Statement
The positive effects of PsyCap will be explored to determine if its positive capacities can play a role in increasing the satisfaction that teachers possess in their work, while reducing the level of burnout they experience. This research study will add to the body of research conducted on PsyCap in the South African context and highlight the positive role it can have for educators in a South African context.
Research Objectives
This research study aims to place emphasis on Psychological Capital (PsyCap) and the tremendous potential it has to add value to the work arena.
Summary
Introduction
Review of Literature
Research Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion, Limitations and Recommendations
Introduction
These widespread and taxing demands affect the level of motivation that educators have for their work and the level of satisfaction they achieve from occupying such important roles in society. 8 satisfaction educators experience and possess for their work, while reducing the level of burnout they experience.
Positive Psychology
Support for the state-like nature of the positive psychological capacities comprised in PsyCap can be found in research conducted by Bandura, Snyder, Carver, and Scheier, and Wagnild and Young. PsyCap's focus on individuals' strengths and virtues can be seen to be related to the development of well-being over time (Fredrickson, 2001).
Subjective Wellbeing
The difference between happiness and subjective well-being is that subjective well-being focuses on both emotional and cognitive aspects of the individual (Ozmete, 2011). For the purpose of this research study, only subjective well-being will be investigated as it includes both emotional and cognitive aspects of individuals.
Burnout
An alternative conceptualization of burnout was presented by Demerouti (1999) with the development of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Since burnout is often linked to the experience of stress and consequently job dissatisfaction; job satisfaction is considered an outcome of burnout.
Job Satisfaction
Another study conducted by Mwamwenda (1995) with teachers in the Transkei found that intrinsic factors are important for teachers in achieving job satisfaction. A study conducted by Chimbganda (1999) in Botswana found that external factors are more important for job satisfaction.
Theoretical Framework
The second resource is "Conditions that are resources to the extent that they are valued and sought after" (Hobfoll, 1989). A third resource is "personal characteristics that are resources to the extent that they generally help with resilience to stress".
Summary
Introduction
Research Design
Sampling
28 period, which made the cross-sectional research design most appropriate, as the researcher had a specific time frame to assess the teachers due to school holidays. A survey design is “a design in which data is collected with questionnaires or through personal interviews with members of an identified population” (Design, n.d.). This design was used because it allowed for the collection of data that could not be directly observed; such as attitudes and emotional states.
The use of the survey design was also most appropriate as it allowed the researcher to distribute the questionnaires to a large number of participants at one specific time.
Measuring Instruments
A study conducted by Maluka and Grieve (2003) in South Africa found a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the SWLS of 0.77. The item reflecting the extrinsic subscale is "How my boss treats his workers". The researcher called the secretaries of each of the four schools participating in the study; and arrange a meeting with the principal of each school.
The researcher discussed the details and objectives of the study with each of the clients. The current study used the Pearson r correlation analysis to determine the relationship between PsyCap, Subjective Well-being, Burnout and Job Satisfaction.
Ethical Considerations
The researcher used the following guidelines to determine the significance of practically and statistically significant relationships: 0.3=medium effect; 0.5=large effect (Steyn, 2002). As a significant relationship was found between PsyCap, Subjective Well-being and Burnout; a linear regression analysis was used to test whether PsyCap mediated the relationship between Subjective Well-being and Burnout. The first regression equation shows that subjective well-being (IV) predicts PsyCap (MV). ii) The second regression equation shows that PsyCap and Subjective Well-being (MV and IV) predict Burnout (DV). iii).
A Sobel test was used to support the mediating effect of PsyCap; the Sobel test assessed whether PsyCap carried the effects of subjective well-being on Burnout.
Summary
Introduction
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
39 Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the OLBI scale to determine the number of factors that make up the scale. This factor included items that indicated that individuals felt as if their emotional resources were depleted. Reliability analysis was performed on the two extracted factors and the reliability coefficients were as follows: factor 1 = 0.73 and factor 2 = 0.69 (see Table 5).
General satisfaction included items related to individuals' feelings about the nature and aspects of their work tasks and work environment. Reliability analysis was performed on one extracted factor and the reliability coefficient was as follows: Factor 1 = 0.88 (see Table 5).
Summary
This chapter provides the results of the factor analysis of the constructs PsyCap, Burnout and Job Satisfaction. The analysis showed that a one-factor model best fit the PsyCap construct; a two-factor model that best fitted the Burnout construct; and a one-factor model best fitted the job satisfaction construct. This chapter also includes the descriptive statistics, reliability coefficients, and correlation analyzes of all four constructs and their respective factors.
Introduction
Discussion
The result of the Pearson correlation revealed that there was a statistically and practically significant relationship between PsyCap and Subjective Wellbeing; but it turned out to be an inverse relationship. This indicated that as educators' levels of subjective well-being increased, their levels of PsyCap decreased. Research conducted by Malka and Chatman (2003) found a statistically and practically significant relationship between job satisfaction and subjective well-being.
The result of the Sobel test confirmed the mediating effect of PsyCap on the relationship between subjective well-being and burnout. Finally, the results of the study showed that PsyCap mediated the relationship between subjective well-being and burnout.
Summary
Although the researcher found no literature to support the finding that PsyCap mediates the relationship between subjective well-being and burnout; according to Luthans et al. 2007) PsyCap can serve as a psychological resource that can be called upon during times of distress. Further research conducted by Vazi et al. 2011) suggests that subjective well-being can help in times of stress and thus counteract the negative effects of stress, such as burnout. The result of the linear regression analysis conducted in this research study suggests the possibility that the positive psychological skills that are part of PsyCap, together with the potential to help subjective well-being, are transferred to reduce the negative effect of burnout on teachers' well-being.
The results of the research study showed that there were practically and statistically significant relationships between PsyCap, Subjective Well-being, Burnout and job satisfaction.
Introduction
Conclusions
- Conclusion in accordance with the specific literature objective of the study
- Conclusion in accordance with the empirical results of the study
According to the empirical results of the research study; PsyCap was found to have a statistically and practically significant relationship with Subjective Well-Being; however this. PsyCap was also found to have statistically and practically significant relationships with both Exhaustion and Disengagement; these were also found to be inverse relationships. Subjective well-being was found to have statistically and practically significant relationships with both exhaustion and disengagement; these were found to be inverse relationships.
Job satisfaction was found to be statistically and practically significantly related to burnout and disengagement; it has also been found that the relationships are inverse. According to the empirical results of the research; all three conditions necessary for mediation were met and PsyCap was found to mediate the relationship between subjective well-being and burnout.
Limitations
63 suggests that if educators' levels of job satisfaction are high, they are more likely to experience low levels of burnout and disengagement. This research study used a survey design where self-reported questionnaires were used for data collection. This may have affected the reliability and validity of the study as participants may have responded in a socially desirable manner.
Recommendations
64 educational institution and geographical location and can thus affect the pedagogues' burnout and satisfaction. 65 In conclusion, the results of this research study provided valuable information in terms of increasing teacher satisfaction and well-being in South Africa through the improvement of PsyCap; at the same time as the burnout rates among teachers are minimized. This is important for educators in South Africa as teachers have an invaluable role and research such as this is therefore imperative to address the high burnout rates and indirectly the high teacher turnover in South Africa.
It is important that teachers are satisfied and satisfied with their work as they have an indispensable role in society.
Summary
Effects of organizational psychological capital on attitudes of commitment and satisfaction: a public sample in Turkey. The impact of job satisfaction components on intention to leave and turnover for hospital-based nurses: A review of the research literature. An exploration of the relationships among psychological capital (hope, optimism, self-efficacy, resilience), job stress, burnout, and employee engagement.
Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Maslach burnout inventory - Pedagogical survey among primary and secondary school teachers in Cyprus. An analysis of burnout and job satisfaction among Turkish special school principals and teachers, and the factors influencing their burnout and job satisfaction.
Appendix A: Participant Letter of Permission
The teachers' participation is voluntary and their answers will be treated confidentially. Under no circumstances will the name of the institution be mentioned in the research project. Under no circumstances will the name of the institution be mentioned in the research project.
The name of the institution will under no circumstances be mentioned in the research project. Tltlot .r the Pro)ect, Loc:atlon of the Study, lleseardt Approach and Methods m..t M .-.set and approved throusfl.
COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES
