Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, Volume lG, Numbers 1 and 2, January and April, 1941.
-.... '
Printed in the Union of. South Africa by the Government Printer, Pretoria.
Recent lnvestiga bons into the Toxicity of Known and Unknown Poisonous Plants in the Union of South Africa, XI.
Dy DOUW G. STEYN and S. J. VANDER WALT, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Onderstepoort.
(Continuefl from Onflerstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal lnd us try,. Vol. 15, Nos. 1 and 2}.
AMARANTACEAE.
A marantus paniculatus L.
Registered number.-O.P.H. No. 1833; 23.4.40.
Common name.-Hanekam.
Origin.-Ixo[JO, Natal.
State and Stage of Development.-The plant was in the late seeding stage and fairly fresh.
Sheep 54332 (G tooth; 38·2 Kg.) received* 2·7 Kg. of the plant in the course of 3 days.
Result.-N egati ve.
This plant has repeatedly been suspected of having caused poisoning in pigs and sheep. All the tests conilucteil by us with the fresh and almost dry plant yielded negative results. However, there is a possibility that, when severely damaged by frost or wilting, the plant may be poisonous.
AscLEriADACEAE.
Arauya serisi/era B1·ot.
Registered number.-O.P .H. No. 14491; 13.11.40.
Common name.-:M:otteboom.
Origin.-Carolina, Transvaal.
* Unless where otherwise stated the animals were drenched by means of a stomach tube.
1':?1
TOXICITY OF POISONOUS PLANTJ.
State and Stage of De1Jelopment._-The plant was in the fresh state and in the late seeding stage.
Rabbit No. 1 (2·25 Kg.) received the juice expressed from 1GO gm.
of the leaves of the plant in the course of 20 hours.
Result.-N egative.
The latex of the plant was applied to the shaven dorsal aspect of a mLbit's ear. ·within 24 hours a slightly painful oedemutous swelling had developed. A serum-like fluid exuded onto the surface of the swollen area to form a yellowish seab. l<'ive days after the appli1·ation of the latex the swelling had subsided but the scab reruaiued.
Co:urosiTAE.
Cineraria sp.
National Herbarium number.-2G38G.
Regi.~tered number.-O.P .H. No. 14115; 22.2.40.
Orig"itt.-Bethlehem, Orange Free State.
State and Stage of De1:elopment.-The plant was m the dry state and in the flo"·ering and seeding stages.
Sheep !)()Q!,() (G tooth; 44·G Kg.), sheep 5143G (G tooth; 38·7 Kg.), sheep 5!'>fi03 (~ tooth; 37·8 Kg.) and sheep 5()487 ((i tooth;
:l.->·f> Kg.) eaeh reeeived 9·4 Kg. of the plant in the course of
2:j days.
Result.-N egati ve.
Senecio pterophorus D.C.
Reoistered number.-O.P .II. No. 144G2; 12.11.40.
Ori,qin.-Umtata, Cape Provinee.
State and Stage of De?Jelopment.-The plant was in the dry state ami in the flowering stage.
Sheep 57241 (G tooth; 3G·4 Kg.) received 2·9 Kg. of the plant in the eourse of 9 days.
Symptoms.-Dy the :ninth clay after the first dose had been ad ntinisterell a severe ieterus hacl developerl. 'l'he aniruul was listlebs and off its feed and died the same night.
Post-mortem appearance.~.-Severe icterus; severe hyper- aemia atlll oe1lema of the lungs; extensive haemorrhages in the perieanlium, epieanlium, subcutaneous tissues, sub- seapular tissues and in the eostal pleura; severe deg-eneration and yellowish pigmentation with initial cinhosis of the liver;
yellowish pigmentation ancl degeneration of the kiclneys and ad renuls; haemonhagic ancl nec·rotic foci, both of va rvin"' sizes, of the abomasum; pronounced gelatinous infiltr;tio~
of the "·all of the pyloric portion of the abomasum; excessive
122
TOX fCI.TY OF J'OlSOl'\ 0 US l'LAYLS.
Histology.- Lin·r: The lobuli are separated into islands of hepati1; cells by broad hands of rapidly proliferating fibroblastic tissue in which collagt>n has already fom)('£1, although not to a 1·ery great· extent. Tlw~e islands ,.,,ry from more or lt'sS normally ~haped lobuli to ,-;mall gnnl]lti of hepatic cells in 11·hidt ;~ll lobular ~(rudure i,; lo~t. There is practically no formation of dPlil'ate inh·alohular fihre,; of collagen. Associated with this prol'ess i-; a markPd ;~nd
extl'nc;iYe hilt> dud proliff•ration.
Fig. 2.--::lfii!'Cio pterophnrus D.C.
1?4
D. G. STEYN AND S. J. VAN DER WALT.
The hepatic cells themselves are deformed and either swollen or compressed. The nuclei are swollen and vesicular.
Large fat droplets are present in most of the cells especially around the periphery of the existing lobuli. The bile capil- laries are markedly dilated. Gran·ulae of bile pigment are present in many of the liver cells. Some of the von Kupffer cells contain a large amount of fine pigment granules. The endothelial cells are swollen and prominent.
Periportal lymphatie gland.- There is a total disappear- aHee of the secondary follicles. A large number of cells are present which were apparently desquamated from the liver.
They are full of fine pigment granules and resemble Gaucher cells.
Spleen.-Except for a markecl dilution with blood no otlwr change w·as noted.
Kidney .- Large fat c1 roplets are present iu most of ilw proximal conYolutecl tubules hecoming- fewer and smaller i11 the descending area of Henle's loop.
Lung.- H_vperaemia is Yery marked aml there is a mod- erate clegree of oedema.
Myoeanlium.- Fine fatty droplet,; are present in the myofibrils.
AclrenaL- 'fhere is a larger fat routen t than norma I especially in the outer C'orhcal zone.
Thyroid.- Xo pathological changes obserwcl.
A bomasum.- 'l'he one portion merely shows a marked oedema of the submucosa whereas in the other portion lesions of a deep uecrotic- abomac;ihs are present. The ·mucous mem- brane has become nerrotic and the submucosa is swollen aR a result of the large quantitif's of fibrin, sf'rum and polymor- phonuclear cells present.
Senec'io sr·eleratus sp. nov. Schweickenlt.
Registe1·ed 7/UmheT.- O.P .H. Xo. 14242; fi.J 1.40.
Orig,in.- Zoekmekaar; 'L'ransYa.aL
St:ate and Stage of Derelopment.-The plant was in the dr~- state and in the flm,·ering and seeding stages.
Sheep 57240 (full mouth; :1() ·9 E.g.) reeeived 500 g·mR. of the plant in the course of 2 da;vs.
Symptams.- Listlessness; seYere icterus; pulse some- what <l!Teleratecl and fairly weak; anorrxia; rumina! move- ments in abeyance. As tlw clisease progressed the sheep went clown and refused to rise. The respiration became lahourecl with a double expiratory movement accompanied by groan- ing. The animal died 53 hours after the aclministration of the first close.
125
f'u:;f-lllOd f'/11 llf!f!l'lll"ill/i'f'S.- (; t'llPr<\l <".\'<lnOSlH; SleYPrP it:.:teru:;; tn•men<luus ntmtber of petechia~-> <tnd ecchymos<:>s in the suhcuLmt·on~ ti~~uP:;, costal piPurn, p<~ri<:>tal peritoneum, omenturn and mt•st•nit•riutll; b.lood ting-ed Huid in thP pPri-
<"ardium, thun1:x and ,,bdonll'rt; pdechi~af• <lnd ecchyniust·s of the epi- n nd enducanl i un1; reg-re,.;siYe changes of lhe myo- canliunt; slig-ht h_,·p<·raeniia and umph,Ysenw of the lungs;
snn·re dt-•gt·ner;ltion an<l pig-rm·ntation of tlw I iYt·r;
haen1onhagic in tilt rat ioiJ of till' 11·all of t ht-· gall bh<lliPr 11·hieh was distenclecl 11ith Jl<lrti<.dl.\· c-oagnlat·ed blood: reg-n•ssiYe dwngt•s, pign1rutation <llHl slight ltyp1"1'<1Pll1i<l of the ki(\up,·:;; trc•fllf'IHlous 11\lllJI,er of pl'il'c·hiat' and t•c·t·IJ_\·- IIIOSt's in tht· nlinwnL1n· !Tad fmJJJ tiH· l'lJJJJPll right. up t.o the n·du 111; pronounc·,:ll :;Ia sis i 11 I he f'<II'<·IJJJJ. th<· c·af'cal cont('nls ht·i11g· c·1)\·rrrd ,,·ith ldoo<l.
jj,_,fo/ut}.'J-- l.i,yr: (lnh sJJJal! island~ of ltq.wtic t·clb haYt• n•JJJ:ttnt•d around LhP. porL1i lr;lcls; tllt" n·st of li1P p<~n~n<·hyJna hacl undc·rgune di,;iull'gration of thP ,.ytopla~lll, and pykno,,is ;1J11l kar.\·onh<·:-;is of thr 11111'\t-i 11·ith ronSP(jUPnl fonn<JtiotJ of large c·t•ntnii bloo<1 pook Tilt• sun·i,·ing cells sho'" alh·;IJJC'Pil b ttY chnng·t·.~ a;-; 11·d L "" nl!c·lc)<JI' dt•gpneration. Bil(' pigiiJPilt in gr<~nlllar n11cl rod sh<~pt• h:1~ ar-cum1datNl in thesP li\·Pr l'elb tu n nJ()(lrratl' <lP):!TPe. Sbsis of hloutl is ,·ery nJurked, t.IH• sublobular Yrin.~ bt·ing- most "·iclel_,. dib iPd and fil\1:'11 11·ith hlootl. ThP intrahepntir· br<Jlll'ilP.' of HIP 110rtal Yein and thf' sin11soids a~ 11·<·1! ••~ thP <·Pnhal Yein~ are similnrl\· dist.r>nrlc<1. The laitt•r l'<lll he seen lying- in pools of lJloocl in 11·hic·h a fe\1· disiJJtegTating- ·lwp:dic· n·lls.
" Jll!JlllJer of ne11trnphiles. a fe"· eosinophi1f's and mat·roplwg-e~
<ll't' t1w on!_,. sh11d11 ra 1 Pit•IJJP!lts ,-j~ihlP.
'l'ltPJ't' is <~ctin• fihroldastir proliferatioJI st:Jrt.ing- fro111 tht•
p01·tal tracts 11·ithm1t. ho11·,.,.f'r the formation of r·ol hgen. BilP dud s haYC· n lso prolifrr;1ted lnd to a ]p,-;sf'r rleg-ref'.
UnlikP thl' u~11al iJTt'l-!'llbr hist·nlogil'al pid 11n• of SPllP- t:iosis this on<· is llJ<Lrlwc1\y n•g-11 Ia r.
Gall-hladder.- 'l'hen· is oedPnta and P:\tpn;-;i ,·e h;lemorruag·p eHpec.:ially in lht) lltll~1·ubr hyt·r. Blood h;H <~pparently nozpd into the lun1rn si n1·e U1<' JIJU('(>IJS mPm.hr<lllt' is c·<"·prell In· a
layer of ldo<Hl i 11 many parts. .
KidnP.v.- 'l'hen• is a moclprate hypt·ra ... nJia "~P"~'i" lly ,J!
tht) n•ntd<'.' <lllll ;u·teJ·iolt•s. F:1U.v t·hang-e:; <~l'l' nt;nkerl nwsll_v so in (he pro:-;in~<li r-onnduied tuhult·s <\11d to a IP.,~t·r Pxtr)nl in the r1istnl c-nJJ,·olutPd tubulPs. As a ru1P t.lJP fat dropl<"b
<trP large nnd hasicall.Y situated. Tn the epitlwlium of ihP distal part of tlw r·olledin!..! i1Lh11le.-; ancl in tlw h"""' PpithPiiunJ of the renal pehis rlifl'uc;t·l.'· spn•a1l fat droplrt~ o<Tilr.
Alhena1.- Ahnorllln1 q~tant-itit•s 11f fat in ihe sha1w of la.rg-e g-lohulPs are follnll in t'lw o11ter edg-e of tlw l'ort,•:-; :11111 ocr-asionall.\· abo in thr zonr hordering- on t!J,, llll'clllli:t. Phagopytosis of fat h\· the rnrlotht>lia1 r-elh of thr sin11soirls has Of'C1.nn·cl.
] '26
Lu ng.- Th<>re is marked dilation of the l:up;Pr Ye~seb
and <·:t pill aries. JlaemorrhagPs h:we oeeurred under the pleura and in ,·arious parts into the aheoli.. )Joclerat.e emphy- HenJa i:; present.
)Iyocanlium.- The myofibrils of the atria and ventricles contain large r1umlwrs of medium sizerl fat droplets. Haemorr-
hages have oe<'1Irrefl undf'J' the epi- a11d enclocarrliu m.
Spleen .- 'L'Iw spleen i,_ m:ukedly distended with blood with the rpsrllt that the r<:>d pulp predominates and the splenic corpus('],.,, app1•ar small an<l nhophic. 'L'hf' germ centres re.-eal an open sirudure due to pnucity of <'f'lls. Pyknosis and karyorrhexis o<'cur in tlws<~ germ centrE's either in light or moderate d <' gree.
J>anereas.- :\o vathologicnl c:hanges ohserYed.
(
Abomasum and int<:>sti nes.- Exteusise haemonhages have
o<·curn~d iu 1 he suhnmcosa as w~:•ll as numerous small haemOJ.T- hages in the mucosa.
Thyroid.- No pathological challg'<>S ohsenefl.
Jlypoph:vsis.- Hyper:wmia is tlH" only ('hange noteJ.
ARE THE Senl'l'io ALJ.\ALOIHS THE CA1)SE OF " JH;NSIEI\.TE .,
(SPnecio ro1 SOl\ING)?
\·Vatt (190!)) i~olated two alkaloids seneoJolinf' (C,,H,,O,K) and senccifolidiue (C,8H",O,K) from "Senecio latijoli11s ,. . l11 190H the iclentification of species of Snwrio was Yery unsatisfactory and we
<"an safely assume that, at that time, the name Senecio latifoli'lls DC
inducled SP'IWt·io lat!:folivs, Senecio rel·rm·s11s and Se'/Jerio lmrfJe/lrthts.
Hence it is impossibl<• to say from whid1 species of Scnpr·io \Vatt
i~olttted the two abow alknloids (Siey11. H):l-:1:). Scnccifolidint· ha~ the same empiri('al formula as 1·.wtidine isolate1l by de \~Taal (HlJ9).
('ushny (J!H1) injl:'eterl .wnecifol-inc, i~olated by -"~att, into frogs, white rats, t'ats :nul rabbit;; and also :1dministered it per os to cats.
The ~ymptoms and post mortem apv~earall<:es were the same wlwther U1e alkaloid was <lr<-'nched or injected. According to Cuslmy the cirrho,;is of the liY<:>r in ('hronic selter·ifolint' poisoning in eats resembled that found in Srm,ecio poisoning in cattle. Jo'J'Oill thP results of his L'Xperiments he ('oncludt><l that there ean he 110 question t-h:d·.
St•Jit•t·io disense is 1·ansPd hy the Sr'11Pcio alkaloi<b.
:D:n·idson (1935) injected retrm·sinr, whi1·h \\':IS obtained from Seneo'o 1·etrur.ms and which was supplied to hiru by Professor G. Barger, UniYersity of Edinburgh, subcutaueousl.Y into white rats, and found that the primary effect of the alkaloid would appear to be Yascular. This was follo\Yecl hy cirrhosis ,,.i th regeneration of the Jinr eells and bil<:> cluds, the ultimate picture being that of an interstitial hepatitis o1· cirrhosis.
Hosking and Brandt (19::J(j) isolated the alkaloid jacoh£ne (C18H1,,06X) from .'ir11ecio jacobaea growmg in New Zealand. They
1?7
'l'OXLCITY OF 1'01:-<0:\0l-;; 1'1..\:\T:-<.
slate tllat this ;.~lkaloid " t,; ,·pn prohahh· itkntic:d 1\·ith ihP alb- laid _iacubillt' prPYiously i,;ol:itt'd from ('anadian l'ag'll·ort hy )lanskP, to ,,-],ich wa,.; gin•n the forn1ui:J (',.H,,.(L,:I .. The .ianJ!n.llf' isohtP<l hy llo,;king· and llr:llldt 11·a . .; dH·JJclted tu guine:1-pig·s :1nd injt•dpd ,-;ub('utanPOLt.'ily into rab h1· L-lupkirk :tJI(I C'unning·han1 (L!):{G). 'l'h<•_,.
found o·uinea-pio·:-; Yt'l'\' n•,;i:-;lant to the alkaloi<l. Fron1 the rP,;tJih of thri~ r::qwrin~at~ \l.llllll rat~ th<•y t'tlllf'lurlPrl th:d ·' tht• rat le1'ion,;, tllt'refon•, :ll't' Rimilar in typt• to tho,;t' ,;t•t'Jl in l:trgt•r :tnimals 1Yhi!'!1 ha1·e Palen ·" l'llf'l'l·n .itu·uhoro ··.
('lwll, Jlarris and Host• (I!J-1-U) injt•dcd tllt' Selll'l'io alk:tloid:;
tdol.l)tJhyllinl' ((''"Jf .. ,O.-,-:\) intr:tYt'lltill,;ly into Illit·P. r:lb, g-uinra-pig:' and IIJOnk<•ys and aL-o into lhP l~·n1ph sa1·s of hog:-:, and scnecijJhyl/inP
(C" Il,,..,O,-,S) inlra1·rnou:;ly into nlit·e, r:tb and guinea-pig,;. 'l'!Jp
aninw-1:-:. partiC"ularly ih<· ral:-: and Juice, in.it•f'tp([ with a<·uil'ly suh- IPt-h:d <lost•s uf srl!ccitlh!fliinl' (tlelayt•tl tleath) sho11·ecl nenosi,.; :n<>und tht• •·entral 1·eins of tht· li1·er 11·ith infiltrnt.ion of lrti<'Ot·vtes and
\'aC"uol:dion of t ht• •·.dopi:JsJn t·ell~. .\!so the kidnt•ys ,;bo11·~d t·loudy ,;1\·t·lling· 11·ith l't•nous and g-lumPl'lii<JI' t·onge,.;lion. On thP olht•r h:tnd. tht·y ,,-t•n• Ultal.le to tlt'f-C'd any liPp:lfit· or n·nal 1lan1age in iht• 111in•. r:tls and o·uine:t-pi"'s injt•dt•d with :JI·utel,· suhldlwl tlo,;t's of
tJ1otmJh/flll~t'. "' · ·
J11 spite of thr :tbovp iHturnJation ,,-hi!'h C"ertainly lends support to the I'Ontention that tlw f'aid Senecio alkaloid~ are re,;ponsibl<• for t·hp production of Senrr-io rlismtSI' (" duusiektP .. ill horse~ :1nd ~Iol
teno !':tltl<• dis<'as<, in South .\frit·n . .. Sin1svke .. in :lonl·a,·. J>id ou di~ease of Ko1·a Sr·oti:1, \\'int.on di~ra~r o(Xew Zealanrl) 'it is felt.
th:tl lhP dc•finite proof or clisprtl\·al of thi~'< (·<nt!Pntion ('onld he hroug-ht forward in one IYa_v only. :tnd that i,.; to adnrini . .;ter the suspedc1l alkaloids fJPr os either to horses or r·attle nud to prorlur·e. in tl1is way, a di,.;P:ISP similar to Uwt st•en untler natural <"onditions.
11 h:ts hePn 011r PXJ!erience. in n1any ease,;, that the rPsults of oral administration uf a ]JOison. cannot hr tletlu<"<'<l from tho::;c obtnined
·in parentrral :Hlministration of t.hat poison and rit·r ·rcrso, anrl also, that t-he resulh; of a11 expPriment t·ond1H;h•tl upon onP ,.;pN·ies of animal YPI'Y fn'quently di-ffrr from lho,.;e ohtainPd upon of IH'I' ~peril's of anin1al...-. If has. for examplr, lwpn f-•stahlishP<l th:~t the ralthit'~
]i,·er is IIIUdJ more resistant to injury hy Srne('io allwloifls ihau thP h~>l'St''s or dog's livt•r. It i~ for th<•st• rr:~son:< t-h:tt. 1n· sl'ipd.ctl horsps fo1· our experiments in onlPr to mdahli~h ,,-h .. tlwr t.lw Srnf'.cin alkaloitlH
~ r1· n·~po11sihlt· for Sel/f'.l'lO clist>a~P.
'l'lw followi11g· 1s :t summ:1rv of our PXp<~rinH•nt;.; t•ontlut-.f-Ptl at ()11dcrst.epood.-
A. T.'at.idinr and refro!'sine.
'L'ht>SP two alkaloids were isolated In· }[r . .
r .
.T. BlackiP, Holyrood Ho:Hl. Edinburg-h. Scotland. frolll Sen;'l'lO /grlfit!eus Dr nnd sl'/ll'l'll!re/1·uf'S'IIS DC l'PS]ICciLHJ.Y (8tP_I·n, 1937).
/forst· 2L:l():j (S 111nnths old) w:t,; o·in•Jt :!·0 '''ill isatidint' in a filll:.dl quantity of lll':tll 1)\· lll"<IJI.-; of arballino· o·~n
;.lJ
10.:1,:;(;, and 5·0 g'lll. of ,.;tror.,i1u· in ·a ;:;imilar m:tnner or~ {1_,-l_:lf;.1:2K
Jl. (;. STKYS AS]) ::-;_ J_ \'A:\ J)Elt \\-,\1.'1'.
Horse 21 :)()4 (S wont he; old) received in the sallle 11·ay a:-; hor:-;e
n :Jo :s,
ll ·1 g-m. ixat111ine dail~- (except Sundays) from 10.:l.% to 27.4.3(i, and 0·:! g-nJ. of this alkaloid flaily hom :28.4.86 to Hi.0.:-Hi, ih:1t is :1 t-ohd of K-:2 gm. in a perio(l of ten IYPeb.Neit-ht·r of the~<P :utinJtd,.; developed au_v s_nupton1,.; of ill l1Palth. Horse 2]:)0:) '"as killed on 1:!.(LlEi and 21304 on 2Ci.li.%. Autopsy J'el·<·aled no lPsion,.; 11·hich roulfl, iu any way. he :Jc-;So(·iated with Sctte,·io poisoning-. Al·f·onling to information ohbinPd from subse- qut·nt experiment,.; it IYould appear that th•· abon' r1rgati,·e results
:HP fhlt> to tlw h1d that the CJUantities of isatidine and ?'efrorsinr :JdiJJini;-;tPI'ed to tht• hor:-;p,.; 11·er·<; too ,.;mall. Besidt•s isotidiue 1'!':1dil_v JJild<-•rgo<'.'i <l<·,·onlposititln 11·hen stored.
B. Rl'fro?·siuc (('"H"_-,( ),)\) an<l isatidine (( ',811 0_-,U,~) i,.;olat!•cl from Sl'neno rl'frors-us ])(' b_y Dr. H. L. de \V:1:d, (ll):{g) Org·anic
ChPIIli~t. On<lerc;tepoort..
l lorsf' 2Hi7G (120 Kg-.. l ynar nnd 1 months olcl).- R<'l'Pin•d per :-;tonJach tub<-' 19·0 g'lll. isalidinf' and 14·0 gn1. reftorsine (eCJui,·alent.
to approx1matdy l Kg-. of dr:v Sn1n·io tetrorsus), shaken up :in a lit.·e of \\':liYr. on :!D.-1-.--1-0. Fron1 [i_.-,_40 the :1nimal <IL·\·p]oped :-i.)'lll]ltOnJs typical of acute Senecio poisoning- namPly ic-terus, g-Pneral weakness, :1pathy, f! .. n•r attal'ks. SW<lying- g-ait and fh-agg·ing- tlu· hin<lleg-,.;, haornonh:l.g-t•s on the <·onjundiYae <Jll<l mPmln·ana niditans, walking·
into stationary ohject.s (ahr<J,;ions 011 ltead and other prominent pat·fs of th<-' hor1y). pulst·' :tl'l'eleratt-·d, weak and irreg·ula.r, and y:.l\1-inig·
n'peatPilly. Thl' :1nint:d !lif'<1 on 10.fJ.4fl. Autopsy rPYe:tl<·d a dilatl'd stoliJ:leh. g-enrral id<:rus :1nd :tn al'ute paJ·ont·hynt:dous hPpntitis as
~wen in Senecio poiso11ing.
C. fsa.tuhne anrl rrfrorstnt• isolated hy
nr.
H. L. de '\Va:d (Hrl!:J).flor-.w 2HJ71 (FlO Kg-., l} yPars oldl.- Rel'eivefl per stomaeh tuhe 14·0 gm. ·£sat/dine isolate!l frontS. ·isatide11S in
: wo
c-.1·. of tap watPr on 1.8.40. Onl_v transient symptoms of apatl1y dHelopecl. A spef:imeu of blood Pxarnined b,- }[r. (:J. C. S. Hoets, Section of C'hemif:al Patlto- logy, 0IH1Prsh~poort: on 2;l.S.40 showed no inneast• in hilt> pigments.On this date th<' :uti111al was rlren!'he<l with l0·tl gm. of rct·rorsi?u' isolatefl from S. retr·orsus (uo more isati<lin<· was aYailahlt•). As tllP :1nimal 11as app:1n~ntly still in g-oocl ht·altlt on 11.9.-1-0, it l'l'l'ein·cl
annth~r IG·O g-m. of retrorsinf'- 71er OR. From a-pproximately 10.10.40
<li.,tind :JrHl pl·ogTPs~<il·p loss i11 l'ondit.ion. :11HI apalhy. s<"t-in. (jenera[
"·e:.tkiW<'<', swaying- g-ait. and g-radnul Jose; of appetite followed. Fn11n the end of De<'Pmlwr thr animal, at ti111es. walkt·d [nto stationarv ohjeds. At no t.i llll' was g-ener:1l ider11s dd ,•dahle. Tbt· hor,.;p was doiYII and \lltalde to r[se '"' 14.1.--ll. Tow:1rds the late aftPnJoon itw:ts Jlrtt·onseiou!'l, all(l hn:athing- rapi!lly ancl .-.;upPrfi('.ially. and il wa:-<
d<·l'i<ll'!l to <l••stro\· it. Tlw posl modem appt':lranl'ei' 11·rre typic-al of those of chroni•· Seneuio poisoning- (dunsielde). namel:v caf:hPxta, dilated ,-lolllac:h, Jn·onounc·ecl h_nlroperiiou<'lllll, and hy!lropericftrdiurll. YE>ry prononn!'ed ntrophi(' l'irrhosis of the liYE'I', :~ncl pronounre!l oeclema of the wall of the l'aecum. The bloocl showed G-2!) Yan den
Heti-': unit<; acc·orcliog· to )fr. RnPts.
129
TOXICITY 01' I'OISOXOl'~ J'J.AYfS
1/or:;e :21!)1:! ( ].-,() 1\g., 10 _n·:u·~ old) n•ceiYed pl'r ~lollla(·h tuhe 1-t·O g-m., 1-1·0 g-m. and 1--1 g·1n. of relrnrslllf'. i~olated from S. ulmr.ws, on L..'l.-1:0, :2=!.8.-10 :11HI ]:U.J.-10 resJJedi,ely. The ani111al dt'l't•lopl'd the ~a111e s_nnptonb :1t t lw .'nine r:ttP a~ ltor~P :21q1 I and it '"a~ killecl 111 e.r/t·t•tnis o11 1--1.1.-tl. The po.~!-lllorlt•IJJ appe;1rant·e~
\\·en· identic·;tl IYith those desnil1erl in hon;t· :21911. Blood colledetl :II d .. ath and t'X<IIIlined lw \lr. (;_ ('_ ~- Hoeb ~htlll'!'d '2·?."1 Y;tll d('n ll•·t-:..;h unit~. .
The l't'S1dl~ of thP aho1·r· t•xp<'rilttelils r·ottdud .. d upon horst·.~ 11·ifh isotirline aod te.INnsine nn· dt•finite proof th:tt these alkaloids, uncl nto~t probably ;tl~o ofltn c-!Jt-llli(-;llly clost>IY n·lati•d alk:tloids pre~Ptd.
i 11 f ht· 1·a riou~ jloisonou~ .-qw.-il'.' of St'Jterio. <I rP rC'~pon~i hlP l'ot· t ht•
.-:ttJ.'<dion of Se11n·io clise:1sr in sfock.
A large ttUIItlwr of rab Ita'·" lH·t>n injt'dt•d ~ulwul:ttleously ,,-j(Jt 1·:1rioth all;aloid.-; isolatt•d In· tit• 1\':t:tl (I!J:!tl) front difft•rt•nt ~JW.-it·~ o1 SeJ/(/('lO and the re.-;ults
or·
!Itt·~(' t'~pninH'ttis \\·ill lw puhli~.;}ll'tl :tf. :1ht••r tl:df'.
.-lddendu!JI.
'l'hP follm1·int:· dps.-ription of :.::.e11ecio sr·ell'rOIIIs 11·a~ supplied hy Dr. B. A. Scllln·ickenH:-
'· .'ie11('(·in srdeulfus Sdlw!'ickenlt sp. noY.; aftini,.; S. glaberrl/1111-' DC'. sed folii~ mnltiorihu.-;. foliis :-iHlllllli~ mainrihn.-;. mart:·iuihns
foliorum manifc•stius clf'nhdis. anasiomoso pruminulo ne.rYnrlllll tli ft t•rt.
·· .--:.euecio sr·r•leratus Sdnl"f'ic·keHlt sp. uoY.: aftini.-; ." .. qlllill'rrimlls
D<:. ~.,t} foliis mnlt-iorihus. foliis ,;unJtlli,; ttt:tiorihn~. lll:ll''.(·inihu,.;
stri<ttus, n•f·f11s ,-p] nndulatus, Yulgo si111piPx, apice la~t· pol.Yc·epllalo cor.nnhoso. lnil'l'llndlo 2-1 em. long-a. Folia caulina S-10. u~qut· :td 10 t·m. long-a pf :~ cnl. lata. cori:tcea, t'lliptir·ooblnng·a n ·l lanceol:ttn.
apit·e aeu!a, marg-inP p:nu·idPnbt-a; nPrnb intermeclius prominf'nfu~ in pag-ina infPriora: cosL1P nd,.;c·t'nrlc•uh's. anastomoso promin11lo folia inft·rinra petiolata IHOX dt'cidua. lw,.;i nou 1·alde auricul:tt.a; supe1·ior<l c-<t. 1-:-J t·!ll. long·:1 !:'t ()-,-, t·llt. 1::~1<1. lauc!'nlata, grad:dim minorn,
~!';;~ilia, basi anrieuhia: auri•·ula. aliquantnm clccutTCIIIP~. p:IJT!' c·ordaf.o-amplPxit·aulc•;;. 111-orl'toe e:t. :2-:l mm. long·a, l:tueeoL.iaf'.
f"otymlnt.< f:t.-;tig-i:thl~, polyc·ephalu~. c·apituli.-; hnt· tlrpositi~.
p,.d,u11·uh usqnt• atl 2·:) c·Jlt. longi. snhesqn[tmati. ('ofldllla parr·t•
c-:ti_Y<·Jtlata, eampanulnta; inYolu.-r·i segmenta S-!), :tc•qnnlia n•l ,.;uh- :lrqu:tlin. linrari:t ,-p] oblnng-:1. ohtusa Yel snh-:tc·ub, m:trginihu~ l:dt• vrl :111g-nste mf'mhr:uwt·ris. •·illinb in trrtia parte suprrion'. Fl. li.r;tdof' 4-5 lutf':t. c-rmper -+-nenosaf'. r~t 11s infraqur f:luc·p papilli~
minuti;o; mullit:w: r:1mi ;;tylonnn glahri: achnPnia striata : . .dahr8.
Fl. disci 12-17. lut.Pi: tnhus infra c·ylindrah1s supra clilabtus: rami stylonnn :1pier penit'illati: ::u·haeni8 strini:t glabrn.
PnpJii sda!' copiosne albae.
Tmusrool ;/,outpanslwrg tlist., ro:1dside 'l'zatH•en Phillips :)260 ,typP). L.nlPnlnng- dish· .. llutft /Jor.11 7261. Lydcnhurg, iu tow11 on nwant lot, JJ,u·/t Dm·.11 -!1G. Pietersb11rg (w-ithout· rxad loralit~-) r·olleetPd hY the G-overnnwnt YeterinarT Offieer in Nat. T-ln·b.
Pn•toria 12i:J:,4_" .
130
D. G. STRL'I .·\SJJ S. ;r. YA.\" JJEll \1".\LT.
Xnatum.- On page -!01 uf Toxi<"olop:y of Plants in South A..hica (SteyJJ, 1934) Senec·,;o scleratus 1-lchweiekenlt sp. llOY, should rrad
,\ent'l·io s!'elernlus S<"illn•ickPnlt ~p. noL
'l'agelrs 111 inutn Lo 111.
Registereed nwnber. -O.J> .Il. Xo. ] 0:)07; 31.8.31.
Co1111110n nnnu•.-Kakiehos, Khakiweecl.
Oriy·in.- Pretoria, Transnwl.
State ond .'itot;e of De·velopme11t.- 'l'he plant ~·as in the fresh state and in the preflowering stage.
Sheep 48819 (G tooth ; ;)() · 5 Kg.) and sheep 48966 (G tooth : 38 · 0 Kg.) recei.-ed 40·8 1\.g·. of thP plant in tlw cour~e of 3:2 days.
Hesult.-~T egatiYe.
Sub~equently sht•ep .-)():!41 (~· tooth; :J-1.·.-) J\g.) reeeiYo~tl 111 til<·
<·oun;t• of 28 da~·s :j:j·(i 1\g. oJ thP. frP-sh plant·, which was m the Howe1·ing stage.
l?Ps1dt.- K egatiYe.
The plant contains the esse11tial oil oleum ta.getes. It was there- fore decided to cletenninP the toxicity of this oil.
.'ihet'fl 4912+ (4 tooth;
aG·O
Kg.) reeei\·edno
C.t·. and sheep 481:l!J (full-month; G2·0 Kg. ) !!)() c.t'. oleum tagetes.Both sheep only P.xhibit.ed transitory s:vmptoms of li:>tlessnPss, anorexia and t_,-mpanites.
CRASSUI.ACE.1E.
r.:alanf"hoc prm.iculrlta flare.
He_qiste·rerl n·uml11~t.-O.P.H. Xo. 2507; 4.5..+0. and 4i2J: 4.6.-.1:0.
Uri.t;i'11.- l\.imberle:y, Cape l,rovill<'r.
Sta.te and Sta!}c of De eel opme11 t .- Tlw first eousignment of the plant (O.P.II . .:\o. 2007; 4.;).40) wa.-; in the fresh state aud fJO\nriug stage whilst the second consignment of the plant (O.P.H. No. 4724; 4.6.40) was in the fresh state an<1 earl~- seeding stage. Sheep 04249 (G tooth; 41·0 Kg.) receiYed 1·0 Kg. of the fre~h leaw~
of the first consignment of the plant.
Sy111ptoms.- Six hours after dosing the following wns ob- sen·ed: Apathy; slight tympanites; p1dse nccelerated and weak: respiration accelerated and laboured and accompanied by groaning: rumina] moYements in abcyaner. ~o symptoms of cotyledonosis were obserYed even after forced exen·ise. The animal died owrnight on the day of dosing.
Post-mortem llflJietlrrmrPs.- SJigbt post-mmtem ehanges: general cyanosis; n1arlwd tymranitPs: hydropericnn1ium; nmnerous prtechiar of the epi- and en<1nt"ardium; regres!'iYe
131
TOXICJTY OF I'OISOKOUS PLA)ITS.
changes of the myocardium; hyperaemia and oeden1a of tl~e lungs; extensive haemorrhages of the trachea; hyperaemia and regressive changes of the liYer and 1\:idneys; slight tumor spleuis; slig-ht h,yperaernia of the nwco~:~ of the ahonrasunr, small intestine and caer·um.
SliCep 52632 (G tooth; 44 · 0 Kg.) recei ,·ed in the course of ] 8 hours 2·0 Kg. of tbP fresh l<'aves of thP first consignment of the plant.
Symptoms.-FiYe days after the administration of the first dose the animal started to pass blood. The quantity of blood passecl increased and the animal showed listlessnesfl
;1s.-;oeiaterl \\"il'h anorexia. laboured respiration <lnd gradual loss of condition. The sheep finally went down, refusing to rise and died 14 days after the first rlose harl been administered.
Post-mortem apJleanmcrs.- Emaciation; anaemia; hydro- pericardium; slight hyperaemia of the lungs; regreRsive changes in the myocardium; regreRsive changes in the liver and kirlneys; ecchymoses ·in the abomasal mur·osa; ecchymoses in nnd ulr·erntion of the mur:osa of tht> eaecm11.
/list.olo_qy .- Lung: Hyperaemia.
Kidney.- Slight hyperaemia; tfltty changes in isolated tubules in the medulla.
Liver.- A more open network of cytoplasm :wd ,·aeuoles in the peripheral heplltic cells. No signi£cant fatty changes.
Heart.- A lmv grade chronir· inter,titial myoean1itis was observed.
Cae<.;UUL- [lltiltration 11·ith round <"ells and neutrophile,;;
necrosis of the epithelial eells at the bases of the crypts oppo- site the haemorrhages, many crypts being packed with ner:rot.ic debris.
8hnp ;-, 1348 (G tooth; 52· 0 Kg-.) received in the eourse of 3 days 7·6 Kg. of the fresh leaves of the second consignment of the plant.
Symptmns.- Listlessness; anorexia; ruminal movements in abeyance; laboured respiration; ac(:eleraterl weak pulse; hae- morrhagic diarrhoea. The animal rlierl 4 day;:; nfter the administration of the £r;;~t dose.
Post-nw1·tern appecrrances.- (ieneral cynnosis; t~ympanites;
hydropericardium; petechiae epieardium; hyperaemia of the lungs; regressive changes in the liver and kidneys; hyperaemia of the muem;a, of the abomaRurn and r~aecum.
SheezJ 54544 (6 tooth; 44·() Kg.) recei\·ed i11 a single dose 400 gm. of the fre"h seerl hearl;;; of the se(·ond consignment of the plant.
Symptoms.- The animal died two hours after dosing- after having cleveloped a severe tympanites.
132
]). G. STEYl\ Ai\D S . .T. VAC\ DER IVALT.
Post-IIJU7'tem. appearrmces.- Uenend cyanosis; seYere tym- panite:;: hyperaemia. emphy;;ema and OPdema of the lunp;R:
n·gressi\·e e·hang-es in the n1yoc·ardium; h_qH·raemia. of and l'f~gressiYt• c-hnng·e.-< in the• liq•r and kidnt·.\·;;: hyjwrar·rnia of the mur·os;l of ihe s111all intp:;tine.
,\/u'ef' ,-,,):):!:-, (4 tooth; -1-:!·J Kg.) rt-1·e·i\·ecl in a .single· duse 200 gnr. of tl1P hef'h se·ed heael.s of t h·· sec-orHI r:onsig-n mt>n t of the plant .
. 'i.'JiilfJIIIIII-'.-UriP-and-n-h<~lf hours ;~ft~:·t· dosirrg <I .sPYc•n•
tyn1p<1nites h;HI clevt>lopPcl \\·ltich \\':IS relicYecl by means of a trocar and canula. ln spite• of thi.-; ho\\'l'\·er the re.-<pir;ilion r"mairu·d I'Xtn·nreh· blwured <lllfl thP ;~ninr;1l dic•el :2 hour.-; ;~fte·r
rlosing. .
flost-mort!'m OfJJIPOnliii'I'S.- UPrler;t[ .. yanusis; fair tymp<tn- ites; h.nlropericanlium; h_ydrothorax: h.\·droperitoneum: hyp- eraemi<~ and emph_v,;ema of the lungs; reg-n·:;sin· change~' i 11 the·
myocanlinnr ; h_q1eniPDli<l of ;~nd n•g..-essin· dwng·es in tiH· li\·er and kidneys: slight hyperaemia of the rrtuc .. sa of thP abonrai"lllll ancl Slll<ill intrstine .
• <.:.J,e~'l' ,-,:):38!.1 (4 tooth: -!0·0 Kg.) recei\ecl jn a 'iii_rgle dose 100 gm. nf the· fn·-;h ,;eed ht-ads of tlw second collslg·n- nwnt .. f tiH• plant.
.'iyJ!Ifdoms. -·'l'\\·o lronrs aft.-r dosing· the aninral \\<J.>i
~hi\·ering- slig·htly. .-\ slig-ht dt-grce of tympanitPs lr;td rll·velop<•d whilst· tilt~ re~piratiou \\·ai" Pxtrernel\· luhonrPd.
The anim;ll rliPd .1• hour Liter.
!'o~t.-mrn·te/11, oppeii'/'UIICes.-UeHeral cvanosts; sli~·ht tympanites: severe enq>hyst-ma of thP lu.ngs: rep:ressrve e·hanges in the m,vocanhunr: hyperacmiu of and regresflive changes in the liYer and kidneys: slight hyperaemia of tlw abomasal ,-,nd rlnoflenal mll<·osa.
Slu'el' ,-J90(i l (() tooth ; dose fi(J g·nr. of the fresh ;;eefl of IIH· plu n t.
32·R Kg-.) n•,·eiH~cl in a ;-;ingiP heads of thP seC'ond consig·nnwnt
-".ifiiiJifoms.- T.i;;t lt-,:sneso;: pulse ,:lightl.v :l(·celPrated and strong-; n•"pirntinn lahonn·el. 'l'_vmpanitPs rhd not riP\·elop
;end Uu· :1nirn:tl rlied clnring- t.hP njg·l1t foilO\\·ing- th1-• 1hy of rlosi ng.
! 'us /-111 ru·/1' 111 rlfl per1 1'1111 r·r·s .- V;c ir I y "d \·;c n 1 ·eel post -11111 d:i'lll
.,hang·es: g·C'neral 1'_\'<IIIOSis: hv,lrrrrwril'arrlium: hyperaemia.
nellt-nl<t aud emph~-st>ma of tilt· lnnp·s: hypPrarmia of tlw lin•r and kirlru?ys (rP!.rreRsivP ..!rang-es. i-f any, masl;ed hv tlrP post- mortem chang•p,:): hyprraemi~1 of tl1e nnwosa of tl1e r·;~ecnm anrl initial pad of the l'olon.
SJ,ee?J ,-114:\(i (fi tooth; -1-i·fJ K!:.!'.) receiYerl !)0 gm. of thP frpsh seed heads of the secone1 consig·nnwnt of the phnt in hw f1o~es on ll.G.40 and 12.G.40.
1:n
TUXIClTY UF I'OISOXOL·s l'LI:\TS .
.\ymptoms.- ll.G.-10. 4 p.m .. : Sligl1t tym p::~ni tes; n•spiration some\\·h at laboured_
J2.o.-I:U. 3 p.1ll.: Severe tympanites; 1·espir::~tion Yery ialJOnred; pulse at:eeleratecl and \\·eak; <lllorexla; rumina!
mo,·ements in abeyance; listlessness. Tympanites "·as completely 1·elieved by means of a trocar and canula. The shePp rlied oYernight on 12.6.40.
Po.st-111orlem appca1'ances.- tieneral cy::~nosis; tympanites;
hydropr•rinndium; hyperaemia and emphysema of thl· lung-s: n·g-ressiYe chang-es in the mytwanlium; h:.-peraemia and reg-ressiYe changes in ilw Ji,·er aJl(l kidneys: seYere hyper<H'- mia of the abomasum; hy]lf'~'<ll'lllia of the duo<lenal mtH·osa: t·aeenl c·ont.ents fluid.
Ti1e leaYes arl(l :sPed IH·ads of the second consig-ument of ti1e plant were tested hiolog·i('all_v for the presencP of
<:otyledon toxin aceording to the rnetho<l of Steyn (J!J:i2). lloth 1lw leave,; and seed heads "·en• i'ound to eonbin a small qu:llltity of l'otylerlnn toxi11.
The plant therefon· l'Ontnins either insufficient ('Otyledon toxin to l'ause cot.rledouosis "ith the quantities drenehe<l 01'
the action of the cotYledon toxin iH OYershadowed bv tlw :1cho11 of I he othPr poisotH;us pt·in<'ipiols) present in thP. plant.
Nr,~;islerpd '/WII17Je1'.- 0.P .H. ~ 0. 7]] 0.: 1 r). 7 .-:Hl.
Oriuin.- Port Shepstone. ::\fatal.
State onrl stn.r;P of Je,·elop·meni.- The plant \\'itS in tlH•
ht>sh statf' and in tlw Howering stag-<'.
Slwep ;)72-1-J (6 tooth: -l:O·O Kg.) recei,·ed i)-0 T\g-. of Uw frf'sh leaYes of tiH• plan1 in thf' f'ourse of 2 rla~·s_
· 'hJ
111 f'l;om.s .-Fin~ day~ after the aJ1nin istr:1 tion of tilt' first dose an haemorrha.giP rliarrhoea cleYelopecl "-hich JH~rsisterl for :) days aHET ,,-]1ir·l1 the animal ma<h· a <'Oinpleh·recovery. Except for I he diaJThoea no other symptoms of any importance werP ohserYccL
Sheep 57165 (6 tooth: :1()·0 Kg.) t·ereiYed in a sing-le closP 500 g·m. of tl1e frf'sh inflorr>sl'enr~>s of the plant.
Sy111ptvms.- \Yithin four hours of tlosiug the following symptoms \n·re observed: Cyanosis; pronounl'ed dyspnoea:
V<'ry slig-ht tympanites: frothing at the month. 'I'hP :lnim:ll
di<•d 7-~ hours aftPr closing.
l-'o.~t-111ortem 07Jf1eormu:cs.- 'l"he cnrcass "·as w a ,-ery a<hancecl state uf cle('(llll]Josition.
1!34
D. G. STEY:'\ .1:\"D S . . 1. \'.\:'\ nEll \L\.LT.
Vig. :3.- l\ulunrlwe ih!JI'.<i/lum. Harv.
Gtaul'i"L\CEAE.
Co111111on tll/1111'.- ll••ron's HilI.
-"·tate (/.lid :;/agr: oj derelop11W111.--The plant w:rs 111 the dry sbte rtnd i n th c seec1 in g· ,; ta g-• ·.
Slu:.etl r,t)O!Jl ((;tooth; -Hi·9 1\g-.) and sh•~~'P fllOG;-; (fullmouth: r,4·fi
Kg·.) hotlr nwc•in•d G·G 1\g·. of the plnnt in tire •·onrsp of ]7 days.
135
TOXICITY OF POISONOUS I'LAKTS.
LEGUMil\OSAE.
Castanospernw m aush·ale.
Re.r;istered number.---O.P .H. No. 1 5:)G6; 18.>1.40. and 2722: 22.5.40.
Common name.-Austrr~lian Chestnut tree, Black Bean, Moreton Bay Chestnut.
(higin.-Forestry Depr~1·bnent, Pietermaritzhurg, Natal.
.1.
Fig. 4.-Flower anu seed head of Kalancho thyrsiflom. Harv.
State and stage of det:elopment.- Both eonsiguments of the plant (O.P.H. No. 15366; 18.3.40. and 2722; 22.5.40) were in the dry state and in the late seeding stage. The fruit were still fairly green.
Sheep 55091 (6 tooth; -H-9 Kg-.) and sheep 54682 (6 tooth; 41-!) Kg.) receiYed in the (·ourse of 14 days 4·0 Kg. and sheep 55228 (4 tooth; 31·9 Kg-.) and sheep 55525 (4 tooth; 42·3 Kg.) reeeived in the (;0\1 r-se of 7 clays 2-0 Kg. of the leans of the plant.
Result.- NegatiYe.
136
D. G. STEYN AND S. J. VAN DER IL\LT.
Sheep 55089 (4 tooth; 40·0 Kg.) receiYed in the course of :{ days 5·6 Kg-. and again 2 months later 5·2 Kg. of the unripe benns (the husks were disearded) in the course of :~ days.
Nesult.- ); egative.
lliudlllarsh and Hart (1937) found that the unripe seeds c•1u;;ed a se,·ere gastro-enteritis in cattle whereas the ripe seeds appeare1l to be Hou-to:s:ic. The discrepancy between the results of the ex p!:ri- ments of these authors and those of our experiments may possibly he due to the seeds used in our experinwnts having been mon•
lllature than those usPd in the !':s:periments of Hindmarsh anrl Had, or (nnd) to differences in soil and climatic con1litions.
Crotolm·io. 1-l10desiae Baker
f.
Re.r;istered 1Wmhe1·.- 0.P.H. So. -1-GlO; 4.6.40.
Orir;in. -Pietersburg, 'l'I·ansnwl.
8tate anrl stage of rleceluz))ltl'nt.--The plant, which was somewhat IIJOHldy, was in the dry state and in the seeding :stage·
.\lteep 59062 (6 tooth; (j] ·-! Kg.) 1·ereiYed 3·-! Kg. of the plant 111
the course of !) days.
S!JIIl]Jtoms.-On the t!'ntb dav after connnem·pment of dosing the gait of the animal was somewhat stiff e,;perially in the £ore-limbs. This stiffness disappeared after driYing- the sheep around for some time. On no other oc<:asion ''"<ts t-he stiffness again observed.
Ln.T.·ICE~E.
Alfmca /foribunda Dryand var. fastigiata. Baker.
f<pyi.sti'J·Pd numl1er.- O.P.H. Xo. 91();); 11.11.39.
Ori.tjin.- East London, Cape ProYiuce.
State and stage of t!ecelutllnent.-- The plant was 111 the fresh state without :flo,n·r~ or fruit.
Sheep 51158 (6 tooth; 41·9 Kg-.) received :1·6 Kg. of the bulbs of the plant in the course of 10 hours.
1/psult.- ?\: egative.
Ornithogalwn saundersiae Baker.
Rer;istered n1uni1P1' . -0.P.H. Ko. -H82A; 28.5.40. and 4832; 7.ti..t0.
Cow11Wn naml'.-
(hiyin.- Tric hanlt, TransYaa l.
.'itatp nnd stu!}e of derelapment.- Both consig·nments o£ the plallt (O.P.H. No. 4182A; 28.5.40. and 4832; 7.G.40.) were in the fresh state and in the post-seeding stage.
137
