Copyright © 2020 by SCALABRINI INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN MOBILITY IN AFRICA and THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE. This implies that international remittances have a long-term impact on the economic growth of the countries considered in this study. The findings from this article will provide important policy inputs for policy makers on how remittances affect the economic growth of the countries included in this study.
Various theories have also emerged that explain the impact of remittances on the economic growth (development) of the countries of origin of migrants. Among them are developmental (neoclassical), structuralist (dependency), pluralistic and "big pressure" theory.1 Big pressure theory states that a. Geographically, sub-Saharan Africa is the region of the African continent that lies south of the Sahara desert.
The role of the diaspora in the current socio-economic transformation3 led by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed is important. This situation is directly related to the immigration status of the diasporas in the host countries. In this study, the influence of human capital is captured using the population size of individual countries.
Determinants of Healthy
Aging in Internally Displaced Communities in Nigeria
Since 2013, the country has experienced an unprecedented surge in internal displacement due to the insurgency in the northern part of the country caused by Boko-Haram2 (Northeast) and Fulani herdsmen3 (Northwest). This resulted in increased droughts and the inevitable onset of desertification processes, especially after the decrease in rainfall in the 1960s by about 3-4% per decade since the beginning of the 19th century (FRN, 2003; Abaje et al., 2011). ). This humanitarian situation in the Northeast is deteriorating, with nearly 8 million people heavily dependent on humanitarian aid.
Based on the result of the study's abbreviated life table (Sullivan method), elderly persons in host communities are expected to live 4±9 years more than IDPs. This means that this cohort was projected to have a far shorter disability-free life compared to their peers in the host communities across the entire age cohort (aged 50–80 years and over). Economic variables were all statistically significant and made unique contributions to the prediction of the healthy aging status in the full model.
Consumption patterns appear to be quite skewed among the IDP population – persons grouped in the lowest consumption were 1,950 times more likely to experience long-term health complications as they age. The results show that there is a 0.453 times increase in the odds of aging in poor health among persons in the host community. Men were .375 times more likely to age in poor health compared to women (2.667 better odds of healthy aging); older persons were in the labor force.
However, this mega-demographic change has turned into a macro-level concern, mainly due to the associated economic and social costs, culminating in the lack of a geriatric health care policy to meet the health needs of aging. Study findings revealed a much higher prevalence of sensory impairment among IDPs than for residents in host communities. However, factors such as increased inflows of more migrants, increased desertification, poor governance, compensation for not migrating, may affect their long-term healthy aging trajectory, which may decline more lower than that of IDPs.
Drought in the North-Eastern part of Nigeria and its risks to human health. eds.), NMets Zaria 2011 Proceedings of the International Conference of the Nigerian Meteorological Society, pp. Changing Climate Scenarios and Drought Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies in the Sudano-Sahelian Ecological Zone of Nigeria. Link between demographic changes and the need for elderly care in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: some policy implications.
Study on Marginalized Groups in the Context of ID in Nigeria: The National Identification for Development (ID4D) Project (No.
Between the Imagined and the Reality: Threat of African
Spain's southern border control strategies have received much scholarly attention over the past three decades. Broadly speaking, these studies can be grouped into two groups: (i) those focusing on border control methods and strategies, including border externalization and excessive pressure on Morocco and Senegal to suppress sub-Saharan migration, and the human rights implications of this. rules; and (ii) those focusing on Spanish foreign policy in sub-Saharan Africa. Pérez Graciela (2008) examines the potential conflict of interest between migration control and Spanish development aid programs in sub-Saharan Africa.
The approach of this paper is analytical, focusing on Spain's policy documents and secondary literature on sub-Saharan African migration control. The aim is to tease out how the principle of fear of invasion based on imagined rather than actual migrant populations and flows has influenced Spain's migration policy in sub-Saharan Africa. It was operated by the Civil Guard (Guardia Civil) and its purpose was to detect and intercept small vessels and pateras (boats) and cayucos (kayaks/canoes) arriving at Spain's southern sea border.
Since 2000, Spain's development aid to countries south of the Sahara has become a tool to control immigration from these countries to Spain. The main architecture of Spain's foreign diplomacy to control migratory pressure from sub-Saharan Africa is the master plan called Plan of Action for Sub-Saharan Africa (El Plan de Acción para África Subshariana) or Plan Africa in short. In anticipation of the master plan, Spain's foreign minister visited Ghana, Angola, Mozambique, Nigeria, Niger and Mali in 2005 (Moratanos, 2005).
Despite the limited legal channels, remittances from sub-Saharan African migrants to Spain far exceed Spain's official development assistance to these countries and thus contribute enormously to the well-being of families back home, as shown in Table 1. This form of public opinion does not support Spain's aggressive control of sub-Saharan immigration. Consequently, there is a subtle criminalization of African migration through the cooperation of the European Union, Spain's political elite and the media (Toasije, 2009).
In this paper I have shown that Spain's migration policy in sub-Saharan Africa, involving intensive border policing and strategies to deter African migrants from entering Spain, is borne out of an imaginary threat of possible African invasion of the Spanish peninsula and Europe. Based on the above observations, the paper argues that Spain's control of migration from sub-Saharan Africa is an overreaction and ignores all kinds of historical, economic and social relations that exist between Spain and sub-Saharan Africa.
Differences in Mental
Evidence from the National Income Dynamics Study
The link between mental health issues and migration has a significant impact on health inequalities (Ai et al., 2015). Therefore, in this context, it is pertinent to examine whether migrants actually have better mental health than non-migrants in South Africa. Understanding the nature of the relationship between migration and mental health is essential to public health prevention efforts.
In this context, it becomes important to examine whether internal migrants have poorer mental health than non-migrants in South Africa. Family separation was found to be the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms and could account for a significant proportion of poor mental health among migrants. The study uses logit models to analyze the likelihood of the effect of migration status on mental health status.
The study then assesses the determinants of mental health status in South Africa through gender and sociodemographic variables. The research found significant associations between low sociodemographic status and the risk of poor mental health. It is clear from the study results that all marital status categories have poorer mental health compared to the married category.
Compared to the Western Cape, residence in the rest of South Africa's provinces was associated with a lower risk of poor mental health after controlling for migration status. The aim of the study was to assess whether there are differences in the mental health status of migrants and non-migrants in the context of South Africa, taking into account socio-demographic factors. There were also significant differences in the way sociodemographic characteristics were associated with mental health status.
The gender analysis revealed significant differences in the mental health status of men and women with male migrants. Interactions between mental health and socioeconomic status in the South African national income dynamics study.
Externalization and
Securitization as Policy
Responses to African Migration to the European Union
The EU (through the European Commission) has tried to pressure Africa (the majority of migrant-sending countries) to participate in migration management. This article is based on a review of the literature on irregular African migration to the EU. Illegal African migration to the EU as a process flows to Europe via land and sea routes.
There is also the European Council, composed of the heads of state or government of all EU member states. The EU Trust Fund was born from the implementation of the Action Plan approved at the Valletta Summit. The EU has committed €1.8 billion from the EU budget and the European Development Fund (EDF), to be supplemented by contributions from EU member states and other donors (Hunt, 2015).
The EU Trust Fund was anchored on encouraging the participation of third parties through financial support. Programs under the EU Trust Fund are spread across three regions in Africa (including twenty-six partner countries), mainly the Sahel and Lake Chad, the Horn of Africa and North Africa (Cangas and Knoll, 2016). Cangas and Knoll (2016) explain that the EU trust fund is anchored on four types of interventions.
However, this has been met with considerable opposition from within the EU (Abebe and Mbiyozo, 2020). African migration to the EU is complex and characterized by complex factors which pose numerous dangers to migrants. This paper also argues that irregular migration to the EU is not an isolated incident.
Externalization and securitization have focused on the need to reduce irregular migration to the EU, but have not addressed the issues driving these migration patterns. The discourse on irregular African migration to the EU ignores the observation that most African migrants migrate within the continent.
