Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environment and Development. CROSS-BORDER WATER MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO 4.4.i.a) The "all-or-nothing approach".
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO
LIST OF TABLES AND BOXES
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TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Transboundary WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER IN RIO MAPUTO study has not yet been carried out (van Wyk pers. comm. 2002). Transboundary WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF PONGOLO RIVER IN RIO MAPUTO sensitive floodplain ecosystem is dependent on what was a natural flood process which washed out.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO sensitive floodplain ecosystem is dependent on what was a natural flooding process, which flushed
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY
METHODOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION
- PROCEDURE
- SAMPLING
- METHODS OF OBSERVATION AND DATA COLLECTION
- METHODS OF DATA COLLATION, SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS
Dr. Brian Sharp Director of the Regional Malaria Control Commission (Community Driven Malaria Control Programme). Geographic GIS data is provided to illustrate demographic, land use, and water use characteristics of the area. . i) Interview methodology.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER J RIO MAPUTO stakeholders, types and levels of expertise and disciplines require integration in this research
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO An analysis of the selected international river basin agreements and organizations was compiled.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO An analysis of the selected international river basin agreements and organisations was synthesised
Review and assessment of selected existing. confirmation of GIS data, observation of common practice in the field and participation in a water management.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER J RIO MAPUTO
ASSUMPTIONS AND ANTICIPATED PROBLEMS
Once again, due to time constraints, only the area below the Pongolopoort Dam was surveyed. In Mor;ambique, the area forms the sparsely populated Futi wetland system, similar in geographic and land-use characteristics and climate to the South African side.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA OF STUDY
- BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PONGOLO I RIO MAPUTO BASIN
The AmaThonga people settled the area in the 1650s, although it was shunned by the Zulu people due to the presence of ngana (sleeping sickness), which made it unsuitable for grazing their livestock. TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER IN RIO MAPUTO The land use activities of the community are primarily subsistence agriculture with a small commercial enterprise.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO Community land-use activities are primarily subsistence farming, with a small commercial
The area was mined during the war and although most of the mines have been removed, there are occasional incidents when new land is cultivated (Godwin 2001:12). TRANSBOUNDARY MANAGEMENT OF PONGOLO AND RIO MAPUTO RIVER WATER RESOURCES The area is mostly rural, with small towns and villages concentrated around the river.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO The area is largely rural, with small towns and villages concentrated around the river. 2002
THE EFFECTS OF THE PONGOLAPOORT DAM
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER OF RIO MAPUTO ten times below the amount of natural flood release (Bruwer, Poultney & Nyathi 1996). The major change in the natural flood regime had important consequences for the people living downstream of the dam.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO 3.5. FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
Planning - bringing together stakeholders to formulate management and development options, and decision-making
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO According to the IUCN Press Release on 16 th November 2001
CONCLUSION
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
SUSTAINABLE USE OF WATER
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO Modern life continues to place increasing stress on global water resources, through rapid population
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO Modern life places ever-increasing stress on global water resources, through rapid population. TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO Water is therefore a strategic tool in conflicts motivated by issues other than water.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW
This critique of the UN Convention underlies much of the current thinking and writing about the UN Convention. There are also other instruments at the regional level, in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), which contain similar principles and consequently repeat the acknowledged shortcomings of the UN Convention.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO 4.5. REGIONAL AGREEMENTS AND NATIONAL LAW
AFRICA
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO i) The SADC Protocol
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO i) The SADC Protocol . TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO ii) National Water Act: Mozambique and South Africa.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO ii) National Water Law: Mo~ambique and South Africa
South Africa
Legal Criteria (NWA) Water Act Lei no.16/91 (WA) Department of Water Affairs and Direc~ao Nacional de Aguas
TRANSBOUNDARY MANAGEMENT OF PONGOLA RIVER WATER RESOURCES IN RIO MAPUT ii) National Water Act: Mozambique and South Africa.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER / RIO MAPUTO South Africa
Mocambique National Water Act 36 of 1998
Water Act Lei no.16/91 (WA)
Direccao Nacional de Aguas Department of Water Affairs and
DNA) Forestry (DWAF)
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS
Milich and Varady (1998), consider four paradigms or approaches, which have influenced the structure of most such agreements around the globe. Three management organizations have been selected from Africa, but they represent different types of management styles.
IBWC)
IJJWC)
OKACOM)
CROSS-BORDER WATER MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO Despite the existence of 300 water sharing treaties or transboundary water management treaties, those of the world.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO Despite the existence of 300 water-sharing or transboundary water management treaties, the world's
The and geographically high on the agenda of the Integrated Basin but even the name 'Technical. TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO ii) So what must change in transboundary water agreements.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO ii) What, therefore, must change in transboundary water agreements?
Provide for a review period of the terms of a transboundary agreement
Transboundary water agreements are ineffective if only state concerns are taken into account
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLA RIVER IN RIO MAPUTO resource ownership uncertainty that the democratically elected government is trying to correct at a.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO resource tenure insecurity that the democratically elected government is attempting to redress at a
Create new 'experts'
Different management objectives for different area typologies
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO resources, technical, intellectual and financial, of different basin management organisations within a
Manage the environment, not just the water
Do not perpetuate existing use at the cost of potential uses
Expect disputes and conflicts, and manage and prepare for them
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO proposes, an international arbitration body, again consisting of not only 'experts' (in the Western
Encompass a broad spectrum of issues and sectors
Address power and political issues at the outset
Agreements should be transparent, and actors accountable
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOL RIVER I RIO MAPUTO proposes, an international arbitration body, which once again consists of not only 'experts' (in the Western. TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOL RIVER I RIO MAPUTO new management of focus as the sustainable use of focus the world's water resources are attempted, by.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO new management focus if the sustainable use of the world's water resources is to be attempted, by
WATER AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Transboundary MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES OF THE PONGOLA RIVER RIO MAPUTO The exclusion of the right to water would make the rights explicitly stated in these conventions and.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER J RIO MAPUTO The exclusion of the right to water would render the explicitly stated rights in those conventions and
A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE USE
CROSS-BORDER MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES OF THE PONGOLO RIVERJRIO MAPUTO The exclusion of the right to water would undermine the rights expressly established in those treaties and . CROSS-BORDER WATER MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO i) Power relations between states.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO i) Power relations between states
Sustainable use of international river basin resources
Human Rights Approach to TBWR Management
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO In promoting sustainability of resource use, these concerns could be addressed through multi-
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO important in terms of water and environmental management in Africa, where redress of historical
COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
34;A truly integrated approach to watershed management requires explicit inclusion of the often ignored socio-cultural aspects of water management, using a participatory approach that promotes social leaming". Transboundary WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER IN RIO MAPUTO Margerum (2001) ) outlines four material principles for integrated management:.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO Margerum (2001) outlines four substantive principles of integrated management
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO participation, many departments may feel that the responsibility to provide financial support lies with
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO indigenous strategies which have regulated water use and both avoided and resolved conflicts over
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO not be difficult to achieve with the idea that "information specialists" already exist in local
SYNTHESIS
TRANSBOUNDARY MANAGEMENT OF PONGOLO AND RIO MAPUTO WATER RESOURCES is not difficult to achieve with the idea that "information experts" already exist at the local level. TRANSBOUNDARY MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES OF PONGOLO AND RIO MAPUTO In this chapter, the theoretical concepts of transboundary water management were studied.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO In this chapter, the theoretical concepts behind transboundary water management were examined in
CONCLUSION
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF PONGOLO RIVER IN RIO MAPUTO In the Maputo Basin, the recently signed Incomaputo Agreement has not yet reached the level where.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO In the Maputo basin, the recently signed Incomaputo agreement has not yet reached the level where
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO REFERENCES
Paper for the Task Force on Institutional Support of the Shared River Initiative on the Incomati River, South Africa. Review of the Legal and Policy Framework for Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa.
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO International. Available at
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
ENDNOTES FOR TABLE 4.3
INTERVIEW AND INTERVIEWEE DETAILS
INTERVIEW DATA
Interview by: Robyn Tompkins (202522212) INTERVIEWEE INFORMATION
INTERVIEW INFORMATION
Place Makhatini Research Station, Makhathini Flats Reason for an interview with this Ex-DWAF release manager, environmental interviewee management consultant who is currently a co-.
Telephone
Fax E-mail
Address
TRANSBOUNDARY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE PONGOLO RIVER I RIO MAPUTO INTERVIEW DATA
Taped interview In notes Notes (Tape damaged) Transcript of tape (Doe. reference) "Haroon Karodia Answers.doc". Notes: The tape was damaged, but notes were made immediately after the interview and sent to Mr. Karodia's office for approval.
Department
Documents received: TPTC Terms of Reference, Draft Minutes of TPTC Meetings (13 December 2001 and 22 August 2001), Draft Incomati Case Study (van der Zaag & Carmo-Vaz 2001 - NOT FOR REFERENCE), Piggs Peak Agreement.
INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTIONS
RT Well, that's one of the issues I've discussed with Niel, if there's an agreement with the allocations that will be made in that basin, a study of the basin will be done, basically by the TPTC, the Tripartite Permanent Technical Committee, I i imagine you know who they are, now what are they... CA They've been operatinQ for a while. RT And when you ask the Department to release water, do you talk to any of the other groups in the floodplain.
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT (Minister)
Could you give me an idea of the organizational structure of the department and the interaction between the two directorates (Agriculture and Environmental Affairs). Due to the problem of the inapplicability of some elements of national policy at provincial level, the KlN makes efforts to influence policy and also to formulate provincial policy within its own country.
KZN·EA and Water Affairs
There is of course formal interaction between the two departments, but perhaps not enough or not in the right way. Mr. Karodia said that informal communication between the two departments is improving significantly, as for example with the Jolly Rubino situation.
EA and Agriculture
Both sectors were represented there, in the file, and strong ties were created between the staff of the two departments through joint work on a specific problem. Finally, the recent inclusion of veterinary issues in the responsibilities of the Directorate of Environmental Affairs and not of Agriculture has increased the level of communication between the two directorates.
EA and Municipal Planning
The term used by Mr Karodia in reference to his ignorance of the launch of the scheme was this. Not much at the moment, but Mr Karodia has a lot of confidence in the principles of the lOP process.
EA and Communities
Although its implementation has not been ideal, in terms of the fact that there has been some acceleration, to the point that some municipalities' IOPs have been approved without the sanction of KZN-EA, it at least focuses attention on strategy and planning. What Mr Karodia's department is doing now is to help municipalities integrate environmental issues into every part of the LOP rather than dealing with it as a section of the LOP called 'The Environment'.
EA and the TPTC
According to him, this is inadequate and will worsen rather than improve environmental problems in the municipalities. There are problems in overcoming that mentality within Water Affairs, which is why Mr Karodia believes that Environment Affairs is not involved.
EA and the Pongolo floodplain What did you think of the floodplain?
Affairs believes that it deals with water issues and as such should stay within their ambit.
Notes from short interview with Jeremiah Mabika
Farmer near Mboza and member of the Welcome Water Committee
Mr Mabika accompanied the researcher, Clive Poultney and Trinity Salagae to the launch of the Agricultural Development Plan for the Makhatini Flats, which was launched in a speech by MEC Mr
QO, so there was even an incentive for some QO people to meet Q's, RT Given that they had to take time out for their survival. NVW Yes, as a point of interest, we have Heads of Water Affairs as Heads of Transfers.
BASIN-WIDE INTEGRATION AND COMMUNITY PARTICIAPTION ASSESSMENT
BASIN·WIDE INTEGRATION AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ASSESSMENT
GUIDELINES FOR BASIN·WIDE INTEGRATION
Provide sufficient financial resources to ensure the effective functioning of organizations responsible for planning and management of water resources, hydrographic management of the basin and wetlands and, when required, seek resources from other sources. Strengthen the protection of the upper watershed and other critical regions of the watershed by integrating them into networks of protected areas.
Evaluation and enhancement of the role of wetlands for water management processes
Identification of the current and future water demand
To mitigate the impacts of land development projects on wetlands and their diversity
Reduction of the impact of water development projects on wetlands
To develop sustainable water allocation plans for the various users of the resource in the hydrographical basin, not forgetting the allocation of water for wetland preservation
Protection and restoration of wetlands and their diversity
Partnerships with the relevant conventions, organisations and initiatives
ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLE'S PARTICIPATION
INCENTIVES
CONFIDENCE
The governance agreement has been approved by at least the stakeholders using the resources and the main decision-making groups.
FLEXIBILITY
CONTINUITY
The government organization and its staff have demonstrated their commitment to participatory management and can accurately describe the purpose of local population participation. Local and indigenous people have provided in-kind support (time, labor, traditional knowledge and expertise) for the implementation of the participatory management agreement.
INTERIM INCOMAPUTO AGREEMENT
Sustainable Utilisation
In order to protect and conserve the water resources of the Incomati and Maputo watercourses, the Parties, through resolutions adopted by the TPTC, and, where appropriate, through the coordination of management plans, programs and measures, shall undertake... strive to develop an evolving classification system for the water resources of the Incomati and Maputo watercourses; The strategic importance to Mozambique of increasing water supply to the city of Maputo and its metropolitan area from one or both of the Incomati and Maputo watercourses;
Capacity Building
Pending the establishment and entry into force of the SADC tribunal, the above designation will be made by the President of the International Court of Justice. Annexes I, 11, III, IV and V may be amended by a decision of the Ministers on recommendation by the TPTC.
COMPONENT B
ROBYN TOMPKINS
CONTENTS
Introduction
Methodology
Transboundary basin management analysis
International water law and the application of human rights through collaborative management
Stakeholder analysis of the Pongolo floodplain
Assessment of basin-wide integration and community participation in the area of study
Recommendations 12. Acknowledgements
List of interviewees
Tabular analysis of international transboundary agreements Appendix 3: Tabular analysis of interviews
Tabular assessment of basin-wide integration Appendix 5: Tabular assessment of community participation
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AfDB DAEA
SAWEG TDA
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