This study examines public participation and the resulting conflict in the preparation of the Port of Durban Plan. It was found that the extent of public participation carried out in the Back of Port project plan was unsatisfactory and ineffective.
Background to the Research
The community emphasizes that the government puts its own interests before the environment as well as those who live in the surrounding areas (Lewis, 2014). On top of all this, Clairwood Racecourse, which is South Durban's only remaining "green lung", will be replaced into a logistics terminal, further damaging the heritage of the Clairwood area.
Research Problem
The residents are against the expansion of the port and therefore they came to protest to express their frustrations. This research seeks to determine whether the views of the public have been incorporated into port expansion projects and also aims to understand the nature of conflict between port developers and residents.
Research Objectives and Questions
Objective
Research Question
Working Hypothesis
Rationale of the Research
Research Methodology
- Research Design
- Sources of Data
- Data Collection
- Data Collection: Instrument and Tools
- Data Collection: Procedure (Strategy)
- Data Analysis
- Research Methodology Summary
The interview provided background on the project and clarified how the Port of Durban connects with the Back of Port Development. To what extent was public participation initiated in the preparation of the Havnebag plan.
Delimitation of the study
Structure of the Dissertation
Chapter four examines the geographical, historical, situational analysis of the Back of Port project and the future expansion of the Port of Durban is also presented. Chapter five presents and discusses the results of the research and provides the analysis of the results.
Introduction
Port Development and Public Participation
Generic Role of Ports
Port modernization is part of the globalization revolution and is a direct result of the forces and pressures from the global economy to deliver goods and services to networked global cities (Greis, 2004). They bring trade and wealth that strengthen the country's economies and gross domestic product, but also bring social and environmental problems resulting in conflict, uncontrollable congestion of roads and railways, high-cost construction and maintenance of infrastructure land, clean-up costs of underwater canals, disposal of dredged sediments and more valuable land competition within urban areas (Weisbrod, 2004).
The Internal and External Factors Influencing Port Expansion Development in the 21st Century
- Competition amongst different ports or competitiveness (internal)
- International Trade for Agglomeration of Economies
- Governmental Policies
- The Hinterland
Basically, the development of the hinterland leads to an expansion of the port scale and improves the port structure. The scope of the regional economy, the power of economic development and the area of the hinterland determine the development of the port (Wu, 2011).
Public Participation and Planning
Page | 18 ports are reflected by the changing circumstances of the hinterland and as well as the functionality of the port is related to the development of the hinterland (Wu, 2011). Essentially later in this research we will be able to discover whether this statement is true or not, as this research examines the degree of public participation in the development of the Back of Port in Durban.
Port Development and Conflict of Interest amongst Stakeholders
- Conflicting Goals of Planning
- Stakeholder’s Conflict of Interests
Despite this, the mandatory role of public participation in the formulation of spatial development plans is the main focus of many recent studies (Hoyle 2001). In contrast to the above, the focus on public participation is a factor that creates conflict in port development, Keating (1991), Ashton, et al, (1994), Breen and Rigby (1994).
Public Participation and Port Development: South African Context
Defenders of community public participation in South Africa such as McEwan Bond, (2002) Lizarralde and Massyn, (2008) argue for the necessity of bringing government to the people. Lizarralde, and Massyn, (2008) are convinced that public participation in South Africa continues to enjoy a high level of support across various sectors.
Case Studies: Port Expansions
- Port of Melbourne
- Port of Vancouver
- Port of Sydney
The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest and busiest container port, handling more than a third of the nation's container trade (LAP & LUMS 2008). The argument is at the level of deliberation; that there was a lack of transparency and community involvement within the Port of Melbourne expansion plan in the consultation processes” (Dowling, 2014).
Summary
Ensure that stakeholders and community members have had opportunities in the consultation process to provide feedback and identify issues for inclusion in the development proposal; Please comply with relevant New South Wales (NSW) and Commonwealth legislation. Conflicts are not only embedded in the history of planning and manifested in disputed landscapes, but are also reflected in today's development policies that prioritize economic development over environmental and social protection. capital Harrison et al, 2008 in Jukuda, 2010). In port development, the dispute was mainly caused by a “conflict of interest” arising from the sustainable forces of stakeholder influence on port management.
Of these three, the Port of Sydney/Botany has been successful in implementing, integrating and encouraging public participation in port development.
Introduction
Conceptual Framework: Definitions
- Functions and Organizations of Ports
- Port and City Relationship
- Port Regionalization
- Port Competitiveness
- Sustainable Development
- Public Participation
Marking the point/period of the late 1960s waterfronts, as the time frame in which the relationship between ports and cities diverged and represented a new direction for ports and cities as ports separated, due to the changes in maritime technology induced the growth of separate maritime industrial development areas. The port-city interface model depicted in Figure 4 below shows variations of interdependent spatial processes and emphasizes waterfront redevelopments as one of the examples of the controversial interface zone between ports and cities of conflict and occasional cooperation. The size of these inland terminals depends on the frequency of the service, the tariffs for intermodal shuttle services by the railway and the price of the transport by truck (LAP & LUMS, 2008).
It is a strategy that is deliberately inclusive and encourages participation because it is one of the main pillars for development (Jackson et al, 2006:13).
Theoretical Framework
- Anyport Model
- Insurgent Planning
- Advocacy Planning
- Communicative Planning and Collaborative Planning
- Public Participation and Conflict Resolution in Collaborative Planning
This is the case in most developing countries such as South Africa, and the Port of Durban Expansion is one example of such establishments. 6 By the late 1960s, sharp criticisms of the rational-holistic paradigm began to give rise to new planning models (McDonald 1989; Friedmann & Kuester 1994). Rejecting the notion of a single public interest is also part of the interest areas of advocacy planning (Lane, 2005).
The Collaborative Network Paradigm is one of the models that clearly describes a variety of relationships between different actors, thus encouraging effective public participation.
Summary
Introduction
- Geographical setting
- Regional Context
- Local Context
- Historical Analysis
- Future Expansion of the Port of Durban
- Situational Analysis
- Public Participation in the Port of Durban (Back of Port Project) Plan
- Summary
The Port of Durban (Back of the Port) is located within the central region and is part of the Central Spatial Development Plan (See Map 8). Drawing on the historical background of the port before the First World War, the Port of Durban (formerly known as the Port of Natal) functioned as a gateway port to the Natal trading center providing basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing for the population of white settlers. (Stott, 2003). As mentioned above, most of the Port of Durban area is connected and located within the South Durban area.
The medium-term expansion of the Port of Durban will focus on the new excavation port on the old Durban Airport site.
Introduction
- Drivers of Expansion of Port of Durban
- Current Logistic Trends and Constrains
- Conflict and Challenges in the Implementation of the Back of Port Project
- Conflict of Interest: Port Developers and Clairwood Residents
- Possible Impacts of the Back of Port Project
- Protest: Reaction to the Port Expansion (Back of Port Project)
- Public Participation and the Back of Port Project Plan Preparation
- Meaning of Public Participation
- Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation Process in the Back of Port Project
- Effective Public Participation
- Summary
At the heart of Durban's economy is the Port of Durban. The port serves the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region and is a major influence on the wider economy of this region (Maharaj, 2013:4). 60 percent of the community members interviewed did not understand the meaning of “public participation (see figure 13 below). There is no information indicating that the public was involved in the design phase of the Project.
This chapter also reveals that these are indeed challenges in the implementation of the Back of Port project.
Introduction
Summary of Findings
- Factors affecting Port of Durban Expansions
- Conflict between Back of Port Developers and Residents of Clairwood,
- The Extent of Public Participation in the Back of Port Project Plan
The research shows that there are potential challenges related to the Back of Port project. When examining the extent to which public participation took place in the Back of the Port, the research assessed the stakeholder engagement and consultation processes of the Back of the Port (see section 5.3). This was done through research into stakeholder engagement and consultation during the planning, design and implementation phases of the Back of Port project, with a particular focus on the Durban Port expansion.
In terms of Arnstein's (1969) scale of citizen participation, public participation in the Back of Port project was limited to information and consultation.
Conclusion
To minimize individualistic interests and create cooperative mutual understanding among all relevant stakeholders in the BoP project, it would be ideal to create a platform for effective public participation, for both stakeholders who have an interest in the outcome, should cooperate face to face dialogue (Inners and Booher, 2000:18). This can be achieved through collaborative methods by creating a collaborative network paradigm for citizen participation. 94 | Consultation processes (five stages) for public participation, the extent to which they were involved is limited only to information and consultation in terms of Arnstein's (1969) degree of citizen participation - insufficient and ineffective.
These two phases in the case of Back of Port are flawed because they are not combined with other modes of participation, which means that they did not work because the public was consulted only in the planning phase, but not in the initial design and development (inception) project.
Recommendations
- Collaborative Network Paradigm for Citizen Participation
Moving people, goods and in the twenty-first century: The pioneering infrastructure of networked cities. Moving people, goods and in the twenty-first century: The pioneering infrastructure of networked cities. If yes, to what extent was the public invited/involved (into) the preparation plan for the port.
Has the Center for Civil Society been involved in the "Back of the Port" project, if you are explaining 4.
Existing Uses of Port of Melbourne
Proposed Planned Uses for the Port of Melbourne
Greater Vancouver Region Showing Container Terminal Locations
Sydney and Botany Ports
Port of Durban (short term plan), Old airport site (medium term plan), Maydon
Study Area: Clairwood Residential Area
Regional Context of Port of Durban (Back of Port)
Local Context of Port of Durban (Back of Port)
Port of Durban Expansion Short Term Plan
Port of Durban Expansion Medium Term Plan
Port of Durban Expansion Long Term Plan
What is the justification for establishing the Center for Civil Society and on what principles of social service. Would you say that lack/insufficient public participation is the main cause of conflict between developers and local people in the case of the port expansion project? What are your thoughts on the proposed back of the harbor project to be undertaken by the eThekwini Municipality?
11. As the advocate or civil society activist for the marginalized, what is your view or position on the development of the port of Durban (Back of Port).
Was the SDCEA part of the initial port expansion stakeholder forum (Back of Port)? At what level have they involved the public or SDCEA in the... of the Back of Port project a) Planning phase. Despite the promotion of participatory processes in urban spatial policy after 1994, do you think the government continues to perpetuate past practices and government interests?
