Several of the corpora of this study provide guidelines and etiquette for sharing such food. Many proverbs selected for this study also arise from the observation of animal and bird social behavior, which in turn is interpreted according to the socio-cultural traditions of the Zulu people. This research concentrates on the manifestations of the phenomenon of animal and bird metaphors reflected in Zulu proverbs.
Mdletshe and Ntulizempi John Dlamini are the most popular bards of the current King Goodwill Zwelithini. Without the proclamation of the praises the king might have mistrusted his arrival. Phansi (down) andphezulu (up) are the two key words to use when formulating the question.
The impact of the loss of this foundation cemented by oral knowledge is serious in the current context because home-based educators are no longer active. It perceived the hierarchy of species in the animal kingdom as a reflection of human religious, philosophical and cosmological systems; especially the Zulu community. The 'figurative meaning' may not be there in the 'real world' of the animal in question, but is interpreted as being there by the observer.
Survey of precedent and existing secondary literary sources •••
Local principal literary sources
The animals and birds depicted in Zulu proverbs are much more than rhetorical metaphors: they become sources of magical energies. Zulu proverbs have been studied and explained in various ways by subsequent scholars, each with specific interests in mind. The James Stuart Collection at the Killie Campbell Library has the original text of Stuart's Zulu Proverbs and Popular Sayings, edited by D.M.
Zungu's mimeographed Corpus of Traditional Vs Modem Zulu Proverbs in lsiZulu Sobumbano (University of Durban Westville, 1998), which presents a number of comic adaptations of proverbs as used in modern times. A more theoretical approach can be found in the same author's 1996 article: ''New Lamps for Old: Relexification of traditional Zulu proverbs and idioms.''. Maphalala researched the oral traditional aspects of Zulu Proverbs for her MA mini-thesis at the Library of the University of Natal Orality Literacy Program (1990).
A comprehensive but rather brief study of the nature and structure of Zulu proverbs is contained in N.N.
Some of the local literary sources used occasionally ••••••.•
This is only one chapter in the book and does not intend to present a wide selection.
Related international publications 29
Izinyanga should not be confused with other traditional healers who often work in the patient's absence. Zulu herbal medicine is one of the most sophisticated herbal medicine systems in the world. As a result, it is one of the values that has been carried down from the traditional times to the present.
The communal si-/sa- embodied in sawubona appears to be a unifying vision and Zulu worldview. An element of interaction connects the speaker with the receiver of the message in a communication process. Precisely in such cases, the contribution of the local community becomes important.
The combination of lion and leopard is also recognizable in the traditional dress of the Zulu king. It is said that Dingiswayo placed him under the stewardship of the Shangane house. Such social values must be internalized into the child's consciousness by the adult members of the family as soon as possible.
However, the citizens dedicate only the inanza (the third stomach of the beast or the duodenum) as a special offering to the ancestors. From the Zulu perspective, the sensitivity of the brain is compared to the life of society.
Summary and Conclusions•••••.•
Agreatloss••
- Defining indigenous peoples•
- What are Indigenous Knowledge Systems?•••
- Why is indigenous knowledge important?•••
- Objectives of the Indigenous Knowledge programme•••
A possible trend towards indigenous peoples and their traditional knowledge
- South Africa and the prestigious Decade
- Africa and the prestigious Decade•••.•
Fears about dedicating the 21 st century to Africa•
For some, dedicating the 21st century to the African continent seems like a drastic step that may bear no fruits. People are right to be skeptical of this dedication because the 21st century has just begun. No one is sure what the response from Africa will be because this is a huge mission for the African continent and its indigenous people.
If the indigenous peoples of Africa accept this 'offer' they should know that they are accepting a mission with great challenges and responsibilities.
Other special centuries••••.•
Because this enlightenment was like a new revelation or "rebirth" for the people of Europe, it was given a unique name, which is the Renaissance. It was the century of the first man on the moon carrying the American flag. A 21st century commitment to Africa can be another form of recognition and development initiative of African indigenous knowledge systems, as these indigenous knowledge systems are key elements that can help African indigenous peoples to take center stage as their knowledge. about the world around them, identity and heritage lie in these systems.
These are systems that could also help them regenerate Africa in this century. The following discussion explores one of the oldest traditional systems, the health care system. This discussion focuses on the use of home remedies that are made from animal, plant and mineral products.
These traditional medicines still play a major role in primary health care practices in KwaZulu-Natal.
Traditional medicine••.•
- Traditional instruction methods••.•
- lzinyanga as medical educators.•.••.••
- lzinyanga as primary health-care workers••••
However, it is necessary to point out that the situation in the use of traditional medicine is quite different from country to country. In other countries, traditional medicine is a priority for health care, while in others the role of traditional medicine is treated as complementary or alternative medicine. 34;To heal someone is to give life.” ('Traditional Healers in Southern Africa,' 1998:3) Giving life and hope is the primary duty of traditional practitioners called izinyanga.
The role that izinyanga play as primary health care workers and as protectors of society, even against natural disasters, is an important aspect in the following discussion. This type of diagnosis involves the ability to consciously interpret images or symbols produced by the arrangement of the thrown bones and apply them to the patient's health. An assistant is chosen by inyanga itself. This could be any member of the community, or one of his sons or relatives.
By closely observing his master's healing practices, the uhlak usually eventually learns some knowledge of drug administration. Well-trained izinyanga hold a respected and powerful position in the field of traditional medicine. The knowledge they have acquired from their predecessors is passed on by word of mouth to future izingyam during an orientation program where the basics of all aspects of traditional medicine are introduced to prepare the candidate for apprenticeship costs.
Special introductory 'lessons' covering basic knowledge of umutha (herbal medicine) which is made from plant or animal remains. Knowledge of the combination of herbs and animal remains to make umuthi is a prerequisite for future inyanga. Therefore, future izinyang should be trained as both ethnozoologists and ethnobotanists, as both flora and fauna are important components in the field of traditional pharmacology.
When one considers what the following statement says about ethnozoology, one can see why the izinyanga as a healer and pharmacist must have a good knowledge of ethnozoology. 34;The discipline of ethnozoology focuses on the ways in which animals affect the humans with whom they interact—how humans throughout the history of civilization have adapted to the animals with which they share their environment and have used animals for food, clothing, work, worship and society".
Specialisation•••.••
- Astrolog)' and herbal medicine•••.••••••••••••••
- Young women and the phases of the moon.••••••.••••••••••••••.•.•••••••52
34;Astrology is a study of the positions and relationships of the Sun, Moon, Stars and Planets in order to judge their influence on human action." {'The Lore of Astrology,' 2002: I}. According to Tyrrell, traditionalists were thoroughly aware of the connection between astronomical phenomena and the regular cycle of the seasons and nature. They associate their medical practice with the knowledge of astrology because there are certain plants that must be collected from the field at specific times, such as at sunrise, at dusk , or during a particular phase of the moon.
A well-trained inyanga should also know the phase of the moon when the majority of animals are engaged in breeding, so that he cannot disturb the former during this season. Izinyanga need to know what phase of the moon or season it is in order to tell people about the kinds of plants and animals available for medicinal use. The lunation or age of the moon, which occurs between new moon and full moon, has an interval of about 29 ~ days.
This calculation indicates that both the Moon and young women count the duration of their cycles at almost the same time. Probably the Moon and young women start their new cycle or 'New Moon' at about the same time. The reflection of the dark side of the Moon tells the Zulu that the Moon has come upon a certain tragedy.
This expression gives us a hint that for a woman to menstruate she must be with the moon. Who could this be but the young women who are seen by the Zulus to have a close relationship with the Moon. For the death of their 'elder' sister Hëna, the young women do not cry with normal tears, but have their periods.
It is because of this myth of mourning the lunar tragedy that young menstruating women are not allowed to eat milk products or enter the kraal. Because of the pain that young women undergo during menstruation, izinyanga must know all the phases of the Moon in order to prepare appropriate medicine to treat young women who may suffer from menstrual pain.
Conditions treated by Zulu traditional medicines.••••••••.•.••••••••.•••.••••.•.•55
Forms of diagnosis•••.•
- Oral diagnosis.••••••••••••••••••
- Basic physical diagnosis••••• ,•••••••••.•••.••••••••••••
- Preparation of medicines•.•
- Reactions to medicine••••••
- What is an African Renaissance? •••••••••••••
- Initiatives to support the African Renaissance••
- Umuntu (A human being) in the inside of a penon•••••
- A spirit of mutual support.••
If the pigmentation of the tongue appears bluish, it may indicate food poisoning. This goal of integration of African countries was concretized in the OAU Charter in 1963. In this way, they feel part of the cultural action unfolding on the stage.
It is also thought that a lion's claws at the base of the Zulu king's neck represent this protective mane.
