• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

B. Saran…

Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai hubungan SNPs gen PRKAA2 rs857148 terhadap penyakit metabolik serta dilakukan sekuensing untuk memastikan perubahan rangkaian asam amino ketika terjadi SNPs di daerah 3’UTR yang berpengaruh terhadap fungsinya dalam stabilisasi dan translasi mRNA.

37

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Adil, A., Kumar, V., Jan, A.T., Asger, M., 2021. Single-Cell Transcriptomics:

Current Methods and Challenges in Data Acquisition and Analysis.

Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15(591122), 1-12.

Aelst, K., Tóth, J., Ramanathan, S.P., Schwarz, F.W., Seidel, R., Szczelkun, M.D., 2010. Type III restriction enzymes cleave DNA by long-range interaction between sites in both head-to-head and tail-to-tail inverted repeat.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(20), 9123-9128.

Astriani, P.L., Ratnayani, K., Yowani, S.C., 2014. Optimasi Suhu Annealing dan Amplifikasi 0,3 kb Gen rpoB di Hulu dari RRDR pada Isolat P16 Multidrug resistance di Bali dengan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction.

Cakra Kimia, 2(2), 9-13.

Aulia, S.L., Suwignyo, R.A., Hasmeda, M., 2021. Optimasi Suhu Annealing untuk Amplifikasi DNA Padi Hasil Persilangan Varietas Tahan Terendam dengan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction. Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, 18(1), 44-54.

Bakar, M.A.A.A., Ryan, J.J.R., Ampeng, A., Yaakop, S., Nor, S.M., Zain, B.M.M., 2017. Optimisation Of Polymerase Chain Reaction Conditions To Amplify D-Loop Region In The Malaysian Mousedeer Genomic DNA. Malaysian Applied Biology, 46(4), 63-71.

Baker et al., 2021. Should metformin remain the first-line therapy for treatment of type 2 diabetes?. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12, 1-13.

Chen, M., Huang, N., Liu, J., Huang, J., Shi, J., Jin, F., 2021. AMPK: A bridge between diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease. Behavioural Brain Research, 400(2021), 1–8.

Coughlan, K.A., Valentine, R.J., Ruderman, N.B., Saha, A.K., 2014. AMPK activation: a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes?. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 2014(7), 241-253.

Diana, Legiran, Sanif, R., 2021. Polimorfisme Gen P21 Codon 31 Rs 1801270 dengan Kejadian Kanker Serviks Pada Etnis Melayu di Sumatera Selatan.

Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 8(2), 127-137.

Dzamko, N.L., Steinberg, G.R., 2009. AMPK-dependent hormonal regulation of whole-body energy metabolism. Acta Physiologica, 196(1), 115–127.

Ehtisham, M., Wani, F., Wani, I., Kaur, P., Nissar, S., 2016. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Back to Basics. Indian Journal of Contemporary Dentistry, 4(2), 30-35.

Erwanto, Y., Sugiyono, Rohman, A., Abidin, M.Z., Ariyani, D., 2012. Identifikasi Daging Babi Menggunakan Metode PCR-RFLP Gen Cytochrome b dan PCR Primer Spesifik Gen Amelogenin. Agritech, 32(4), 370-377.

Febriyana, D., Febrianti, T., Sunarno, 2021. Analisis Spesifisitas dan Sensitivisitas Primer untuk Identifikasi Cryptococcus neoformans. Sinasis, 2(1), 165–

169.

Ferreira et al., 2016. Validation of PCR method for mycoplasma detection in the Yellow Fever-vaccine quality control. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz, 75(1706), 1-13.

Foretz, M., Guigas, B., Viollet, B., 2019. Understanding the glucoregulatory mechanisms of metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 15(10), 569–589.

Garcia, D., Shaw, R.J., 2017. AMPK: Mechanisms of Cellular Energy Sensing and Restoration of Metabolic Balance. Molecular Cell, 66(6), 789–800.

Handoyo, D., Rudiretna, A., 2001. Prinsip umum dan pelaksanaan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Unitas, 9(1), 17-29.

Hanum et al., 2018. Morfologi Dan Molekuler Padi Lokal Sumatera Selatan.

NoerFikri, Palembang. p.54.

Hardie, D.G., Ross, F.A., Hawley, S.A., 2012. AMPK: a nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 13(4), 251-262.

Hewajuli, D.A., Dharmayanti, N., 2014. Perkembangan Teknologi Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction dalam Mengidentifikasi Genom Avian Influenza dan Newcastle Diseases. Wartazoa, 24(1), 16-29.

Hidayati, Saleh, E., Aulawi, T., 2016. Identifikasi Keragaman Gen BMPR-1B (Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor IB) Pada Ayam Arab,Ayam Kampung Dan Ayam Ras Petelur Menggunakan PCR-RFLP. Jurnal Peternakan, 13(1), 1-12.

Hikmah, R.U., Retnoningsih, F.A., Habibah, N., 2016. Keragaman Durian Berdasarkan Fragmen Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) DNA Ribosomal Melalui Analisis PCR-RFLP. Jurnal MIPA Unnes, 39(1), 11-19.

Hutasoit, N., Ina, P.T., Permana, I.D.G.M., 2016. Optimasi pH dan Suhu Pada Aktivitas Enzim Lipase Dari Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Berkapang. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan, 5(2), 95-102.

International Diabetes Federation, 2012. Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes.

International Diabetes Federation, Belgium.

Irnawati, Sahumena, M.H., Dewi, W.O.N., 2016. Analisis Hidrokuinon Pada Krim Pemutih Wajah Dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-VIS. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 5(3), 229-237.

Ismaun, Muzuni, Hikmah, N., 2021. Deteksi Molekuler Bakteri Escherichia coli Sebagai Penyebab Penyakit Diare Dengan Menggunakan Teknik PCR.

Jurnal Biologi Makassar, 6(2), 1-9.

Jablonski et al., 2010. Common variants in 40 genes assessed for diabetes incidence and response to metformin and lifestyle intervention in the diabetes prevention program. Journal Diabetes, 59(10), 2672-2681.

Jalkanen, A.L., Coleman, S.J., Wilusz, J., 2014. Determinants and Implications of Mrna Poly(A) Tail Size – Does this Protein Make My Tail Look Big?.

Semin Cell Dev Biol, 34, 24-32.

Joko, T., Kusumandari, N., Hartono, S., 2011. Optimasi Metode PCR untuk Deteksi Pectobacterium carotovorum, Penyebab Penyakit Busuk Lunak Anggrek.

Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia, 17(2), 54-59.

Ke, R., Xu, Q., Li, C., Luo, L., Huang, D., 2018. Mechanisms of AMPK in the maintenance of ATP balance during energy metabolism. Cell Biology International, 42(4), 384-392.

Kennaway et al., 2009. The structure of M.EcoKI Type I DNA methyltransferase with a DNA mimic antirestriction protein. Nucleic Acids Research, 37(3), 762-770.

Kim, J., You, Y.J., 2017. Regulation of organelle function by metformin. IUBMB Life, 69(7), 459–469.

Kinaan, M., Ding, H., Triggle, C.R., 2015. Metformin: An Old Drug for the Treatment of Diabetes but a New Drug for the Protection of the Endothelium. Medical Principles and Practice, 24(5), 401-415.

Latifah, Muarifah, H., Guntur, A., Atik, 2020. Pemetaan Enzim Restriksi Gen KiSS1 pada Kambing. Journal of Tropical Animal Research, 1(1), 1-7.

Li et al., 2018. Effect of AMP-activated protein kinase subunit alpha 2 (PRKAA2) genetic polymorphisms on susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy in a Chinese population. Journal of Diabetes, 10(1), 43-49.

Liu, W.Y., Jiang, P.R.S., 2013. Advances in the research of AMPK and its subunit genes. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(22), 1459-1468.

Maddocks, S., Jenkins, R., 2017. Understanding PCR : a practical bench-top guide.

Elsevier Inc., United Kingdom. P.24.

Magdeldin, S., 2012. Gel Electrophoresis Principles and Basics. InTech., Croatia.

Pp. 7-8.

Mariya et al., 2018. Ekspresi Gen CCL2 dan CCR2 Pada Cairan Bronchoalveolar Monyet Ekor Panjang Hewan Model Penyakit Asma. Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia, 38(2), 115-122.

Mayr, C., 2017. Regulation by 3 -Untranslated Regions. Annual Review of Genetics, 13(29), 171-194.

Mihaylova, M.M., Shaw, R.J., 2011. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy, & metabolism.

Nature Cell biology, 13(9), 1016-1023.

Mulyani, Y., Purwanto, A., Nurruhwati, I., 2011. Perbandingan Beberapa Metode Isolasi DNA Untuk Deteksi Dini Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Pada Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio L.). Jurnal Autika, 2(1), 1-16.

Nasykhova, Y.A., Tonyan, Z.N., Mikhailova, A.A., Danilova, M.M., Glotov, A.S., 2020. Pharmacogenetics of Type 2 Diabetes Progress and Prospects.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(18), 1-26.

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), 2022. PRKAA2, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5563, diakses tanggal 19 Maret 2022.

Nassar, D.A., Khalifa, A.K., Elwakil, H.S., Eldin, H.M., Seri, H.M.A.S., 2021.

Algorithms based on PCR-RFLP of nad1 gene for genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus from human and animal isolates in Egypt.

Parasitologists United Journal, 14(3), 278-285.

Newell, P.D., Fricker, A.D., Roco, C.A., Chandrangsu, P., Merkel, S.M., 2013. A Small-Group Activity Introducing the Use and Interpretation of BLAST.

Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, 14(2), 238–243.

Nurhayati, B., Darmawati, S., 2017. Biologi Sel dan Molekuler. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta. P.87.

Nurwidayati, A., 2015. Aplikasi Teknik Diagnosis Schistosomiasis Berbasis Molekuler. Jurnal Vektor Penyakit, 9(1), 29–35.

Park, M., Won, J., Choi, B.Y., Lee, C.J., 2020. Optimization of primer sets and detection protocols for SARS-CoV-2 of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using PCR and real-time PCR. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 52(6), 1-15.

Pereira, R.M., De Moura, L.P., Muñoz, V.R., Da Silva, A.S.R., Gaspar, R.S., Ropelle, E.R., Pauli, J.R., 2017. Molecular mechanisms of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle at rest and in response to exercise. Motriz. Revista de Educacao Fisica, 23(1), 1–8.

Pertiwi, N.P.D., Mahardika, I.G.N.K., Watiniasih, N.L., 2015. Optimasi Amplifikasi DNA Menggunakan Metode PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Pada Ikan Karang Anggota Famili Pseudochromidae (Dottyback) Untuk Identifikasi Spesies Secara Molekular. Jurnal Biologi, 19(2), 1-5.

Pertiwi, M., Wulandari, K.K., Rodja, H.A., Urijiyah, U.G., Fibriani, E., Putri, F.A., 2021. Teknik Diagnostik Konvensial Dan Lanjutan Untuk Infeksi Bakteri Dan Resistensi Antibakteri Di Indonesia. Jurnal Widya Biologi, 12(2), 98-116.

Piekarska, J., Bajzert, J., Gorczykowski, M., Kantyka, M., Podkowik, M., 2016.

Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis isolates from domestic dogs and cats in Wroclaw, Poland. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 23(3), 410–415.

Plesser, H.E., 2018. Reproducibility vs. Replicability: A Brief History of a Confused Terminology. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, 11(76), 1-4.

Pratiwi, A.S., Taher, A., 2019. Analisis Polimorfisme Nukleotida Tunggal (SNP) Daerah 3’UTR Gen LDLR Penduduk Papua. Jurnal Natural, 15(1), 11-20.

Pradnyaniti, D.., Wirajana, I.., Yowani, S.., 2013. Desain Primer secara in silico untuk Amplifikasi Fragmen Gen rpoB Mycobacterium tuberculosis dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 2(3), 124–130.

Prihandini, P.W., Primasari, A., Luthfi, M., Pamungkas, D., Sari, A.P.Z.N.L., Dina, T.B., Maharani, D., 2021. Identification of restriction enzyme in the FSHR gene of Indonesian local cattle. Earth and Environmental Science, 888 (2021), 1-6.

Raj, D., G., Nagaraja, C.S., Byre Gowda, S.M., Govindaiah, M.G., Jayashankar, M.R., 2012. Comparative molecular genetic studies on amrithmahal and crossbred cattle. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science, 45(1), 11-16.

Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, M., Córdoba, J.J., Andrade, M., 2015. Design of Primers and Probes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Methods, in: Basu, C., PCR Primer Design, 2nd edition. Humana Press, New York, p.44.

Salomo, H., 2020. Potensi Penggunaan Metformin Sebagai Suplementasi Diet Pada Obesitas. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Indonesia, 8(1), 38–43.

Schlender et al., 2017. Efficacy and safety of metformin in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults: a systematic review for the development of recommendations to reduce potentially inappropriate prescribing. BMC Geriatrics, 17(1), 100-117.

Setyawati, R., Zubaidah, S., 2021. Optimasi Konsentrasi Primer dan Suhu Annealing dalam Mendeteksi Gen Leptin pada Sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) Menggunakan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Indonesian Journal Of Laboratory, 4(1), 36-40.

Shen, J., Ge, W., Fang, Y., Liu, H., 2016. A novel polymorphism in PRKAA2 is associated with type 2 diabetes in the Han Chinese population. Journal of Diabetes, 9(6), 606-612.

Sihotang, M.A.E.D., Erwinda, Y.E., Suwarni, E., Lusianti, E., 2021. Short Communication: Desain Primer dan Analisis in Silico untuk Amplifikasi Gen mt-Co1 pada Tikus got (Rattus norvegicus). Eruditio : Indonesia Journal of Food and Drug Safety, 1(2), 20–29.

Skeeles, L.E., Fleming, J.L., Mahler, K.L., Toland, A.E., 2013. The Impact of 3’UTR Variants on Differential Expression of Candidate Cancer Susceptibility Genes. Plos one, 8(3), 1-13.

Song, Z., Xiaoli, A.M., Yang, F., 2018. Regulation and metabolic significance of De Novo lipogenesis in adipose tissues. Nutrients, 10(10), 1–22.

Spencer-Jones et al., 2006. AMP-kinase a2 subunit gene PRKAA2 variants are associated with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in normal women. Journal of Medical Genetics, 43(12), 936-942.

Suriasih, K., 2015. Pemotongan dan Menyambung DNA dalam Kloning Gen, Studi pada Kloning Gen Prolidase dari Bakteri Asam Laktat. Scientific Journal of Food Technology, 2(1), 2407-3814.

Suryadi, P.T., Ratnayani, K., Yowani, S.C., 2014. Desain Primer Untuk Amplifikasi Gen katG Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Dengan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Jurnal Kimia, 8(1), 77-82.

Susanto, A.H., Amurwanto, A., Wahyono, D.J., Aziz, S., 2006. Amplifikasi Fragmen Pelacak Gen Lipase Bakteri Termofilik Yang Diisolasi Dari Kompos. J.Sains Tek., 12(1), 9–13.

Sutrisno, Y.G., Khoirunnisa, S., Agustien, D.S., Karyati, E., Fasya, N., Wasito, H., 2017. Analisis Kualitatif Uji Strip Sildenafil Sitrat dengan Kombinasi Beberapa Reagen dalam Membran Kertas Selulosa. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 15(2), 128-133.

Tan et al., 2016. PCR-RFLP method to detect zoonotic and host-specific Giardia duodenalis assemblages in dog fecal samples. Parasitol Res, 115(5), 1-6.

Tang, H., Dong, X., Hassan, M., Abbruzzese, J.L., Li, D., 2011. Body Mass Index and Obesity-and Diabetes-Associated Genotypes and Risk for Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 20(5), 779-792.

Timbuleng, K.A.T., Kolondam, B.J., Katili, D.Y., 2021. Perancangan PCR-RFLP untuk Autentikasi Spesies Ikan Kakap Merah Berdasarkan Gen CYB.

Jurnal Ilmiah Platax, 9(1), 29-40.

Vial, G., Detaille, D., Guigas, B., 2019. Role of mitochondria in the mechanism(s) of action of metformin. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 10(294), 1–8.

Virginia, D., Wahyuningsih, M., Nugrahaningsih, D.A.A., 2020. Evaluation of PRKAA2 Genetic Variation on Metformin Efficacy as an Initial Therapy Among Drug-Naïve Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Researchsquare, 1-10.

Virginia, D.M., Wahyuningsih, M.S.H., Nugrahaningsih, D.A.A., 2021. PRKAA2 variation and the clinical characteristics of patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian Biomedicine, 15(4), 161 -170.

Wahyuni, S., Maryam, S., Aminah, 2019. Validasi Metode Analisis Cemaran DNA Babi pada Bakso Sapi Menggunakan Primer Mitokondria D-Loop22 dengan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Jurnal Farmasi Galenika, 5(1), 65-72.

Wasdili, F.A.Q., 2019. Analisis Spesifisitas Primer Deteksi Salmonella typhimurium dengan Metode Real-Time PCR. The 1st Proceeding Publication of Creativity and Research Medical Laboratory Technology DIV, 1(1), 54–60.

White, S.B., Person, C., Medintz, I.L., Goldman, E.R., 2018. Restriction Enzymes as a Target for DNA-Based Sensing and Structural Rearrangement.

American Chemical Society Omega, 3(1), 495-502.

Wiradiputra, M.R.D., Yowani, S.C., Wirajana, I.N., 2016. Deteksi Mutasi Kodon 510 Dan 511 Daerah RDR Gen rpoB Pada Isolat Klinik Mycobacterium tuberculosis Multidrug Resistant Di Bali Dengan PCR-Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphism. Cakra Kimia (Indonesian E-Journal of Applied Chemistry), 4(2), 161-167.

Wisudyaningsih, B., 2012. Studi Preformulasi: Validasi Metode Spektrofotometri Ofloksasin Dalam Larutan Dapar Fosfat. Stomatognatic (J.K.G. Unej), 9 (2), 77-81.

Xiao et al., 2021. A Two-Stage Study Identifies Two Novel Polymorphisms in PRKAG2 Affecting Metformin Response in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, 14, 745 -755.

Yang, W., Kang, X., Yang, Q., Lin, Y., Fang, M., 2013. Review on the development of genotyping methods for assessing farm animal diversity. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 4(1), 1-6.

Yang, Y., Han, L., Yu, Q., Gao, Y., Song, R., 2020. Study of the amp-activated protein kinase role in energy metabolism changes during the postmortem aging of yak longissimus dorsal. Animals, 10(3), 1-15.

Yang et al., 2021. PRKAA1 Metabolically Regulates Monocyte/Macrophage Recruitment and Viability in Diet-Induced Murine Metabolic Disorders.

Front. Cell and Developmental Biology, 8, 1-17.

Ye, J., Coulouris, G., Zaretskaya, I., Cutcutache, I., Rozen, S., Madden, T.L., 2012.

Primer-BLAST: A tool to design target-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction. BMC Bioinformatics, 13(134), 1–11.

Yuenleni, Y., 2019. Langkah-Langkah Optimasi PCR. Indonesian Journal of Laboratory, 1(3), 51-56.

Zahirnia et al., 2018. Predominance of Leishmania major and rare occurrence of Leishmania tropica with haplotype variability at the center of Iran.

Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 22(4), 278 -287.

Zhang, X., Yang, S., Chen, J., Su, Z., 2019. Unraveling the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9(802), 1–17.

44

LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Ethical Clearance Penelitian

Lampiran 2. Go Taq Green Master Mix Certificate of Analysis

Lampiran 3. Usage Information of Go Taq Green Master Mix

Lampiran 4. Product Datasheet of DNA Ladders and Markers

Lampiran 5. Informasi Primer Gen PRKAA2 rs857148

Lampiran 6. Informasi Enzim Restriksi BsuRI

Lampiran 7. Hasil Analisis Kualitatif Isolat DNA

Lampiran 8. Hasil Optimasi Suhu Annealing Gen PRKAA2 rs857148

Lampiran 9. Hasil Optimasi Konsentrasi Primer Gen PRKAA2 rs857148

Lampiran 10. Hasil Validasi Metode PCR

Lampiran 11. Hasil Pemotongan Produk PCR Menggunakan Enzim BsuRI

Lampiran 12. Perhitungan Konsentrasi Primer

Konsentrasi stok primer yaitu 100 μM, untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi ini maka dilarutkan dengan 250 μL. Dibuat larutan intermediet dengan melakukan pengenceran 2x dalam 10 μL. Konsentrasi 50 μM sebagai konsentrasi larutan intermediet.Volume yang diambil untuk optimasi konsentrasi primer, yaitu 1; 1,25;

1,5; dan 1,75 μL dalam 25 μL sehingga konsentrasi yang didapatkan:

C1.V1 = C2.V2

50 μM.1 μL = C2.25 μL C2 = 2 μM

C1.V1 = C2.V2

50 μM.1,5 μL = C2.25 μL C2 = 3 μM

C1.V1 = C2.V2 C1.V1 = C2.V2

50 μM.1,25 μL = C2.25 μL C2 = 2,5 μM

50 μM.1,75 μL = C2.25 μL C2 = 3,5 μM

Lampiran 13. Perhitungan Konsentrasi Buffer TBE 1x

Konsentrasi buffer stok adalah 10x. TBE dibuat dengan mengambil 50 mL buffer TBE 10x lalu ditambahkan WFI hingga 500 mL.

C1.V1 = C2.V2

10x.50 mL = C2.500 mL C2 = 1x

Lampiran 14. Analisis Spesifisitas Primer Gen PRKAA2 rs857148

Dokumen terkait