CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.4 Data Analysis Method
In analyzing the data, the writer applies descriptive qualitative method. As Furchan (1992: 21) states “Metode kualitatif adalah prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriftif: ucapan atau tulisan dan perilaku yang dapat diamati dari orang-orang (subyek) itu sendiri” (qualitative method is the procedures of research which produces the descriftive data; spoken or written and attitude which can be observed from the subject it self).
Then, Bungin’s formula will be used in counting the data to get the most domonant types of figurative expression found The Pearl by John Steinbeck. (Bungin, 2005: 171-172), the formula is:
N = fx x 100% N
n : the percentage of one kind figurative language
fx: indivual frequency (one kind of figurative expression) N : Number of all data
In analyzing the data of this study, there are steps of procedures to be taken. They are:
Firstly, all figurative expressions will be found in the novel of John Steinbeck, The Pearl.
Secondly, all the figurative expressions found will be identified and classified based on the their types.
Thirdly, they will be analyzed based on semantic theory. Then, they will be calculated to find the most dominant types of figurative expressions found in The Pearl written by John Steinbeck. The last step, some conclusions will be drawn and and some suggestions will be put forward.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDING
This chapter describes the result and the data analysis. The analysis of the utterances in novel are presented based on each type of the figurative language. The data of this thesis were segmented into sentences according to their types of figurative expressions on the first step
4.1. Analysis
The data description is collected from the novel of John Steinbeck, The Pearl, into five types of figurative expressions according to Leech’s theory. They are personification, simile, metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche. The explanation is described below.
There are 129 cases of figurative expressions in John Steinbeck’s The Pearl. They are 65 cases of personification, 40 cases of simile, 20 cases of metaphor, 3 cases of synecdoche and 1 case of metonymy. Several utterances will be given as the example for each type of figurative expression except metonymy and synecdoche will be one utterance for each.
4.1.1 Personification
Personification means giving human characteristics to an object. Actually, personification is the transfer of human characteristic to an object, animal, or abstract idea. It makes the animals and the inanimate objects talk or behave as humans do. In the novel, the author mostly used inanimate object that is personified,
by attributing human traits and qualities to it. For example: the author gives wind human ability, heart to do human activity, etc.
Below are some examples of sentences using personification that are taken from the novel.
Excerpt 1:
They came to a place where the brush houses stopped and the city of stone and plaster began, the city of harsh outer walls and inner cool gardens where a little water played and the bougainvillea crusted the walls with purple and brick-red and white. (Page 310)
From the situation above we may know that there are two different residential. The brush houses are for poor people, the other hand, the city of stone and plaster is just for rich people. When Coyotito, the only son of Kino, got stunk by a scorpion, the people of brush houses altogether bring him to a doctor in the city of stone and plaster. The sentence is consider as personification because the brush houses and the city of stone and plaster are both inanimate thing that can not stop or began. Beside that, the author uses ‘little water played’ which is impossible for water, to do such playing thing that human does and ‘the bougainenvilae crusted’ as if it has skin.
Excerpt 2:
This morning he had placed a lower in a vase on his desk, a single scarlet hibiscus, and the vase sat beside the black velvet-lined pearl tray in front of him (Page 359)
As we all know that that the vase is inanimate thing is used to keep the flower but in this utterance, the author give it a human activity like, sat. The purpose is to make the reader imagine and feel the story in that novel. So, that is the personification.
Excerpt 3:
They knew his clumsy abortions and the little brown pennies he gave sparingly for alms. They had seen his corpses go into the church. (Page 312)
The situation above happens when Kino came to the greedy doctor which took advantages from poor people like Kino. The author personifies how the word ‘corpses’ which means a dead body can go to the church. The corpses substitute the body of the greedy doctor.
Excerpt 4:
The brown algae waved in the gentle currents and the green eel grass swayed and little sea horses clung to its steams. (Page 317)
In this novel Steinbeck pictures a lot about the life of fisherman. Using words like the brown algae and the green ell grass are the examples. He pictures the brown algae do human’s activity that is waving. Another animal which is doing human’s activity is the green eel swayed. He wants to tell that the brown algae and the green eel move slowly in the sea.
Excerpt 5:
How news travels through a town is a mystery not easily to be solved. News seems to move faster than small boys can scramble and dart to tell it, faster than women can call it over the fences.(Page 328)
The author personifies how news could travel just like human being. Simply the author wants to tell that the news spread quickly from one mouth to other mouths in the town
moreover the news is about Coyotito, the son of Kino, got stung by a scorpion and the greedy doctor refuses to examine him. On other hand, his father finds the pearl of the world.
Excerpt 6:
The little flames danced on the faces of the neighbors. They knew they should go to their own dinners, but they were reluctant to leave. (Page 334)
From the sentence above, the author personifies how the little flames could dance which we know that dancing is the human’s activity. Steinbeck wants to tell the readers that the little flames are blazing and start burning the circle of the neighbors.
Excerpt 7:
Its warm lucence promised a poultice against illness and awall against insult. It closed a door on hunger. (Page 350)
The word ‘promised’ is used by the author to personify how the warmth of pearl can guarantee Coyotito’s illness will get better soon. Because its beauty and value is high so that Kino can sell it and pay for the doctor.
Excerpt 8:
They saw the flames tall and furious, they saw the roof fall and watched the fire die down as quickly as a twig fire dies. They heard the cries of warning of their friends, and the shrill, keening cry of Apolonia, wife of Juan Tomas. (Page 378)
In that situation Kino’s brush house is burnt. The author pictures how the flames are tall and furious. Both ‘tall’ and ‘furious’ are the adjective words for human. It personify that
the flames spread all over the house fast.
Excerpt 9:
And the wind cried through the brush houses and no boat was safe on the water. Then Juan Tomas told among the neighbors, "Kino is gone.” (Page 382)
Again and again Steinbeck uses the nature to do human’s activity such as: crying. The author wants to tell that the wind blows all over the brush houses which burnt all of the brush houses. So Steinbeck personifies the wind is blowing by using the word ‘cried’.
Excerpt 10:
And now and then a great jackrabbit, disturbed in his shade, bumped away and hid behind the nearest rock. The singing heat lay over this desert country, and ahead the stone mountains looked cool and welcoming. (Page 395)
Steinbeck uses personification to describe the heat by using the verb ‘singing’. As we know that singing is action that is only done by human. The author wants to explain how the hot is the weather in the desert country.
4.1.2 Simile
Simile is a kind of figurative meaning comparing two essentially unlike things. Simile expresses a direct comparison between things, which have one or more points in common and be recognized by the use of the word ‘like‘ and ‘as‘. In the novel, the author uses simile to describe something by comparing two different things, it can be human characteristic, action, object,etc.
Below are some examples of sentences using personification that are taken from the novel.
Excerpt 1:
She could stand fatigue and hunger almost better than Kino himself. In the canoe, she was like a strong man. And now she did a most surprising thing. (Page 309)
In this situation, the author implies that she, Juana, as the wife of Kino, is not weak. She is like a strong man when they want to go to other place for the health of Coyotito who stung by a scorpion. So, Juana is a woman is compared to a strong man.
Excerpt 2:
Kino looked down at her and his teeth were bared. He hissed at her like a snake and Juana stared at him. (Page 373)
From utterance above he, Kino, hissed at his wife, Juana when she tries to throw the pearl away because it brings them so many bad luck. Kino who is clearly human is compared with a snake which is an animal it is the figurative expression that the author used to find the similarity how angry Kino is.
Excerpt 3:
Juan Tomas embraced his brother with the double embrace and kissed him on both cheeks. "Go with God," he said, and it was like a death. "You will not give up the pearl?" (Page 383)
From the sentence above he, Juan Tomas, the brother of Kino asked them to flee because they have became the target of greedy people. When Juan Tomas says that, it feels like a nightmare. Juan’s words are compared with the death which is the most horrible thing that anyone is afraid of.
Excerpt 4:
Kino felt all the warmth and security of his family behind him, and the Song of the Family came from behind him like the purring of a kitten. But now, by saying what his future was going to be like, he had created it (Page336)
The author makes a comparison how the song of family sounds like the purring of kitten. It gives the meaning that the song of the family is very soft and calm just like the purring of a kitten.
Excerpt 5:
Juana stared at him with wide unfrightened eyes, like a sheep before the butcher. She knew there was murder in him, and it was all right; she had accepted it, and she would not resist or even protest. (Page 373)
Steinbeck uses a description how Juana is not afraid to Kino, her husband because the pearl makes Kino’s eyes become blind. He can’t think clearly. Just like ‘the sheep before the butcher’ which the sheep has no fear of what could happen next, it is clearly Steinbeck wants to tell that Juana is not afraid.
Excerpt 6:
His hands and feet threshed in the tangle of the wild grapevine, and he whimpered and gibbered as he tried to get up. But Kino had become as cold and deadly as steel. (Page 408)
In this situation Kino is being haunted by greedy people to get the pearl of the world. At the moment Kino, Juana and Coyotito hide in a safe place. But unfortunately baby
Coyotito cries so hard and make the haunter hears from where the sound is. Kino’s body suddenly stiff. He is still just like a cold deadly steel.
Excerpt 7:
Kino stared into the dimness of the little office, for his eyes were squeezed from the outside glare. But the buyer's eyes had become as steady and cruel and unwinking as a hawk's eyes, while the rest of hisface smiled in greeting. (Page 360)
The author clearly described every single expression in this story. One of the example is how the the buyers of the pearl’s eyes is wicked and deceitful. Their eyes don’t blink when observing Kino’s pearl. The pearl turns everybody not only in the brush house, but also in the city of town become evil.
Excerpt 8:
She looked up at him, her eyes as cold as the eyes of a lioness. This was Juana's first baby this was nearly everything there was in Juana's world. (Page 310)
Steinbeck describes about Juana’s feeling through her eyes when Coyotito gets stung by a scorpion but the doctor does not come. Her eyes as cold as the eyes of lioness mean that she is worried about her baby, Coyotito.
Excerpt 9:
And the pearl was ugly; it was gray, like a malignant growth. And Kino heard the music of the pearl, distorted and insane. Kino's hand shook a little, and he turned slowly to Juana and held the pearl out to her. (Page 412)
In the end of the story, Kino finally throws the pearl away. Because it brings him so many bad lucks. The author describes how the pearl is no longer interesting by mentioning the grey colour and ugly pearl.
Excerpt 10:
Kino's hand crept into his breast where his knife hung on a string, and then he sprang like an angry cat, leaped striking and spitting for the dark thing he knew was in the corner of the house. (Page 348)
Steinbeck uses metaphor to describe how Kino is alert if someone sneaks into his brush house to steal the pearl. Indeed there are some people that spy his house. Kino is ready and starts attacking brutally like an angry cat.
4.1.3 Metaphor
Metaphor is a kind of figurative meaning which is an implicit comparison in which two unlike objects are compared by identifying or substituting one with other. Below are some examples of sentences used metaphor that are taken from the novel.
Excerpt 1:
“Kino, this pearl is evil. Let us destroy it before it destroys us. Let us crush it between two stones. Let us- let us throw it back in the sea where it belongs. Kino, it is evil, it is evil!” (Page 370)
The utterance above shows two object to be compared. The first one is pearl which an inanimate thing is and the second is evil which is an abstract noun. From the story it is the pearl that brings so many accidents to Kino’s family. Everybody wants that pearl.
They haunt it energetically with any ways. That is why Juana asked Kino to destroy the pearl.
Excerpt 2:
Kino was a terrible machine now. (Page 408)
There are two objects that the author takes the similarity. Kino who is a human being and the machine is an inanimate thing. Kino acts chaos because he has the world of pearl. Everybody haunts him. The author pictures Kino not as a human being but as a terrible machine so the reader may feel how Kino is in a total confusion and chaotic.
Excerpt 3:
Above, the surface of the water was a green mirror. (Page 413)
From the sentence above the author takes two different objects: the surface of the water and green mirror. Water is an abstract noun in liquid form, in other hand, mirror is inanimate thing. Something that should be noticed is mirror does not have any color. The author pictures the surface of the water like a green mirror. As the story is about the pearl, which takes most place in the area of the sea so that the color of the water must be greenish blue. That is why the surface of the water reflects the green color like a mirror.
Excerpt 4:
Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. (Page 302)
is Juana’s eyes and the second is the stars. As we know that stars can only be seen in the night sky. Simply, the author wants to tell that the eyes of Juana shine beautifully and brightly just like stars.
Excerpt 5:
The rhythm of the family song was the grinding stone where Juana worked the corn for the morning cakes.(Page 303)
Steinbecks describe the daily situation of brush houses people like Kino’s family. He uses ‘the rhythm of the family song was the grinding stone’ that means it is like song when Juana makes cakes from corn for breakfast every morning. The grinding stone that Juana uses make a its own rythm.
Excerpt 6:
He was an animal now, for hiding, for attacking, and he lived only to preserve himself and his family. (Page 376)
The author describes Kino as an animal when they are being haunted by greedy people because of the great pearl. Just like an animal that will do anything in order to protect theirs, it happens to Kino who takes the responsibility to protect his wife, Juana, and his baby, Coyotito.
Excerpt 7:
Her voice was brave against the threat of the dark music. (Page 369)
means Juana’s voice loud and strong. It indicates that Juana is a brave woman.
Excerpt 8:
“This thing is evil,” she cried harshly. (Page 349)
When the pearl brings so many bad luck, Juana blame the pearl as the source it. The author takes the similarity between the pearl and evil because of bad lucks.
Excerpt 9:
And the melody of the song was the gray-green water and the little scuttling animals and the clouds of fish that flitted by and were gone. (Page 322)
Steinbeck uses figurative expression to picture nature. He uses the word ‘melody of the song for the situation was the gray-green water’ to convey his idea about the circumstance of the sea that the colour is greenish gray.
Excerpt 10:
Kino knelt beside his wife. "So the doctor knew," he said, but he said it for himself as well as for his wife, for his mind was hard and suspicious and he was remembering the white powder. (Page 342)
When the rich and greedy doctor wants to come to examine Coyotito in the brush house, Kino remembers that the doctor give Coyotito medicine something like white powder. Unfortunately it is not medicine but poison. Finally Kino realizes about that and get worried. The author pictures how confused Kino’s mind by using the word ‘hard and suspicious’.
4.1.4 Synecdoche
Synecdoche is figurative expression in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. Below is the example of utterance taken from the novel.
Excerpt 1:
Kino sat on the ground and stared at the earth in front of him. (Page 386)
The utterance above shows the word ‘the earth’ as the whole part of the road. Kino sat