Some pictures of the rock engravings found in Biesje Poort can be seen in Appendix A. We were all there to record the rock art and do cultural mapping of the area7. Furthermore, due to the different definitions and uses of the concept of participatory communication, different descriptors of participatory communication will be used in the communication development literature.
The inclusion of the landscape architects in the Biesje Poort project was to facilitate cultural mapping. They helped to "document the relationship of the living cultural landscape to the KhoiSan artifactual residue at Biesje Poort" (NHC/Lange, 2010).
METHODOLOGY
I camped with all the research participants and participated in the survey of the rock art. This is due to the already established mutual trust, respect and concern of each other. In Chapter Five of this study, each step of the CFPD model is outlined and discussed in detail in relation to the BP project.
First, all research participants voluntarily accepted the invitation to be part of the enrollment process, they were not forced. For example, the recording of the Colin Louw meeting started in the middle of the meeting.
LITERATURE REVIEW
One of the strategies that the BP project has used to increase knowledge sharing in the project is the incorporation of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS), which is discussed below. The results of the project were considered successful as the indigenous community was empowered by the evaluation process. As a participant in the BP project, I observed the ways in which the multidisciplinary and multicultural nature of the project affected the power dynamics of the group.
The inclusive nature of PAR in this case gives all participants a sense of ownership of the project. First, the researcher must clearly explain the goals and objectives of the project at the beginning of the project.
THEORETICAL CONTEXT
After the Second World War in the late 1940s to the 1960s, development aid from First World countries to Third World countries began32. One of the four points of the four-point program was "the start of a new program of modernization and capital investment". The Four Points Program was not as successful in the Third World as the Marshall Plan was in Europe due to the different socio-economic and cultural contexts of the two continents.
It embodies the idea of two-way communication that was missing from the modernization and dependency paradigm. However, “in the social sciences, paradigms tend to accumulate rather than replace each other” (Servaes). The remainder of the chapter discusses the participatory communication approach and the concepts underlying it.
Participatory communication is the core component of the Communication for Participatory Development (CFPD) model (Kincaid & Figueroa, 2009), and it forms part of this study's theoretical framework. Sadanandan Nair and Shirley White refer to it “as a two-way, dynamic interaction, between 'grass roots' recipients and the 'information' source, mediated by development communicators, which facilitates participation of the 'target group' in the process of development. ". The debate surrounding the definition of participatory communication has been ongoing since the 1950s and 1960s.
Empowerment is also a goal outlined in the NHC funding proposal for the BP project (NHC/Lange, 2010). The remainder of this chapter will highlight some concepts that are integral to participatory communication and by extension affect the role that participatory communication plays in documenting tangible and intangible heritage. However, the very idea of empowerment can bring challenges in recording tangible and intangible heritage.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Action Plan
What is important to note about this phase is that everyone involved in the project must take responsibility and work hard towards achieving the set goals or objectives within the set time frame. It is also important that all participants participate in the project evaluation process. In schematic model 1 of the CFPD model there are two-way arrows from community dialogue and collective action to external constraints, which according to Kincaid et al mean that “over the long term, community action can be taken to remove external constraints and to get external support".
As illustrated in the schematic model 1, a community engaged in dialogue and collective action is very likely to bring about both individual and social change. This dissertation does not provide a detailed discussion of all individual and social outcomes outlined in the CFPD model. The social outcomes, while significant, will be discussed as the 'ripples' (or multiplier effects) of the primary outcomes of the project.
Individual outcomes as illustrated in the CFPD model include: .. ii) Ideation factors such as knowledge, beliefs, values, perceived risk, subjective norms, self-image, emotion, self-efficacy, social influence and personal advocacy iii) Intention . iv) Conduct. Self-efficacy refers to "a person's belief in his or her personal ability to effect change, which determines what course of action that person will choose, how long it will be sustained in the face of resistance" (Melkote &. Inclusion of these groups in the dialogue and action phases guarantee that conflicting or limiting issues are known and negotiated, if not resolved, so that a legitimate shared vision for the community can emerge" (Kincaid & Figueroa.
This dimension may be influenced by contextual factors in terms of the community's past experiences, such as a history of factionalism or other conflicts within the community. Increased access to resources, such as education, employment and income, which are often beyond the reach of certain social groups or classes, not only changes the dynamics of social interaction, but also leads to improvements in the quality of life in general (Kincaid & Figueroa Although the CFPD model states, that dialogue does not automatically lead to positive changes, it is nevertheless recommended to fully implement the CFPD model for positive changes in society.
DATA ANALYSIS
In the BP rock art project, the catalyst was Mary Lange, Chair of the non-profit organization, ARROWSA: Art, Culture and Heritage for Peace (Reg 058-088 NPO). In relation to the BP project, some of the steps highlighted in the CFPD model occurred simultaneously. She had already accepted Lange's invitation to be part of the BP project in the role of supervisor for the students from CCMS who would be part of the project.
The collective action phase involves the actual implementation of the project by the participants or stakeholders. This means that evaluation of the BP project was carried out during and after the admission process. Lange believed that Louw implied that the KhoiSan would be exploited in the BP project even after he had been told that all the participants had signed informed consent forms agreeing to be part of the project (see Appendix B for the consent form).
However, during an interview with one of the artisans in the Kalahari, he volunteered his thoughts on the San World. The BP team also gained knowledge and understanding of some of the dynamics behind heritage conservation. For example, participants in the Kalahari were aware of the importance of their role in the BP group.
Social trust is defined as "the general trust one has in the integrity, abilities and good character of the other people in society" (Kincaid & Figueroa. 118 Table 2 below highlights the various projects and activities that have been undertaken as a It outlines specific outcomes of the Beyond BP project (type of outcome/benefit) in relation to the BP project (example related to Biesje Poort BP) and contextualises them in relation to the CFPD model or and participatory communication concepts (link to CFPD model and or participatory communication concepts ).
Recognition Awards (a) During the project handover ceremony by the National Heritage Council, Kalahari artisans were awarded certificates of participation in the BP project. Increasing knowledge sharing of the BP project helps create awareness of:. i) registration and conservation of rock art heritage.
CONCLUSION
This study's focus on the research participant's view of the BP rock engravings has been addressed throughout the analysis chapter as it informs the first research question and the knowledge sharing aspect of participatory communication. The participants' view of the BP rock engravings was informed by their history, epistemology and ontology. At the end of the BP project, the Site Record Forms for 28 new sites (not only engraving sites but also material culture finds) were completed and submitted to the Archaeological Data Recording Center for the Northern Cape (at McGregor Museum).
130 Several hundred photographs were taken by some of the BP participants (Barnabas, Dyll-Myklebust, Fisher, Lange, Müller, Morris and me). Skills acquisition or transfer should be at the heart of participatory communication initiatives, both as part of the project process and as an indicator of effective participation. 2009) The Unchanging Face of the ≠Khomani: Representation through Promotional Media, Durban: University of KwaZulu-Natal.
A review of variability in Northern Cape and Karoo rock art. 2010) Driekops Eiland An Interpretive Quest Bloemfontein:. 1976) Communication and Development: The Transition of the Dominant Paradigm. 1969) Modernization among Peasants: The Impact of Communication. In: Walking on the Other Side of the Information Highway: Communication, Culture and Development in the 21st Century.
Your participation in this project will involve helping with the recording of the rock engravings at Biesje Poort farm and participating in questionnaires, interviews or discussions about your impressions of the rock art and the surrounding areas. All participants of the research team are expected to contribute to the daily management and tasks of the camp. If you prefer to remain anonymous in writing or presenting the research from this study, you can use a pseudonym (pseudonym).
All data obtained (from questionnaires and interviews) will be used only for the purpose of the aforementioned research study. 8 Some of the BP participants after being awarded their certificates posing with Stella Ndhlazi (centre) Funding Manager of the NHC.
