Rinderpest in buffaloes : the immunizing value of dried goat spleen vaccine

OnrlersiezJ001't Jo'UYIWl of reteTinary Science aml Animal lndu;;t?·y, Volume 15, !V?Jmbe1·s 1 and 2, Jnly and Octobm·, 1940.

Printed in the Union of South Aftica hy the Go,·ernment Printer, PrPtoria.

Rinderpest in Buffa loes.-The Immu n iz ing Value of Dried Goat Splee n V a c cine.

J3y G. PFAFF, Y<>teriuary He::;earcb Lal)(lrntory, lnseiu, Hurllla.

'l'HE vall ue of the H nrmese hn:llalo as a working animal is Limited by considerations of shade all(l water. He is very sensitive to the sun, and for that reatJon for draught purposes is worked in the (1Pnse forest shade, and elsewhere is not used during the heat of the Jay.

Opinions differ as to the relative merits of the buffalo and the ox for draught purposes, hut there is no question about the great bUperiority of the buffalo in S\Yampy ground and in ploughing paddy :fields, for in the ploughing season paddy :fields are mud baths, and mud baths and ponds are essential for the health of tbe buffalo.

During the heat of the day the buffalo likes to wallow in ponds, with often only his nose aboYe \vater, or in mud baths, from which he emerges with a protective covering of mud.

In a previous article (Pfaff, 1938) the position in regard to the effects of dried goat spleen vaccine on buffaloes was stated to be a little uncertain. Because of severe reactio11s :field inoculators had reduced the dose for buffaloes, and considered that the smaller dose was !less severe than the 0 · 0025 gram used for cattle. Since at that time there were no facilities at the laboratory for the investigation of this question, the reports from the field were acted upon, and the dose for buffaloes was reduced to 0 · 0004 gram, even though investi- gations had sho"·n that in cattle the quantity of the virus did not influence the reaction. It was also reported from the field that.

;:;preacl of the disease fnnu inoculated buffaloes had occmTecl, and that in many instances buffaloes had long-clra\Yn-out reactions, leading to great loss of condition. 'l'he experimental} investigation of these reports is now recorded.

Exz;m·irnent 1, Table 1.

A preliminary experiment to determine the influence of the close o£ vaccine on the reaction was done on young Inc1ian buffaloes purchased in the neighbourhood of the laboratory. Frequent out- breaks of rinderpest had -occurre{l in the areas from which the animals came, so they were expected to have some resistance to the disease.

Although the buffaloes were kept in an open shed and were fed on green fodder, the conditions were not ideal, because there was

175

ltl:\llEltrEST IN Jn;YJ:'.1LOES.

no water or mud

j,,

~~-hi..JJ 1ht· animal" t·oJlltl "·allo11·. l'i11n>JJ hufh1loes ,,.t're tlivided into fi,·e group" of thn·P: oil<' gToup \\':u-; .kt·pl as t.;OJitro'l:-i ::mel the u1hers g·iYPII ,-al'l-illt' in J1o.,, .• , of 0·2!) .~'1':1111.

(i·0025 gram, 0·0002:c) gl'alll. :llld 0·0000:.!:) ,!.('J':llll.

Details of U1P e::oq)('rimeut. are gi,·t>n in Tal>lt> I. Ihi.:; shm,-., tltal

l \\O of the Unel~ anim:.ds tha! got 0·25 gTaJ:i1 ,,·ere immuTH~ to rind.-·r- pest, but the n•action of tlw third buffalo " ''" no n1on· seYt>rP tha11 that !':tu,.;ed by 0·000:.!:) ;?,'Lilll in 1lnPe ''the1· :lniJH:tl:<. The rPae;tioJt foJlo,,·ing t.he i ujeetion of 0 · 000025 gr:nn ,,.,,, milder and nt·(·nn<'o threE' or font· fla:vs h tt-•r than that l':lll~f'd hY the larg-er dose".

Virulent blood \\':Is g-in>n :l() t1:n·.-: aft•·r the ,-ae!'inf' with till' folJo,,·ing- reRut1 :-

In tlw 0·.';:'.:-, gra111 group all pr.,,-,>,1 illlllllllll'.

In th,· U·IHl:l:) gT:tJII gToup ;"·" l"·o,·ed illlllllllle and uJJe dit•d, },u(. 1·lti::; :1nill1:tl dt•\•t•lopt·d 110 1hPJ'IIIal n·:w1im1 l.o tlw ,-irus. lt ,,·a:-: ,-onsidPrt>d 1hat dP;Iih ""''"' r1n<> to t.IH· .~f'Yt'l't' reaction set up hy 1ht> Yilt'l'ine.

In Lht-• 0·0002!) g·,·;IJIJ g'l'oup :til )!J'O\Pd illllll\1111'.

i11 t.Ju• (). ()()()02:) g'l':llll g'J'OIIjl !lilt' jli'II\"Pd illllllllllt•. IIIII'

re;H·terl and ret·oYerPd, an.!. onP ,[je,l.

Of tlw three t·old.rul ;tniJttal,_ nil<" dit•d, ;111d lht• "tJJPI' two recovt·red after l'P;Icti n g ~<·,·f'rely.

"\.lthough the auimub had a I'Oll:iil1erahle deg-ree of re:<i.-talll'l'. this experiment indicated that tlu• Sf'YI:'rity of t.he reaction w:1" Jlol related to the rlose en1ployecl, hul the minimum dfective do"~' \\·:1~

probably 0·00025 gntw : a ~oh1tion e~timaterl t-n .. nntaiJL -one-lf'11111

o~ that amount failed to inlmuni:.w. prohahh- hecnJtSf' it r·onb illt-•f1 ''"

\'ll'U~.

During- the rain:-: of ]!);~9, forty adult Hunnese bullaloe:; 11·er1~

!nought h om an area whi('h had been free from rinde1·pest for man.'"

yean;. ']_'·hroughout the experinwni". thl'y \\·ere k<•pt. in a paddock i11 which tht>re wen~ many tret'~<, pnl\·i1ling- deep ,;had!·, an1l a large pond in w1Jich lhe\" , ... uJcl wallo11·: g-reen for1der 11·a" feel in abundauJ·t•.

and ,;inc<~ the t>xperiment ,,·as r·anier1 out ;ot. tlw beginning of the r·oll•l weather, conditions wert• i.-1,•al. for huffaloeR.

'I'Le follO\Ying· eX]l<'l'inwnt~ \\·et'P d~tne:-

FJ:vpaiment 2, 'f'ohle :..>.

To determine thf' illfiut•JI('e of il1e do:-:e of va~,;~,;ine on the reaction . . Four group,; of bur huffalnes got 0·2:) g-ram. 0·0025 gram, 0-0002,-, gram and 0-000025 g1am. Tablt• :2 sh"''-" thai thf' reaction pro,·oh·d h,'l· O·::!!i gram W:li; no lUOI'I' i'eYt>re than that. )ll'OYoked hy o-ooom~.-,

gram. 0-000020 gT;Im failed (o illnnunize one animal whi<·h ..;ub,.;pquently di,"d of riJidPrpP . ..;( i11 tl1e immunity test., and in the ofl~t·J·

three auin1als i11 this group thl· tf'adion ocem-rcd slight!ly laiPI' than in thosp auimal" geti.ing fl higgPr t1osc-. TJ1e susceptihili1y ol the animal,.; is shown by thl' t1t>:t1h fron1 ri11dt•rpe~t· \Yithin (J'>L rl:1\·,

"f :dl tlni'<' ('olltrol :1nimal".

G. J>:FAFF.

J~·:qJC?·iment 3, Ta-ble 2.

To determine if buffaloes l:<lll dHelop illllll unity to rinderpest b.) co11tact with buffaloes 1·eacti11g to dried goat. pleen vaccine.

Three buffaloes, numbers 77, 53 and 79, were kept in close contad with sixteen buffaloes reacting to the vaccine. They developed nu temperature reaction and on the 35th day were given cattle rinderpest Y.irus. All died of rinderpest, so it must he concluded that in these three animals no transmission had occurred an(l no immunity had developed by contact-. with r<'flr;tiog huffaloe;;. .,

J!J:tpeT·irnent 4, Table J.

1'o determine .if long-drawn-out reaction,.: may be l:aused by .infection wit1 rinderpest contracted soon after inoculation. ]~igbi

buffaloes were g-iven <.:attle rinderpest virus three cla_p> after receiving 1·arying closes of Yat:cine. rrhe temperature of all 1·eturned to normal by the 18th day. wherea,; the temperature of animals not receiving- ,·irus returned to normal ;1hout ten to h1·elvP day;; after inoeulntion.

During the course of the experiment all the ino!'11lated buftaloe~

lust a lot in condition, and this notwithstanding the fact that they were kept under ideal conditions. ':Chose that got cattle Yiru;; threP

ilf1YS after they wPre inoculated lost most in condition. ('o('l'icliaP were not detected, bui-. three animals had attackR of suna: ill twu of these the disease was deteded o-;oon after the animals arrived,

<IJHl they were ~uhsequf•nt.ly used ns control,.;: i11 the third animal tlw Llisease flared up 21 flays after inoculation. :--iurra may, therefore, be a complicating factm in the inoculation of bufbloe;:;. The quant.it.'·

of vacrine giveu does not affed the tE'ndion. hut it is po,;sible that a 1·ery seYere and long-rlnl\\'11-oul renc-tion lllil_\' lw due to infPdion

~non after inoculation.

ln buffaloes the mortality ho1n rincleq)esl l'i:ll'ie~ gre<ltly: in i'ome outbreahs it ma._y be only 10 per l·ent. while in other~< it nwy approach 100 per l:ent. Expe1·ience ha~< shown that in are::1s where the mortality is low g-oat ,·plee11 vaccine does not cause unduly sevE'rP J'(!actions, but deaths mny !JP eXI-JE'cted in clio-;trids where outbreak,;

of the disease have uo1 necurred for man_v years. The three ('·ontrnl buffaloes in Experitul'nt ~and the three h11ffaloes used in Experiment 3 all diell of. rinderpest· withiJJ eleven clay,;. 'l'hiH.

and the loss of condition in those nnin~<ds g-iYeu dried g-oal splee11 v::wcine, sho-w that the Bnn11ese buffaloes used in thesP experiment"

11·ere more suseeptible to Tinrlerpest. than the young Indian buffaloe~

used in Experiment I ; 'hey were mort-> sust:eptible than the most susceptible Burmese !'attle. Neverthe]p,;,; thP ,.,lrcillP killPcl nonP of the Burmese buffaloe~, probably becnuse they ,,·pre in Yer.Y good condition at the time of inoculntion a11tl wen· kept under idE';d conditions These experiment;; ·indicate tkd the 1·acrine may safel_,- he used for buffaloes in good condition. vrovi<lPd they are well rared for and given at. le::1st. thirty rla:,,i rest r~fter iJ1oeuL1tiou.

171

RINDERPEST IN BUFFALOES.

1. The dose of dried goat ,.;plee11 vaccme li;b 110 infltu'llf"l' on the reaction produced.

2. Immunity is not <eequired by contact with n~acti11g· 1ndt:doe~.

J. Long-clra,-rn-out reactions may he due to infPdion soon after inoculation.

4. Buffaloes recp1ire :Hiequate care :md rest after inoeu];dion .

. ·\ CKNOWLEDG~fEKT.

I am indebied to Capt. S. }{. Rippon, Diredm· of VeterinarY Services, Bm·rna. for proYicli ug f:wi I i tie~ for the work an<l fo.r permission to publish this nrtiele.

REFE.RJ<:NCK

PFAFF, G. (1938). Immuni><:ttion against Rinderpest, with Special Refcrencl·

to the use of Dried Goat Spleen Vaccine. Ondentepoort Jnl. Vet. 8r.

and An. lndHcst., Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 263-330.

Date 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

F • 107• .,;

"' e

106• it-r- ^~

.0 u

0 ^u _~

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gr-r-

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Day 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 .8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

F'ig;. 1. -Temperature Chart of Buffalo 63, injected with 0·25 gram dried Goat Spleen Vaccine.

178

:

G. l'FAFF.

Date r ^{8 9} 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 F.

107•

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Day 0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Fig. 2.- Temperature Chart of Buffalo GO, injected with 0·0025 gram dried Goat Spleen Vaccine.

Date 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 30 31 F.

107•

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Day 0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21

Fig. 3.- Temperature Chart of Buffalo 78, injected with 0·00025 gram dried Goat Spleen Vac·cine.

119

RINDERPEST IN BUFFALOE:,;.

Date 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 F.

107•

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Day 0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Fig . .t.-Temperature Chart of Buffalo 54, injected with 0·000025 gram dried Goat Spleen Vaccine.

Date _{7 8} 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

F.

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Day 0 1 .2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Fig. 5.-Temperature Chart of Buffalo 68, given virulent Cattle Rinderpest Virus 72 honrs after injection of 0·0002,) gmm dried Goat pleen Vaccine.

Date 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

F.

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Fig. 6.- Temperature Chart of Control Buffalo Gl, given virulent Ca.ttle Rinderpest Virus.

181

J:J 10

AJ>PB.NDLX. '1',, IlL!£,; J to 3. Giving .lJetaib of ExpcnmeltLK de~cribed iu the 'l'ext. Non;. -J. ln Tables I Lo :1 the temperature in all ct"<'R refers only to that recordeu before eight o'clock in the morning, the evening temperature being probably accentuated by the heat of the day and for that rPason being disregarded. :!. fn. innnun.ity tcHts" lnununc ''indicates no re~Lction whatever. TAHJ,I•: J. B:rperiment 1.-'l'o determine the eficct of varying quantities of drieu goat spleen vaccine on the reaction and immunity prouuced. ])IJEOTTO"' OF DRIEil BuFFALO. I GoAT SPLllEN YAOCINE. WcighL

I

of Dried Da,· Day

ltEAO'l'lO]';. -- I I Peak Rise

- Dav Temj)c-

IN.JllCTION OF VUllJLENT CATTLE RINDJlRPEST Vmt·s. I I Quan- \"uml)('r. :\ge. lhte

I

Goat ot' lnjPc-teu. i-:lplcen I lniti;d in mt.ure Date tity of Peak 1'em pe- Tempe-l Hesult. Retum-l njertcd. Virulent Result. in I{ jp;•, I {cached. raturc. Gram H.

I

:lii 20 months. 15/12/381 0· 2:i :38 18 111onths. I 15/12/38 0· 2ii 2nd :34 12 months. 115/12j:18 (). 2:i -- :3G 1 U months. lii/12/38 0·0025 +th :!9 IS months. 1iijl2/38 0·002;) I :ith I

1 102·6

I - :ith --I uth 102·li 5th 100·8 . f.6 1 12 months . I fi/12/:38 0 002.) I lst 7th 10:!·8 :n 28 months. 1 [;i; 12/38 0· 0002.)

I

+th -10 12 monthH.

I

15/12/:18 0·00025 :1rd 47 1:! months. lfi/12/38 0·0002ii ' 4th -1:~ 1 :36 months. J.i/12/38 0. 00002:>) 7th I

\lth 102·0 :ith 102·0 .)th 103·6 8th 101 ·4 I

:

-It 112 months. ll:i/12/38 0. 00002:31 6th 48 12 months. lfi/12/38 O·OOOO:Ui 1 lOth 6th 1102· :2 lOth 100·4 -l-1 1 18 months. I

1 Control.. .(;) 1 12 months. I Control .. 30 I 6 months. i Control.. -·---~--

ratun.'. - 2·4 - 2·0 0·8 :!·-1 :!·() 3·0 :~. 0 :!·() 3·0 1·-1

ed to

I

Normal. I I C\'o reaction ... - 1 Recovered .... 14th No reaction .. -

I

Hecovered .. J:lth Recovered (mild !)th I reaction) Died on 40th 24th day RecoYcred .... 17th Recovered .... 12th Recovered .... 8th Heco,·erccl .... 12th I ' lteco vered . . . .

I

U th

I

Reco,·crccl (very 12th : mild reaction) .

Blood. 113/l/39 2·:) c.e. Immune. 13/1/39 2·5 e.c. Immune. 13/1/39 2· fi c.c. Immune. 113/l/39 2· 5 c.c. Immune. 1:3/1/39 2· 5 f'.C. Immune. 1 13/ 1;:3u 2· ii l'.C:. No ternpemture re action to vi J'liS. I 13/l/39 1:1/I/39 13/l/39

I '

:1/1/39 1:3/l/39

l l 3 f1!:~ 9 1

I 13/l/39 2· :) c.c.j Recovered Riter

I

severe reactiOn. 13/l/39 2 · •i c.c. Recovered after severe reaction. 13/1/39 2 · 5 c.c. Died of Rinderpest on lOth day. --·--.. _1 _____ _

;xl 9. t:: ~ <"' ,; r-: ::; ~ c:: -,; :.- t"'

s

:;·

00 co TABLE 2. J5xperimenl :Z.-To determine the etlect of v<cry.ing quantities of dried goat spleen nwcine on the reaction and immunity produced.

I

lN.JECTlON OF DRlED GOA'l' SPLEEN VACCINl,. BuHalo ,. \'urnber. Weight of Dried Goat ~plcen

Dnv ot' Initial RiBe. so (;) (i7 u:1 :)(j 72 . ):! (i0 .)8 78 .J!) Sl .);) fi:! .)-I 7-1 fil 70 liU

Date Injected. I0/10/a!J 10/10/39 10/lO/;{\J l0/10/39 lO/JOja!J 10/10/:39 I 0/ 10j:3!) lO/l0/:3!) 10/l0/30 10/10/39 10/10/39 10/l0/39 10/10/:30 lO/ 10/30 10/l0/39 I0/10j30

:Jnl 0· 25 :1rd 0· ;!.;) 3:·d 0 · 002:> :1nl 0· 002:3 4th 0· 00:!!) 3rd 0 · 002:> :3nl 0 · 000:2:) :lrd 0 · OOO:!Il :lrcl 0·00025 0 · 00025 :Jrd 0·000025 0. 0000261 4th 0. 000025 i)th 0. 000025 6th Control.. Control.. Control..

H.EACTlON. H.ise I> a,. Peak in Pm~k 1 Tempe-Tcmpc- Heachcd.' ratnrc. rature. l~esult ..

Day Tempe- ratum return- ed to

I

1:1\ormal.

I

"~

t . l

.:._,o reac 1 on 5th 1102 · (i . :3 · 6 I Recoyered. . . 1 lOth 7th 104· 4 I 4· 4 Recovered ... ! I Oth :)th 104·:2 -1·:2

I

H,ecovcrcd... lith :)th I OG · 0 J · 2 . H.ccoverecl. . . I Oth 6th 104· 2 :J·U ' Recovered. 11th 4th 103 ·0 :l· (i l{ecovered. 12th 6th I O:J· 8 , :3 · 8 f Recovered. I Oth 6th 104·-1 I 4·-1 Recovered.. 13th 6th 1104·0 -1·0 Recovered ... , 13th Douut'lful reaction mild . 6th 104·0 4·0 Recovered... lith [rre gular an<l clouhtf ul mild re>wtionl. 7th 103·2 :1-:! I l~ccovered.. J5th :)th I 04 · 0 f 4 · 0 H.ccovercrl. I :3th 7th I JO:l·G 4·0 Hecovercd. 18th

bJECTlON 01' VIRULEN'l' CATTLE RINDERPEST Vmus. Date Injected. 13/ll/39 13/ll/:39 13/ll/30 13/11/39 t:ljl l/3!l I 13/11/39 1:3/11/30 1:3/11/39 I 13/llj:3U 13/ll/39 13/11/39 13/ll/39 .13/ll/'19 13/llj:l!J 13/ll/39 1:1/11j:3U 13/ll /il9 13/ll j3!J 13/lJ/30

\\'eight of Dried Bovine Spleen. 0·01 0·01 0·01 0·01 0·01 0·01 0·01 0·01 0·01 0·01 0·01 O·Ol 0·01 0·01 0·01 0·01 0· 01 0·01 O·OJ

Immune . Immune, Immune. Immune. Immune. Immune . Immune. Immune. [mmune. Immune. Immune. Immune.

ltesult. Died of B indcrpest on JOth clay. Immune. Immune. lmmune. Died of Rindeq.1est on flth dav. Died' of Rinderpest on 6th day. Died of Rinderpest on lOth day. H.xperiment 3.-To determine if hulfalocs can. develop immunity i.J.v close contact with i.JuHalocs reacting to dried goat spleen vaccine. 771 1

_ f .

KPP_t in clo~c "ontttd. ~3 , w1th an11uals m 1 l~xperimc nt 2 1 7!) I I l

No rcaetion ..

J l:l / l

Jj:m O·OJ Died or l:tinderpest. on ll th dtty. ~o rC'aetion. I J:JjlJj:l!J 0·01 Died of Rinderpest on lOth I day. ~ o reaction. ! I:ljll /:l!J

I

0·01 Died of .ltindcrpc:;t on lOth rf~i~·

<:;: -,; .;: ~

TABLE :1. 11.tperimenl 4.-'l'o determine if long-drawn-out reactions may be caused by infection with rinderpe"t contracted soor1 after inoculation. -- fNJECTION OF DRmo

I

INJECTION OF VuwLEN'I' GoA~' SPLKEN VAc:m><F.. REACTION.

I

CATTLE\ 7RINDERPEST i IRUS. ]) -J_ ----··------·------_.. . ay I gulfa.lo i

I

I

I

1 Tempera.t.nre. ll . II \'urnb(•r. ' Weight of Weight of K.ctumed 0"' · Da.w Dried Goa.t. ' J);l\' or Dal' l'rak Prak i{i;;e Ill Da.u• Dried to Nor·rnal.

I

lnjPr-il'rl. f>pleen in jlnitia·l Hi,P. I Jl0achcd. Ternperature.ITcrnpcr·"turo.llnjocted. Hovirre Ur·am,. Rpleerr. ~---...,.

: --

-,

-:

-~-. ---~~ - fi."i I 0/ I o;:~g

I

0. 2£i .H,Jr I 7t.h . I 04. 2 4. 2

I

13/10/39

I

0. 0 I 17th Recovered .

?2

li+ 10/IO/;{!) O·:!ii

I

:lnl 4th 104·-l -1·4 l3/I0/3fl 0·01 17th Hecovcred. 76 10/10/39

I

0·0025 · 4th ;)th 104·S 4·8 13/10/39 0·01 J:Jth R-ecovered. 7:l 10/IOj:J!I 0·002ii :!nl fitlr 104·0 4·4 J:~jlOj:l!l 0·01 18th H.e('overed. 71 110/10_1:!!) , O·OOO:lr, :lrd 4th 106·2 I ;)·2 la/10/39 0·01 17th H.ecoverwl. tiii 10/IOj:Hl

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0·0002ii -ltlr lith 10ii·2 1 i\·2

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J:l/IO/a9 0·01 loth RePOI'er('d . . ·,; 1 10 10/;lf)

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0·00002ii :lrd lith 10-l (i -l·li ' 13/10/:l() 0·01 ISth HecoverC'd. lW 10/10 :l9 0·00002ii -ltlr lit.Jr IOii (I .-,.()

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13/lO/:l!l 0·01 l()t.h Rerover<'d. ---- "Vote.-Tire lli IJtrfialoes in 8xporiment 2. wlriulr received injcct.iono< of dried goat "pleen vaeeinc on the same da.y as the above animalH, may be regarded as tbe " 11accine only" <'Olltl'ols: and thP 3 lmffa.loeH in Expel'iment 2 (Nos. 61, 69 and 70) which reeeivNI virulent cattl<' rinderpest virus. as the " 11ints 011ly " conti'Ols to IBxpcl'irnent 4.

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