For this reason, the National Research Foundation (NRF), on behalf of the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) and the Square Kilometer Group (SKA), commissioned ASSAf to undertake an independent and objective assessment of potential technologies alternative telecommunications for the areas. of the Central Karoo Astronomy Advancement Area. The members of the consensus study panel for their engagement, valuable discussions and contribution to the report. The copy editor, UVO Communication and 45th Media for their attention to detail and production of the report.
In terms of ICT access, the local context is an underserved area as defined by the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) regulations.
Introduction
- Background
- Development, and Information and Communication Technologies
- Development, Science and Technology
- Balancing Scientific Endeavour and Local Needs
- Scope and Objectives
- Methodology
- Study Site
- Report Outline
Subsequent regulations, published in December 2017 and effective in December 2018, impose restrictions on the use of radio frequency spectrum in the KCAAA. The strategy for implementing the regulations is aimed at optimizing the use of the radio frequency spectrum by radio astronomy operations, operators and other users. The members of the panel are listed in Table 1 and their biographies are included in Appendix 1.
At the time of the 2011 census, only 24.9% of the population had access to the Internet.
Legislative Framework
Applicable Legislation
- Astronomy Geographic Advantage Areas Act and Related
- ICASA Act, Act 13 of 2000
- Electronic Communications Act and Related Regulations
The AGAA Act empowers the Minister to protect the use of the radio frequency spectrum for astronomy observations in an CAA. Complete prohibition or restriction, in any way, of the use of specific frequencies of the radio frequency spectrum;. Any user of the radio frequency spectrum broadcasting or broadcasting to migrate to a radio frequency that more effectively protects radio astronomy observations; or.
The ECA "controls, plans, manages and administers the use and licensing of the radio frequency spectrum, except as provided for in section 34" (ECA Act 36, 2005).
Summary
The SKA, ICT access, and social dynamics in the Karoo area
- Preamble
- Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
- Methodology
- Key Issues
- Public Perceptions
- Responses to ICT Interventions
- The Agricultural Sector
- The SKA’s Social Licence to Operate
Based on extensive documentation analysis, this section examines the social impact of the SKA regarding ICT infrastructure. During the bidding phase, these institutions had an incentive to promote positive perceptions of the SKA in order to grow support for the project in the public sphere (Gastrow, 2017). 2017) apply their analysis to the concept of the SKA's 'social license to operate'.
This refers to the positioning of the SKA in the local public sphere and the extent to which the local public and stakeholders facilitate or resist the SKA's agenda in the area.
Alternative Telecommunication Technologies
- Preamble
- Parameters for a Viable Technology
- Existing Communication Services
- Telecommunication Requirements of Users
- Restrictions on Radio Frequency Interference
- Telecommunication Technologies and Radio Frequency Interference
- Introduction
- Findings
- Configurations of Alternative Telecommunication Technologies in
- Introduction
- Findings
- Incorporation of Future Technologies
- Cost Estimates
- Installation, Operation and Maintenance
- Impacts, Benefits, Concerns and Trade-offs
An extensive backhaul link network will be required to interconnect the high terrain positions. As per Option A, there will be a requirement for servicing and supporting the DMR infrastructure. Therefore, it would be ideal if some form of community involvement could be organized for the rollout and operation of the network.
The urgent deployment of a low-bandwidth DMR communications network for emergencies would have a major impact on social investment.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions
Recommendations
Internet connectivity must be provided to all priority farms/user locations through VSAT, at least in the interim. A subsidy model for the installation, radio acquisition, operation and maintenance of the system and data transmission costs of the VSAT service should be explored. Due to the lack of general telecommunications services in the area, the proposed VHF low-band DMR emergency communications network should be deployed as a priority for safety, emergencies and operations.
Recognizing that establishing a Section 21 company could be difficult given its function and duration, a public-private partnership (PPP) should be formed to oversee, supervise, manage and the maintenance of the networks mentioned above. Retrieved October 21, 2020, from http://www.skaphase1.csir.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/SocioEconomic-Assessment.pdf. The effects of landscape level changes in land use on mammal communities and mesopredator conflict in the Karoo: SKA research report.
The relativity of knowledge: Carnarvon residents' and SKA staff's conceptions of SKA's science and development endeavours. Retrieved April 10, 2020, from Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies: https://ieet.org/index.php/IEET2/more/chetty20121003. The stars in our eyes: representations of the Square Kilometer Array telescope in the South African media.
An impact analysis of SKA and SKA-related projects on the socio-economic conditions in the Northern Cape Province. Ongediertes: A critical qualitative study of farmer-blackback jackal conflict and its management around the Square Kilometer Array core site in the Northern Cape, South Africa.
Biographies of panel members
He has participated in and published over sixty research papers in international and national conferences, symposia and peer-reviewed journals. He served as Head of Department at the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, from April 2015 to March 2018. He currently serves as Associate Professor and Director of the Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Johannesburg.
Prof Justine Limpitlaw is an independent communications law consultant specializing in broadcasting, media, telecommunications and space and satellite law. She has extensive experience in broadcasting licensing processes, including digital terrestrial television (DTT) and satellite television service. She is also an expert in the drafting of broadcasting legislation, regulations and policies – including codes of conduct for broadcasters and model laws for broadcasting – and has extensive experience in competition, local content and independent television production issues.
Limpitlaw has his BA LLB from the University of the Witwatersrand and his LLM from Yale University. He holds an MA in Creative Writing from the University of Cape Town and is undertaking a PhD at the School of Journalism at the University of Stellenbosch. His research areas include innovation, competence development and the public relationship with science.
Registration of publications of Mr. His research areas include, among others: adaptive communication strategies using Machine Learning principles, theoretical modeling and development of communication protocols for optimized narrowband communication, telemetry communication strategies and applications with a wide area, aiming at industrial applications, research in application. and the interconnection of new broadband technologies for telemetry, industrial security and control, routing research, protocol strategies and hardware for ad hoc and wireless sensor networks, communication links.
Biographies of reviewers
She teaches part-time at the School of Computing and Informatics at the University of Nairobi and supervises MBA students at the Business School of the Tshwane University of Technology in Pretoria, South Africa. She has a PhD in Information Systems and an MBA in Management Sciences; and a BSc in Information Sciences. Dr. Lavery is a senior lecturer, Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) Research Fellow and leader of the Structured Photonics Research Group at the University of Glasgow (UofG).
He is the coordinator of the H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies (FET-Open) consortium project called SuperPixels. Recognized as a leader in the academic community, he was awarded the Scopus Young Scientist of the Year in Physical Sciences in 2013 and was the 2018 Mobile World Scholar Gold Medal winner for his achievements in high-dimensional optical communications.
Investigation: Telecommunication technologies and radio frequency
The next evolution of the UMTS standard was HSPA evolution, also known as HSPA+ or evolved HSPA, introduced in 2007 with 3GPP Release 7 and 8 in Table III, Appendix 3.A shows the advantages of one compared to another during their evolution. Therefore, caution must be exercised when proposing solutions for which frequency bands fall within the range of Table V, Annex 3.A.LTE spurious emissions. In Table VII Appendix 3.A it can be noted that the ACLR does not depend on the bandwidth.
We will therefore apply Table VIII Appendix 3.A to all E-UTRAN radio bands and channel bandwidth. When transmitting CDMA2000 at rate 1 or rate 3 spreading factor [25], Tables VIII and IX Appendix 3.A give the limits of spurious emissions as measured, knowing that all frequencies in the measurement bandwidth must comply with the constraints on |∆f| where ∆f. According to Table
The power of any narrowband spurious emission must not exceed the maximum level specified in the following Table XII Appendix 3.A [17] with a favorable band 2505MHz - 2535MHz in terms of spurious emissions. The power level is given in Table II Appendix 3.A, while the spurious emission levels are shown in Table XV of the same Appendix 3.A [23]. From Table XV Appendix 3.A one can notice a low spurious emission level of Micro and Pico BTS with the Micro BTS being even lower.
From Table XX Appendix 3.B, an increase in bit rate is observed while keeping the same required bandwidth (eg 3G). Therefore, any wireless technology may be selected and deployed according to the specifications given in this section and in Appendix 3.B: Transmitted Power (Pt) or Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) and Distance from RA Site to Station.
Investigation: Configurations of alternative telecommunication
All these connections are expected to be overhead in the form of ADSS cables on poles. The numbers used for the connection designs in both cases are listed in the corresponding connection tables. All high place names start with an area code and have an "H" or "HS" in the name.
Due to the very low population density in the area, it is problematic to decide where such cells should be located. There are one or two small communities in the area where this could be considered. A key factor in the success of the ESCS will be the affordability of the service and specifically the cost per user radio.
The cooperation of all players in the geographical area, including mobile companies, will be crucial. It is important to note that it must align with existing governance structures at the provincial and/or national level (e.g. the NRF). Service to users, if RF based, should be in the form of downlinks from strategically chosen high sites.
Gateways to cloud networks and mobile operators must be available in OCMC. In the case of Option A, bulk financing for the entire project is unlikely due to the scope involved. Operational superiority – The E501S with built-in sector antenna supports 256 client connections, 16 SSIDs, WPA-2 encryption, dynamic VLANs, DFS channels, Access Control Lists (ACLs) and more.
Wireless Backhaul Integration – the PoE aux port on the E501S provides PoE out, eliminating the need for a second power line – perfect for powering a standard 802.3af camera, or Cambium's PMP 450 or ePMP Backhaul subscriber modules (SM ) for wireless backhaul Wi-Fi enabled hotspots.
