COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa DACST Ministry of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology DEAT Ministry of Environmental Affairs and Tourism DST Ministry of Science and Technology. IPAT Impact on the population's wealth and technology IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPR Intellectual property rights.
INTRODUCTION
To pave the way forward, the research uses South African NSI, policies and Country Review in the literature review, which also serves as secondary data for the research analysis. To pave the way forward, South African NSI and political country reports have been used in the literature, which also serve as secondary data.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
This chapter adds to the research commercialization in the NSI in the African region. Due to the South African-anchored point of departure, the construct of SD within the NSI will be examined as a result of research commercialization in the African region and international trends.
REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE TOPIC
The National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI's Historical Report on the OECD Country Review of NSI of South Africa states that "the lack of research on the above-mentioned topic is not limited to the South African context, but affects LDCs in the African region". Manzini (2012:1) states that "the NSI approach to understanding how technological innovation works within national economic systems is relatively new.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The NPC's SA Diagnostic Paper (2011a) and NDP: Vision 2030 NPC (2011b) point to a 'national crisis' that South Africa faces in its ability to chart a path to (sustainable) development. The question is how research on topics such as sustainable development in South Africa, as a result of the commercialization of research in the NSI, can increase the benefits of African regional integration.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Higher Education Institution (HEI): Institution means any HEI referred to in the definition of "higher education institution" contained in section I of the South African Higher Education Act (1997) (Act No. 101 of 1997 ). NSI is defined in this research according to Freeman (1987:1), as "the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and disseminate new technologies".
LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH
Productive sector: from this perspective, a comprehensive definition of the productive sector in South Africa is one that includes all aspects of the private sector, including agriculture and the informal sector. Despite all efforts to obtain the questionnaire from the research respondents, a response rate of 40% was achieved, although a higher response rate would have improved the representativeness of the data.
SUMMARY
At the end of the second month a conclusion was reached where the supervisors sent an email asking the other participants to participate (Appendix 1). The purpose of this chapter is to consider SD as an example of the intent (economic, social and environmental pillars) of research commercialization.
INTRODUCTION
THE CONSTRUCT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Social Equity Pillar
This research argues that addressing the 'wicked challenges' will require coordination and integration of the various interfaces of South Africa's policy mix. The underlying aim of the South African government's Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) is to improve and identify opportunities for new areas of economic growth and participation through: (i) more inclusive economic growth, decent work and sustainable livelihoods; (ii) economic and social infrastructure; (iii) rural development, food security and land reform; (iv) access to quality education; (v) improving health care; (vi) prevention of crime and corruption; and (vii) cohesive and sustainable communities.
Economic Pillar
South Africa has experienced a paradox between strong innovation capabilities but poor economic performance (SA DST Ministerial Review Committee, 2012:81). Key initiatives required in South Africa include: (i) addressing social wage gaps and working conditions by developing an agreement to settle labor disputes in the mining sector; (ii) investing in freight capacity to help mitigate supply bottlenecks; (iii) improving prices, efficiency and competitiveness in local ports; (iv) development of the clothing and textile competition program; (v) assisting manufacturers to modernize production processes to meet international standards; (vii) implementation of tariff protection in response to unfair trade practices by importing firms and exporting countries; (viii) supporting the motor industry through incentives based on grants and tax offsets; (ix) the introduction of certain products for local production as part of the government's procurement policy and; (x) expanding access to finance and support services for small (especially black-owned) businesses (National Treasury Republic of South Africa, 2013).
Environmental Pillar
From an environmental perspective, South Africa's performance is weakened mainly by rising carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and strained water resources and fish stocks (WEF, 2013:70). From an environmental point of view, South Africa's performance is mainly weakened by rising CO2 emissions and strained water resources and fish stocks.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
Uniqueness The data obtained must be unique, must not be redundant, duplicate or duplicate any other existing information. Indicators must be accurate, which means that indicators must not be loaded with excessive errors.
FRAMEWORKS FOR MEASURING (SUSTAINABLE) DEVELOPMENT
The IPAT Equation
The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)
The Socio-Ecological Metabolism and Structural Change
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
- The Modernisation Theory
- The Dependency Theory
- The Human Capital Theory
- The Systems Theory
According to Fagerlind and Saha, the fundamental assumptions of modernization theory, such as modern values and behavior of individuals, which eventually lead to socio-economic development, are unrealistic. HCT is based on national human capital for population advancement (Schultz, 1961).
SUMMARY
To this end, the next chapter is an overview of public administration and public policy in South Africa. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA WITH REFERENCE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE NSI.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
INTRODUCTION
After providing the introduction, the next section reviews public administration literature within the South African NSI.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
This research considers public administration as an opportunity to improve innovation and learning capabilities in South African NSIs. After reviewing the construction of public administration, the next section examines public policy in South Africa within the research topic.
PUBLIC POLICY
Customer acceptance refers to "selling" the final policy to ultimate stakeholders and NSI network actors in the process that determines the effectiveness of the policy. Step eight consists of identifying policy strengths and weaknesses that should be used to manage the policy cycle.
SOUTH AFRICAN NSI POLICY DEVELOPMENT
The strategy would be presented to Parliament annually.” The DST's governance role was defined in the 2004 New Strategic Management Model (NSMM) for Standards Policy for Scientific, Engineering and Technology Institutions (SETIs). A patent for an invention is the grant of a property right by the government, which allows the patent holder to exclude others from "working" the invention: making, using, offering for sale or selling the invention in the RSA or "importing" it ” the invention (South African Intellectual Property Rights, 2008).
SUMMARY OF OECD SOUTH AFRICAN NSI COUNTRY REVIEW
It is estimated that the units' total budget in the 2008/2009 financial year was approximately R700 million. Some of the NSI failures in South Africa identified by the OECD (2007b:18) include NSI capability failures, institutional failures, network interaction failures and NSI failures. -based economy towards an economy characterized by value-adding and knowledge-intensive activities (OECD, 2007b:9); (vii) the lack of formal horizontal and vertical coordination and integration, resulting in interdepartmental issues (OECD, 2007b:231); (viii) little link between the formulation of key technological and innovation priorities and their subsequent implementation; (ix) the concept of an NSI had hitherto found limited acceptance, alongside traditional R&D activities (OECD, 2007b:13); the associated gap in a wide range of design, engineering, entrepreneurship and management, the institutionalization of science, technology and innovation, which threatens the functioning of the NSI.
INNOVATION POLICY
A number of other important strategies implemented by the South African policy makers include:. i) the National Skills Development Strategy for South Africa by the DoL in 2004; (ii) towards a framework for M&E for South African higher education by the DoE in 2004; (iii) Advanced. In this research context, the third generation of innovation policy aims to ensure that the acquisition, use and adaptation of clean and efficient technologies for SD.
POLICY INTERVENTIONS
- Innovation Policy Evolution
- The First Generation (Linear Model) Innovation Policy Model
- The Second Generation Innovation Policy Model
- The Third Generation Innovation Policy Model
- The Fourth Generation Innovation Policy Model
- The Fifth Generation Innovation Policy Model
- Schumpeter I Innovation Policy Model
- Schumpeter II Innovation Policy Model
- Schumpeter III Innovation Policy Model
- The Ten Year Innovation Strategy
Both the first and second generation innovation policy models led to the 'innovator's dilemma' (Christensen, 1997:xxiii-xxiv), because neither provided an accurate description of how innovation actually takes place in practice (Jovanovic and Rob's terminology : nothing in the logic of innovation leads to emphasizing the supply or demand for new ideas…the two sides are complementary.' Instead, TYIP (DST, 2008:5) states that 'government investments in S&T also help eradicate poverty.”
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
- Historical Perspective on South African Sustainable Development Policies
- National Strategy for Sustainable Development
The second phase of SKZHS aims at: (i) formalization and consolidation of the institutional framework; (ii) compilation of a status quo report of progress to date with performance related to the implementation of MDG objectives at the national level; (iii) finalizing the national strategy and developing an action plan for strategic priority areas; and (iv) mobilization and utilization of resources for implementation. The NDP notes that “[the NGP] and this plan are complementary in efforts to reduce costs in the economy, especially since high costs contribute to limiting employment growth and increasing hardship for poor families”. The NGP differs from the PKZ because it has a somewhat more interventionist bent, with a greater emphasis on industrial policy.
POLICY INDICATORS
The criteria in Table 3.9-2 can be used to construct a scorecard that can be applied in the NSI policy management processes. However, the key BSC and KPI potential challenge is stated by the SA DWT Ministerial Review Committee (2012:84) that "the BSC system constitutes a potentially rich resource..., but the extent to which the achievement of KPI targets reward or sanction attract, is unknown, just like the impact of the BSC" in South Africa.
RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE POLICIES
POLICY CHALLENGES
Important development challenges facing South Africa include an aging research population, immigration flows, financing the social security system, preventing infrastructure bottlenecks and environmental degradation, which require long-term vision and strategies. A review of the 2008 TYIP shows that the South African government is facing the challenge of identifying an appropriate pathway to implement the transition from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy, including interventions to address the two-economy paradigm and create a better focus on spatial development.
SUMMARY
NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
After a brief introduction to this chapter, the next section reviews the theoretical framework of the NSI primarily from a South African perspective.
NATIONAL SYSTEM INNOVATION THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The two theoretical approaches shown in Table 4.2-2 combine the view that innovations are produced through a triple helix arrangement and the interaction of actors. In this research context, the use of theories provided a deeper appreciation of the agenda-setting role that theories play in the form of a set of policies with implications.
THE CONSTRUCT OF NATIONAL SYSTEM INNOVATION
- National Networks
- Systems
Nevertheless, it has become apparent that the concept of the NSI is open to very different interpretations. Reviewing literature on the NSI linkages is fundamental to the functioning of the dynamics of the South African system.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SOUTH THE AFRICAN NATIONAL SYSTEM INNOVATION SYSTEM INNOVATION
With the addition of the South African Bureau of Standards (1945), RGN (1968), MNR (1969), Agricultural Research Council (ARC) (1990), Foundation for Research Development (RDO) (1990), and Council for Geoscience (1992) in collaboration with the universities, the then technikons, technical colleges, industry training centers and private research laboratories, the South African NSI began to take shape. To this end, the next section discusses the structural transformation of the South African NSI.
STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF NATIONAL SYSTEM INNOVATION Major influences on the shape of the South African NSI from 1994 have stemmed from policy Major influences on the shape of the South African NSI from 1994 have stemmed from policy
Much of the NSI's future planning, as envisioned in the 1996 White Paper, has not been implemented. Transformation involves rationalizing structures and actors within the system and re-prioritizing systems to address South Africa's SD imperatives.
STRUCTURE OF NATIONAL SYSTEM INNOVATION IN SOUTH AFRICA Generally, the structure of the South African government NSI operates at four levels (OECD, Generally, the structure of the South African government NSI operates at four levels (OECD,
As shown in Figure 4.6-1, at the highest level 1, the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on S&T (consisting of Members of Parliament) oversees the activities of the DST. The next section is an overview of the two main components of the innovation system identified in the literature, namely education and research (or knowledge infrastructure) on the one hand, and the political system (or policy and governance) on the other.
COMPONENTS OF NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION AND THEORIES This section reviews literature on the identified components of the NSI and related theories within This section reviews literature on the identified components of the NSI and related theories within
- The NSI Framework Conditions (Items I, II, III & V)
- NSI Human Resources and Human Capital Development (Items VI & Viii) This sub-section reviews framework conditions of HCD at both the system (cabinet-authorised) This sub-section reviews framework conditions of HCD at both the system (cabinet-authorised)
- The NSI Knowledge Infrastructure and Knowledge Transfer (Items Ix & Xi) This sub-section reviews the NSI knowledge infrastructure and knowledge transfer and maintains This sub-section reviews the NSI knowledge infrastructure and knowledge transfer and maintains
- Mode 2 Knowledge Production
- NSI Performance Measurement and Evaluation (Item X)
- Research within the South African national system innovation
- The Concept of Innovation
- Defining Innovation
- Types of Innovation
- Levels of Innovation
- Innovation indicators
- Evolution of innovation indicators
OECD (1997:9) defined human capital as "the knowledge, skills, competencies and other attributes embodied in individuals that are relevant to economic activity". Granovetter (1973) used the concept of open innovation to refer to the “strength of weak ties”.
TRIPLE HELIX MODEL
- The South African Government Role in the NSI
- Horizontal and Vertical NSI Governance
- Governance Theories
- The Agency Theory
- The Stewardship Theory
- The Stakeholder Theory
- Governance in South Africa
- The Private Sector
- University/Higher Education Institutions Landscape
- Higher Education Institutions and Intellectual Property Management
- Higher Education Institutions and Sustainable Development
As a result, it is important that NSI actors 'monitor' government policies and help resolve agency conflicts. The term "entrepreneurial university" (the Wolson controversy "The Kept University" (Press & Washburn, 2000) has not been unanimously accepted.
SOCIETY & ENVIRONMENT
- Critical Issues and Key Challenges Facing Higher Education Institutions In the South African context, unique opportunities and challenges facing the HEIs are overlaid by In the South African context, unique opportunities and challenges facing the HEIs are overlaid by
- STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE NSI COMPONENTS
- Strengths
- Weaknesses
- SUMMARY
- AFRICAN REGION NSI
- INTRODUCTION
- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPING TRENDS IN AFRICA
The subsection reviews literature in relation to the strengths and weaknesses in the functioning of the South African NSI. This is because the private sector's role is insufficiently included in the conception and coordination of the South African NSI.
