APPENDICES
Table I. List of Personification Figurative Expressions
No. Utterances Type of Figurative
Expression
Page
1. He lowered his blanket from his nose now, for the dark poisonous air was gone and the yellow sunlight fell on the house.
Personification 304
2. The world was awake now. Personification 305
3. Kino’s breath whistled in his nostrils and he opened his mouth to stop it.
Personification 306
4. And the yellow sun threw their black shadows ahead of them.
Personification 310
5. They came to a place where the brush houses stopped and the city of stone and plaster began, the city of harsh outer walls and inner cool gardens where a little water played and the bougainvillea crusted the walls with purple and brick-red and white.
Personification 310
6. They had seen his corpses go into the church.
7. The glaring sun threw the bunched shadows of the people blackly on the white walls.
Personification 314
8. The picture were religious Personification 314
9. And now a wave of shame went over the whole procession. They melted away.
Personification 316
10. Fiddler crabs bubbled and sputtered in their holes in the sand, and in the swallows little lobsters popped in and out of their tiny homes in the rubble and sand.
Personification 317
11. The brown algae waved in the gentle currents and the green eel grass swayed and little sea horses clung to its steams.
Personification 317
12. The uncertain air that magnified some things and blotted out others hung over the whole Gulf
Personification 318
13. A copper haze hung over the water, and the hot morning sun beat on it and made it vibrate blindingly.
14. But the remedy lacked his authority because it was simple and didn’t cost anything.
Personification 320
15. While Kino pushed the stern in and waded beside it until it floated lightly and trembled on the little breaking waves.
Personification 321
16. The canoe creased the water and hissed with speed.
Personification 321
17. A grain of sand could lie in the folds of muscle and irritate the flesh until in self-protection the flesh coated the grain with a layer of smooth cement.
Personification 321
18. It (the pearl) captured the light and refined it and gave it back in silver.
Personification 326
19. How news travels through a town is a mystery not easily to be solved.
Personification 328
20. The nerves of the town were pulsing and vibrating with the news.
Personification 328
21. The news swept on the past the brush houses and it washed in a foaming wave into the town of stone and plaster.
22. When the sun had gone over the mountains of the Peninsula to sink in the outward sea, Kino squatted in his house with Juana beside him.
Personification 330
23. But the music of the pearl was shrilling with triumph in Kino.
Personification 332
24. The horizon were kicked out. Personification 333
25. The little flames danced on the faces of the neighbors.
Personification 334
26. Hatred raged and flamed in back of his eyes and fear too, for the hundreds of years of subjugation were cut deep in him.
Personification 338
27. The news of the baby’s illness traveled quickly among the brush houses.
Personification 343
28. And then the darkness spread over the page, and with the darkness came the music of evil again.
Personification 347
29. The words galloped and played on the book.
Personification 347
31. It (the pearl) will destroy us. Personification 348 32. In the firelight her lips and her eyes
were alive with her fear.
Personification 349
33. The wind of the morning ruffled the water of the estuary and whispered through the mangroves.
Personification 350
34. And the beauty of the pearl, winking and glimmering in the light of the little candle, cozened his brain with its beauty.
Personification 350
35. Its warm lucence promised a poultice against illness and a wall against insult.
Personification 350
36. It (the pearl) closed a door on hunger. Personification 357 37. The vase sat beside the black
velvet-lined pearl tray in front of him.
Personification 359
38. His door stood open to the morning and he hummed under his breath while his right hand practiced legerdemain.
Personification 359
39. He heard every little sound of the gathering nights, the sleepy complaints of settling birds, the love agony of cats, the strikes and
Personification
Personification
368
withdrawal of little waves on the beach, and the simple hiss of disctance.
40. The crab scampering over the bottom raised a little cloud of sand, and when it settled the pearl was gone.
Personification 370
41. The mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned in it.
Personification
373
42. The pale moon dipped in and out of the strands of cloud so that Juana walked in darkness for a moment and in light the next.
Personification 374
43. Now the evil music filled the night, hung over the mangroves, skirled in the wave beat.
Personification 376
44. The wind blew freshly into the estuary, a nervous, restless wind with the smell of storm on its breath.
Personification 377
45. They saw the flames tall and furious, they saw the roof fall.
Personification 378
beat the Gulf and tore the kelp sand weeds that lined the shore.
47. The wind cried through the brush houses and no boat was safe on the water.
Personification 382
48. The wind screamed over the Gulf and turned the water white.
Personification 382
49. A fine sandy dust rose from the land and hung in a stifling cloud over the sea.
Personification 382
50. The wind drove off the clouds. Personification 382 51. It (the wind) pelted them with bits of
sticks, sand, and little rocks.
Personification 384
52. The wind was at his back and the stars guided him.
Personification 385
53. The wind cried and whisked in the brush, and the family went on monotonously, hour after hour.
Personification 385
54. The waning moon arose, and when it came up the wind died down, and the land was still.
Personification 385
pearl) burned in his eyes.
56. His eyes went to the place where he had swept out the track.
Personification 391
57. The big knife swung free in his right hand.
Personification 394
58. Horned toads watched the family go by and turned their little pivoting dragon head.
Personification 395
59. The singing heat lay over this desert country, and ahead the stone
mountains looked cool and welcoming.
Personification 395
60. Wild grape climbed the stone mountain and all manner of little plants found comfort here.
Personification 399
61. The night was not silent. Personification 406 62. The high metallic ringing of the
cicadas filled the mountain cleft.
Personification 406
63.
The sun was behind them and their long shadows stalked ahead, and they seemed to carry two towers of darkness with them.
64. The waving branches of the algae called to it and beckoned to it.
Personification 413
ta
Table II. List of Simile Figurative Expressions
No. Utterance Type of Figurative
Expression
Page
1. In the canoe she was like a strong man. Simile 309
2. She looked up at him, her eyes as cold as the eyes of a lioness.
Simile 310
3. At last there came to view eight small misshapen seed pearls, as ugly us and gray as little ulcers, flattened and almost valueless.
Simile 315
4. For the minds of people are as
unsubstantial as the mirage off the Gulf.
Simile 320
5. Kino lifted the flesh, and there it lay, the great pearl, perfect as the moon.
Simile 326
6. A town is a thing like a colonial animal Simile 328
7. The black distillate was like the
scorpion, or like hunger in the smell of food, or like loneliness when love is
Simile
Simile
330
withheld.
8. And the music of the pearl rose like a chorus of trumpets in his ears.
Simile 332
9. He made it sound like a benediction. Simile 335 10. The Song of family came from behind
him like the purring of a kitten.
Simile 336
11. He hissed at her like a snake. Simile 373
12. Juana stared at him with wide unfrightened eyes, like a sheep before the butcher.
Simile 373
13. Kino moved sluggishly, arms and legs stirred like those of a crushed bug.
Simile 379
14. “I know I am like a leprosy. I will go tonight and then you will be safe.”
Simile 381
15. The mangroves plunged like frightened cattle.
Simile 381
16. The wind drove off the clouds and skimmed the sky clean and drifted the sand of the country like snow.
Simile 382
17. “Go with God,” he said, and it was like a death.
Simile 382
19. But she sat as still as a sentinel. Simile 390 20. Kino lay as rigid as the tree limb Simile 391 21. They scuttled over the ground like
animals.
Simile 391
22. The trackers whined a little, like excited dogs on a warning trail.
Simile 392
23. Kino saw that two men were sleeping, curled up like dogs.
Simile 402
24. She peered like an owl from the hole in the mountain.
Simile 405
25. Kino edged like a snow lizard down the smooth rock shoulder.
Simile 405
26. The little tree frogs that lived near the stream twittered like birds.
Simile 406
27. His legs were as tight as wound springs. Simile 407 28. He whirled and struck the head of the
seated man like a melon.
Simile 408
29. The third man scrabbled away like a crab.
Simile 408
30. But Kino had become as cold as and deadly as steel.
Simile 408
Heaven.
32. The legs moved a little jerky, like a well-made wooden doll.
Simile 410
33. And the pearl was ugly; it was gray like a malignant growth.
Simile 412
34. He scattered the old women like chickens.
Simile 413
35. He sprang like an angry cat. Simile 348
36. “This pearl is like a sin! It will destroy us
Simile 370
37. Teach man and woman is like a soldier sent by God to guard some part of the castle of the Universe.
Simile 369
38. But the buyer’s eyes had becomed as steady and cruel and unwinking as a hawk’s eyes.
Simile 360
39. Her lips drew back her teeth like a cat’s lips.
Simile 369
40. For sickness is second only to hunger as the enemy of poor people.
Simile 370
No. Utterance Type of Figurative Expressions
Page
1. Her dark eyes made little reflected stars
Metaphor 302
2. The rhythm of the family song was the grinding stone where Juana worked the corn for the morning cakes.
Metaphor 303
3. The water was oily smooth. Metaphor 322
4. The surface of the water was an undulating mirror of the brightness.
Metaphor 322
5. His mind was hard and suspicious. Metaphor 342 6. His eyes and his voice were hard and
cold.
Metaphor
7. “Kino, this pearl is evil. Let us destroy it before it destroys us. Let us crush it between two stones. Let us- let us throw it back in the sea where it belongs. Kino, it is evil, it is evil!”
Metaphor 349
8. He was an animal now, for hiding, for attacking, and he lived only to preserve himself and his family.
Metaphor 376
their friends.
10. Her face was quite. Metaphor 395
11. Her eyes were very bright. Metaphor 396
12. Kino was a terrible machine now. Metaphor 408 13. His strength and his movement and his
speed were a machine.
Metaphor 408
14. He was immune and terrible, and his song had become a battle cry.
Metaphor 408
15. Above, the surface of the water was an undulating mirror of brightness, and he could see the bottoms of the canoes sticking through it.
Metaphor 407
16. Above, the surface of the water was a green mirror.
Metaphor 413
17. But the pearls were accidents, and the finding of one was luck a little pat on the back by God or the gods of both.
Metaphor 399
18 “This thing is evil,” she cried harshly. Metaphor 349
19. …and the beat of the sing was his pounding heart as it ate the oxygen from his held breath
Metaphor 350
gray-green water and the little
scuttling animals and the clouds of fish that flitted by and were gone.
21. Her voice was brave against the threat of the dark music.
Metaphor 369
Table IV. List of Synecdoche Figurative Expressions
No. Utterances Type of Figurative
Expressions
Page
1. Juana and Kino gathered their clothing tighter about them and covered their noses and out into the world.
Synecdoche 384
2. Kino sat on the ground and stared at the earth in front of him.
Synecdoche 386
3. Here, one would pause and look at the earth, while the other joined him.
Table V. List of Metonymy Figurative Expression
No. Utterances Type of Figurative
Expression
Page
1. Now the dealer’s hand had become a personality.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design
This research deals with two mains problems to find out the figurative language in novel. The researcher used a descriptive research method, in which the data are described systemically to get an accurate and factual result. Isaac and Michael (1981: 46) state “Descriptive qualitative method describes the population and the evidence of the data systematically, factually and accurately.” The purpose of descriptive research is to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of interest, factually, and accurately. One of the characteristics of descriptive research is used in the literal sense of describing situations or events.
This study used a descriptive qualitative method to study the problem because this study has purpose to describe and analyze the types of figurative language used in John Steinbeck‘s novel ―The Pearl. This study is carried out by formulating problem, collecting data, classifying data, and analyzing data.
3.2. Data and Data Source
3.3 Data Collecting Method
The method used in preparing the data related to the subject of this research is documentation, because the researcher collected the data from a novel. The data were collected by using the following steps :
1. Reading the novel entitled ―The Pearl by John Steinbeck.
2. Finding sentences that contain figurative language. 3. Grouping the figurative expressions
4. Classifying every figurative expressions
3.4 Data Analysis Method
In analyzing the data, the writer applies descriptive qualitative method. As Furchan (1992: 21) states “Metode kualitatif adalah prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriftif: ucapan atau tulisan dan perilaku yang dapat diamati
dari orang-orang (subyek) itu sendiri” (qualitative method is the procedures of research which produces the descriftive data; spoken or written and attitude which can be observed from the subject it self).
Then, Bungin’s formula will be used in counting the data to get the most domonant types of figurative expression found The Pearl by John Steinbeck. (Bungin, 2005: 171-172), the formula is:
n : the percentage of one kind figurative language
fx: indivual frequency (one kind of figurative expression)
N : Number of all data
In analyzing the data of this study, there are steps of procedures to be taken. They are:
Firstly, all figurative expressions will be found in the novel of John Steinbeck, The Pearl.
Secondly, all the figurative expressions found will be identified and classified based on the their types.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDING
This chapter describes the result and the data analysis. The analysis of the utterances in novel are presented based on each type of the figurative language. The data of this thesis were segmented into sentences according to their types of figurative expressions on the first step
4.1. Analysis
The data description is collected from the novel of John Steinbeck, The Pearl, into five types of figurative expressions according to Leech’s theory. They are personification, simile, metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche. The explanation is described below.
There are 129 cases of figurative expressions in John Steinbeck’s The Pearl. They are 65 cases of personification, 40 cases of simile, 20 cases of metaphor, 3 cases of synecdoche and 1 case of metonymy. Several utterances will be given as the example for each type of figurative expression except metonymy and synecdoche will be one utterance for each.
4.1.1 Personification
by attributing human traits and qualities to it. For example: the author gives wind human ability, heart to do human activity, etc.
Below are some examples of sentences using personification that are taken from the novel.
Excerpt 1:
They came to a place where the brush houses stopped and the city of stone and plaster began, the city of harsh outer walls and inner cool gardens where a little water played and the bougainvillea crusted the walls with purple and brick-red and white. (Page 310)
From the situation above we may know that there are two different residential. The brush houses are for poor people, the other hand, the city of stone and plaster is just for rich people. When Coyotito, the only son of Kino, got stunk by a scorpion, the people of brush houses altogether bring him to a doctor in the city of stone and plaster. The sentence is consider as personification because the brush houses and the city of stone and plaster are both inanimate thing that can not stop or began. Beside that, the author uses ‘little water played’ which is impossible for water, to do such playing thing that human does and ‘the bougainenvilae crusted’ as if it has skin.
Excerpt 2:
This morning he had placed a lower in a vase on his desk, a single scarlet hibiscus, and the vase sat beside the black velvet-lined pearl tray in front of him (Page 359)
Excerpt 3:
They knew his clumsy abortions and the little brown pennies he gave sparingly for alms. They had seen his corpses go into the church. (Page 312)
The situation above happens when Kino came to the greedy doctor which took advantages from poor people like Kino. The author personifies how the word ‘corpses’ which means a dead body can go to the church. The corpses substitute the body of the greedy doctor.
Excerpt 4:
The brown algae waved in the gentle currents and the green eel grass swayed and little sea horses clung to its steams. (Page 317)
In this novel Steinbeck pictures a lot about the life of fisherman. Using words like the brown algae and the green ell grass are the examples. He pictures the brown algae do human’s activity that is waving. Another animal which is doing human’s activity is the green eel swayed. He wants to tell that the brown algae and the green eel move slowly in the sea.
Excerpt 5:
How news travels through a town is a mystery not easily to be solved. News seems to move faster than small boys can scramble and dart to tell it, faster than women can call it over the fences.(Page 328)
moreover the news is about Coyotito, the son of Kino, got stung by a scorpion and the greedy doctor refuses to examine him. On other hand, his father finds the pearl of the world.
Excerpt 6:
The little flames danced on the faces of the neighbors. They knew they should go to their own dinners, but they were reluctant to leave. (Page 334)
From the sentence above, the author personifies how the little flames could dance which we know that dancing is the human’s activity. Steinbeck wants to tell the readers that the little flames are blazing and start burning the circle of the neighbors.
Excerpt 7:
Its warm lucence promised a poultice against illness and awall against insult. It closed a door on hunger. (Page 350)
The word ‘promised’ is used by the author to personify how the warmth of pearl can guarantee Coyotito’s illness will get better soon. Because its beauty and value is high so that Kino can sell it and pay for the doctor.
Excerpt 8:
They saw the flames tall and furious, they saw the roof fall and watched the fire die down as quickly as a twig fire dies. They heard the cries of warning of their friends, and the shrill, keening cry of Apolonia, wife of Juan Tomas. (Page 378)
In that situation Kino’s brush house is burnt. The author pictures how the flames are tall
the flames spread all over the house fast.
Excerpt 9:
And the wind cried through the brush houses and no boat was safe on the water. Then Juan Tomas told among the neighbors, "Kino is gone.” (Page 382)
Again and again Steinbeck uses the nature to do human’s activity such as: crying. The author wants to tell that the wind blows all over the brush houses which burnt all of the brush houses. So Steinbeck personifies the wind is blowing by using the word ‘cried’.
Excerpt 10:
And now and then a great jackrabbit, disturbed in his shade, bumped away and hid behind the nearest rock. The singing heat lay over this desert country, and ahead the stone mountains looked cool and welcoming. (Page 395)
Steinbeck uses personification to describe the heat by using the verb ‘singing’. As we know that singing is action that is only done by human. The author wants to explain how the hot is the weather in the desert country.
4.1.2 Simile
Simile is a kind of figurative meaning comparing two essentially unlike things. Simile expresses a direct comparison between things, which have one or more points in common and be recognized by the use of the word ‘like‘ and ‘as‘. In the novel, the author uses simile to describe something by comparing two different things, it can be human characteristic, action, object,etc.
Excerpt 1:
She could stand fatigue and hunger almost better than Kino himself. In the canoe, she was like a strong man. And now she did a most surprising thing. (Page 309)
In this situation, the author implies that she, Juana, as the wife of Kino, is not weak. She is like a strong man when they want to go to other place for the health of Coyotito who stung by a scorpion. So, Juana is a woman is compared to a strong man.
Excerpt 2:
Kino looked down at her and his teeth were bared. He hissed at her like a snake and Juana stared at him. (Page 373)
From utterance above he, Kino, hissed at his wife, Juana when she tries to throw the pearl away because it brings them so many bad luck. Kino who is clearly human is compared with a snake which is an animal it is the figurative expression that the author used to find the similarity how angry Kino is.
Excerpt 3:
Juan Tomas embraced his brother with the double embrace and kissed him on both cheeks. "Go with God," he said, and it was like a death. "You will not give up the pearl?" (Page 383)
Excerpt 4:
Kino felt all the warmth and security of his family behind him, and the Song of the Family came from behind him like the purring of a kitten. But now, by saying what his future was going to be like, he had created it (Page336)
The author makes a comparison how the song of family sounds like the purring of kitten. It gives the meaning that the song of the family is very soft and calm just like the purring of a kitten.
Excerpt 5:
Juana stared at him with wide unfrightened eyes, like a sheep before the butcher. She knew there was murder in him, and it was all right; she had accepted it, and she would not resist or even protest. (Page 373)
Steinbeck uses a description how Juana is not afraid to Kino, her husband because the pearl makes Kino’s eyes become blind. He can’t think clearly. Just like ‘the sheep before the butcher’ which the sheep has no fear of what could happen next, it is clearly Steinbeck wants to tell that Juana is not afraid.
Excerpt 6:
His hands and feet threshed in the tangle of the wild grapevine, and he whimpered and gibbered as he tried to get up. But Kino had become as cold and deadly as steel. (Page 408)
Coyotito cries so hard and make the haunter hears from where the sound is. Kino’s body suddenly stiff. He is still just like a cold deadly steel.
Excerpt 7:
Kino stared into the dimness of the little office, for his eyes were squeezed from the outside glare. But the buyer's eyes had become as steady and cruel and unwinking as a hawk's eyes, while the rest of hisface smiled in greeting. (Page 360)
The author clearly described every single expression in this story. One of the example is how the the buyers of the pearl’s eyes is wicked and deceitful. Their eyes don’t blink when observing Kino’s pearl. The pearl turns everybody not only in the brush house, but also in the city of town become evil.
Excerpt 8:
She looked up at him, her eyes as cold as the eyes of a lioness. This was Juana's first baby this was nearly everything there was in Juana's world. (Page 310)
Steinbeck describes about Juana’s feeling through her eyes when Coyotito gets stung by a scorpion but the doctor does not come. Her eyes as cold as the eyes of lioness mean that she is worried about her baby, Coyotito.
Excerpt 9:
In the end of the story, Kino finally throws the pearl away. Because it brings him so many bad lucks. The author describes how the pearl is no longer interesting by mentioning the grey colour and ugly pearl.
Excerpt 10:
Kino's hand crept into his breast where his knife hung on a string, and then he sprang like an angry cat, leaped striking and spitting for the dark thing he knew was in the corner of the house. (Page 348)
Steinbeck uses metaphor to describe how Kino is alert if someone sneaks into his brush house to steal the pearl. Indeed there are some people that spy his house. Kino is ready and starts attacking brutally like an angry cat.
4.1.3 Metaphor
Metaphor is a kind of figurative meaning which is an implicit comparison in which two unlike objects are compared by identifying or substituting one with other. Below are some examples of sentences used metaphor that are taken from the novel.
Excerpt 1:
“Kino, this pearl is evil. Let us destroy it before it destroys us. Let us crush it between two stones. Let us- let us throw it back in the sea where it belongs. Kino, it is evil, it is evil!” (Page 370)
They haunt it energetically with any ways. That is why Juana asked Kino to destroy the pearl.
Excerpt 2:
Kino was a terrible machine now. (Page 408)
There are two objects that the author takes the similarity. Kino who is a human being and the machine is an inanimate thing. Kino acts chaos because he has the world of pearl. Everybody haunts him. The author pictures Kino not as a human being but as a terrible machine so the reader may feel how Kino is in a total confusion and chaotic.
Excerpt 3:
Above, the surface of the water was a green mirror. (Page 413)
From the sentence above the author takes two different objects: the surface of the water and green mirror. Water is an abstract noun in liquid form, in other hand, mirror is inanimate thing. Something that should be noticed is mirror does not have any color. The author pictures the surface of the water like a green mirror. As the story is about the pearl, which takes most place in the area of the sea so that the color of the water must be greenish blue. That is why the surface of the water reflects the green color like a mirror.
Excerpt 4:
Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. (Page 302)
is Juana’s eyes and the second is the stars. As we know that stars can only be seen in the night sky. Simply, the author wants to tell that the eyes of Juana shine beautifully and brightly just like stars.
Excerpt 5:
The rhythm of the family song was the grinding stone where Juana worked the corn for the morning cakes.(Page 303)
Steinbecks describe the daily situation of brush houses people like Kino’s family. He uses ‘the rhythm of the family song was the grinding stone’ that means it is like song when Juana makes cakes from corn for breakfast every morning. The grinding stone that Juana uses make a its own rythm.
Excerpt 6:
He was an animal now, for hiding, for attacking, and he lived only to preserve himself and his family. (Page 376)
The author describes Kino as an animal when they are being haunted by greedy people because of the great pearl. Just like an animal that will do anything in order to protect theirs, it happens to Kino who takes the responsibility to protect his wife, Juana, and his baby, Coyotito.
Excerpt 7:
Her voice was brave against the threat of the dark music. (Page 369)
means Juana’s voice loud and strong. It indicates that Juana is a brave woman.
Excerpt 8:
“This thing is evil,” she cried harshly. (Page 349)
When the pearl brings so many bad luck, Juana blame the pearl as the source it. The author takes the similarity between the pearl and evil because of bad lucks.
Excerpt 9:
And the melody of the song was the gray-green water and the little scuttling animals and the clouds of fish that flitted by and were gone. (Page 322)
Steinbeck uses figurative expression to picture nature. He uses the word ‘melody of the song for the situation was the gray-green water’ to convey his idea about the circumstance of the sea that the colour is greenish gray.
Excerpt 10:
Kino knelt beside his wife. "So the doctor knew," he said, but he said it for himself as well as for his wife, for his mind was hard and suspicious and he was remembering the white powder. (Page 342)
4.1.4 Synecdoche
Synecdoche is figurative expression in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. Below is the example of utterance taken from the novel.
Excerpt 1:
Kino sat on the ground and stared at the earth in front of him. (Page 386)
The utterance above shows the word ‘the earth’ as the whole part of the road. Kino sat and stared the road which is pictured with the word ‘the earth’. As the earth is the whole part of roads.
Excerpt 2:
Juana and Kino gathered their clothing tighter about them and covered their noses and out into the world. (Page 384)
The author makes the word ‘the world’ for a small part of journey that Juana and Kino to take. The world means the outside environment.
Excerpt 3:
Here, one would pause and look at the earth, while the other joined him.(Page 391)
4.1.5 Metonymy
Metonymy is a figurative expression that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated..
Excerpt 1:
Now the dealer’s hand had become a personality. (Page 361)
From the utterance above the author uses the word ‘hand’ to substitute the help. The condition is when Kino wants to sell his magnificent pearl to the dealer soon because Coyotito is nearly in death. He needs the money to pay the doctor that is why the word ‘hand’ means help.
[image:36.612.107.548.471.650.2]4.2 Finding of Figurative Expressions in John Steinbeck’s The Pearl
Table 4.1
Summary of Figurative Expressions occured in the novel Types of Figurative
Expressions
Frequency Percentage (%)
Personification 64 49,61%
Simile 40 31,00%
Metaphor 21 16,27%
Synecdoche 3 2,32%
Metonymy 1 0,77%
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing all the data, it is conclude that:
1. There are 129 cases of figurative expressions in John Steinbeck’s The Pearl. There are 64 cases of personification, 40 cases of simile, 20 cases of metaphor, 3 cases of synecdoche and 1 case of metonymy
2. The most dominant type of figurative expressions in Steinbeck’s The Pearl is personification which represents (49,61%) of whole cases,
followed by simile (31,00%), metaphor (16,270%) metonymy (2,32%) and synecdoche (0,77%).
Based on the result above, personification and simile are the most dominant type of figurative expressions in John Steinbeck’s The Pearl. The writer used personification to describe the story so that the reader could imagine every aspect of the story.
5.2 Suggestion
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Semantics
The study of the linguistics meaning or morphemes, words, phrases and sentences is called semantics. Semantic is concerned with aspects of meaning in language. Work in semantic deal with the description of word and sentence meaning. There are certain kinds of meaning or certain aspects of meaning in linguistics (Lyons, 1981:139).
Geoffrey Leech (1974:9) explains that semantics as the study of meaning is central to the study of communication and as communication becomes more and more pressing.
Katz (1972:1) also states that semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It is concerned with what sentence and other linguistics object express, not with the arrangement with their syntactic parts or with their pronunciation.
The term of Semantics is the recent addition to the English language. Semantics is the philosophical and scientific study of meaning. The word semantics is derived from the Greek verb ―semaino (to signify or to mean). Semantics is part of the larger study of signs, semiotics. It is the part that deals with words as signs (symbols) and language as a system of signs (words as symbols). (Hipkiss, 1995:IX)
communication-systems, human and non-human, natural and artificial. A signal is transmitted from a sender to a receiver (a group a receivers) along a channel of communication. The signal will havea particular form and will convey a particular meaning (or message). The connection between the form of the signal and its meaning is established by what (in a rather general sense of the term) is commonly referred to semiotics as the code: the message is coded by the sender and decided by the receiver. Semantics is one of branches of linguistics studying about the meaning, and it is considered as a major branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language (Crystal, 1991: 310). From this definition,we have to know what is meant by meaning. For thousand years, philosophers have been considering the meaning of meaning, speakers of a language can understand what is said to them and can produce strings of words that are meaningful to other speakers (Fromkin, 1983: 151).
Leech (1977: IX) states that semantics (as the study of meaning) is central to the study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing. Semantics is not only the center of communication study but also the center of the study of the human mind- thought processes, cognition, conceptualization. All these are intricately bound up with the way in which we classify and covey our experience of the world through language.
Lyons (1971:400) states, “Semantics may be defined, initially and provisionally, as the study of meaning”.
study of reference (and related notions) in languages”.
Hornby (1974: 789) defines, “Semantics is branch of linguistics concerned with studying the meaning of words and sentences”.
Katz (1972:1) defines, “Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. It is concerned with what sentences and other linguistic objects express, not with the arrangement of their syntactic parts or with their pronunciation”. It means that generally the basic principle of semantics is about the meaning.
All these definitions given above are different in some respect but principally semantics is a division of linguistics dealing with meaning of words, it is a study concerned with meaning of linguistics string. It means that we must focus our attention to what sentences or other linguistic objects express not to arrangement of their syntactic part of their grammatical form.
2.2 Scope of Semantics
There are two major approaches to the way in which meaning in language studied, the first is the linguistic approach. The students of language or linguists have long been interested in the way in which meaning in a language is structured. There have been studies of the meaning of words and the semantic structure of the sentences. Some of them also have distinguished between different types of meaning. The second is philosophical approach. Philosophers have investigated the relation between linguistic expression, such as the words of language, and persons, things, and events in the world to which these words refer to. Although there are may be different approach to semantics, three basic terms seem to be widely mentioned in of each these approach, there are meaning, sense and reference.
2.3 Meaning
The term meaning is simply derived from the verb mean. Meaning is regarded as the message that is intended or expressed or signified. In other word, it can be said that meaning is the idea that is intended.
There are some definitions, which are given by semanticists about what meaning is, they are:
a. Leech (1969: 5) states, “The aim of semantics is to explain and describe meaning in the natural language”.
b. Lyons (1979: 2) states, “The meaning can be distinguished by the technique of substituting others word in the same context and enquiry whether the resulting sentence are equivalent.”
expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary word.
d. Bloomfield (1933: 139) defines “Meaning of a linguistics form as a situation in which the speakers utter it and response which it calls forth in the hearer.”
e. Nikelas (1988: 23) in Pakpahan (2005: 14) states “Meaning is a complex phenomenon involving relationship between a language and the mind of its speakers and practical use to which it is put.”
2.4 Varieties of Meaning
Many different things are said to have meaning. People mean to do various things; tools and other artifacts are meant for various things; people mean various things by using words and sentences; natural signs mean things; representations in people's minds also actually have mean thing. There are two kinds of meaning, they are linguistic meaning and speaker meaning (Siregar:1992).
2.4.1 Linguistic Meaning
Linguistic meaning is simply the meaning of an expression in some form of language. In linguistics, meaning is expressed by the writer or speaker and what is conveyed to the reader or listener provided that they talk about the same thing. The knowledge of the reader or listener will determine how much or whether he or she understands the message of the speaker or the writer. For examples:
1. He likes to run.
2. Our new engines run well. 3. They run a mail – order house.
sentences. In other words, the word of run has more than one the linguistics meaning based on the context of the sentence or dictionary.
2.4.2 Speaker Meaning
Speaker meaning is what speaker means in producing an utterance. Although words can not be used to mean something what they do not mean, there is a tendency of a speaker to use a word to mean something different from what words mean literally. By saying, ‘you are clever’ the speaker may mean ‘you are bright’ (intelligent). Because the word clever has meaning ‘bright mentally’ or ‘have intelligence’ in English or he may mean the opposite of what the word means. i.e. ‘you are stupid’. The speaker meaning is classified in two parts, they are literal meaning and non literal meaning.
2.4.2.1 Literal Meaning
Siregar (1992) says, “If we are speaking literally, then we mean what our words mean”. Literal is actual words or the real one. It means not use figurative or symbolic.
When the speaker speaks literal, it means that he or she does not have any hidden meaning in his or her words.
The following examples illustrate the literal meaning: 1. We are eating right now.
2. My mother goes to traditional market everyday. 3. Thomas is playing badminton in front of his house.
2.4.2.2 Non Literal Meaning
Siregar (1992:10) says, “We sometimes mean something different from what our mean, in other words, we sometimes speak non-literally”. People sometimes speak non
literal. When the speaker speaks non literally, therefore, means something different from what the words mean. It is the opposite of literal meaning. In additional the words orsentence which is spoken by the speaker have hidden meaning beside the lexical meaning.
Everyday people may find many non literal meaning such as in novel, poem, lyrics of song, the Holy Bible, etc. Non literal meaning is very needed to make our sentences or language more beautiful. The following example illustrate the non literal meaning is ‘My pen is dancing on paper now’. This sentence has non-literal meaning and it means I am writing on paper now.
2.5 Sense and Reference a. Sense
Word and phrases normally both have sense and reference. In order to have a better understanding of a word and references, there should be a distinction between its sense and reference.
descriptive meaning”.
In some cases, the same word can have more than on sense. For example the word ‘bank’ has different meaning in the following sentences:
a. Every month the company I work for pays my salary directly into my Bank. b. My apartment is on the east bank of the river.
Based on the examples (a) and (b) above, we can see that the word bank has a number of different senses. In the example (a), the word bank is an organization or a place that provides a financial service. Simply, bank is a place for keeping money safely. In other hand, in the example (b), the word bank has sense the land sloping up along each river or canal or the ground near the river.
b. Reference
Reference can be said as a link of signifie and signified by words. The signifier is a word in the language and the signified is the object in the worlds that stands for, refers to or denotes. It is an obvious fact that reference is the centre of symbol and object. Through reference, the language being mentioned is associated to the world.
2.6 Goals of Semantics
According to Leech (1981:20-21), there are two questions which must be answered concerning with the goals of semantics theory; what should a semantics theory do and how should it do it? A semantics theory should attribute to each expression in the language which the semantics properties and relations.
The answer to the second question is that a semantics theory should have at least two kinds of constraints:
a) Semantics theory of natural language should be finite; people are capable of storing only a finite amount of information but they nevertheless learn the semantics of natural languages.
b) Semantics theory of natural language should reflect the fact, except for idioms, expression are compositional. It means that their meaning is determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations.
2.7 Semantic Deviation
It is reasonable to translate semantic deviation mentally into nonsense or absurdity, so long as people realize that sense is used. Semantic deviation deals with what Leech (1968: 49) calls as TROPES: foregrounded irregularities of content’. He states that they are classified largely into three sections:
1) Semantic Oddity,
Leech (1969:48) asserts that there are two types of signals that may help us to know whether a statement is literal or figurative (non-literal). The first signal is a textual one, i.e. the language is identified in some unusual way and does not show literal sense. The second signal is a contextual one; that is the statement has a literal sense but the context in which it is identified is inappropriate.
A. Semantic Oddity
It refers to semantic bizarreness of expression. Semantic oddity means semantic peculiarity of expression. There are five types of semantic oddity. Pleonasm, periphrasis, and tautology have semantic redundancy, and oxymoron and paradox have semantic absurdity which contains irreconcilable elements of meaning or reference.
a. Pleonasm
In figurative expression, words are used in such a way that they differ somewhat from ordinary everyday speech and convey meanings in a more vivid and impressive manner. Pleonasm makes a speech more effective; it beautifies and emphasizes the speech in rhetoric which is the art of speaking and writing effectively.
b. Tautology
This can be used for emphasis, to convey something important, or to add literary beauty to a text. However, many times its use is inadvertent and is just a needless repetition. In logic, it is a statement that consists of two facts, one which will be true in any instance.
c. Periphrasis
Periphrasis originates from a Greek word periphrazein which means “talking around”. It is a
stylistic device that can be defined as the use of excessive and longer words to convey a meaning
which could have been conveyed with a shorter expression or in a few words. It is an indirect or
roundabout way of writing about things.
For example, using “I am going to” instead of “I will” is periphrasis. This is also called
d. Oxymoron
Oxymoron i Oxymorons appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors (such as "ground pilot")
and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a Oxymoron is one type of absurdity
which entails irreconcilable elements of meaning or reference (Leech, 1968: 138). Example:
a. controlled chaos b. kill with kindness c. old news
d. original copy e. Paradox
The termparadoxon” that means contrary to expectations,
existing belief or perceived opinion. It is a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly
but may include a latent truth. It is also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to
Example: “What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.” – George Bernard Shaw
B. Transference of Meaning
This section consists of five tropes which will be the main topic that will be discuss below in figurative expressions. They are metaphor, simile, synecdoche and metonymy.
C. Honest deception
This section treats three tropes: Hyperbole (Exaggeration), Irony and Sarcasm. 1) Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a figure of exaggeration. It tells more than the truth about the size, number, or degree of something without intending to deceive.
2) Irony
Leech (1968: 171) quotes the definition of irony made by H. W. Fowler in Modern English Usage, that irony is a mode of expression which postulates a double
audience, one of which is ‘in the know’ and aware of the speaker’s attention, while the other is naive enough to take the utterance as its face value.
3) Sarcasm
2.8 Definition of Figurative Expression
Figurative expression is kind of language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Figurative expression is rarely used in our daily conversation. Figurative expression is often found in literary works, such as: articles in newspaper, advertisements, novels, poems, etc. Figurative expression is the use of words that go beyond their ordinary meaning. It requires you to use your imagination to figure out the author's meaning. When a writer uses literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are. Figurative expression, in comparison, uses exaggerations or alterations to make a particular linguistic point. Figurative expression is commonly used in literary works, such as: poem, prose and nonfiction writing as well.
Figurative expression refers to words, and groups of words, that exaggerate or alter the usual meaning in figures of speeches of the component of words. A figure of speech may be said to occur whenever a speaker or writer, from the sake of freshness or emphasis, departs from the usual denotations of words (Kennedy, 1983: 479).
The Webster‘s New World College Dictionary (1996: 571) explains that figurative speech is an expression (as metaphor or euphemism) that substitutes a variation of points of view by which things or notions which is referred to as if it is different in some ways (in identify, degree, shape) from what it actually is or seems to be but so related to the expression successfully implies an intended meaning of effect either or greatly different from what is utterly said.
without the knowledge of the meaning of the word, even connotative meaning, it is difficult to understand figurative expression, sometimes people read the newspapers, the magazines or novel, overlooked non – literal expressions and read them literally. Of course, the meaning of the expression becomes odd or not understandable. Therefore, figurative expression becomes essential in the learning of vocabularies. While, learning of vocabularies support the learning of semantics.
2.9 Types of Figurative Expressions
There are many kinds of figurative meaning. As stated before, in this study will only discuss the figurative expressions by Leech in A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, they are: personification (humanizing metaphor), metaphor, simile, synecdoche and metonymy. The meanings of each type of figurative expressions are explained below.
2.9.1 Personification
Personification consists of giving human characteristics to an object. Actually, personification is the transfer of human characteristic to an object, animal, or abstract idea. It makes the animals and the animate objects talk or behave as humans do.
According to Leech (1969:158) “Personification whereby an abstraction is figuratively represented as human actually combines all three categories – the concreteness, the animistic and the humanizing.”
As Kennedy (1983:686) states, “Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, an animal, or an abstract term (truth, nature) is made human”.
mata atau abstrak yang diperlakukan seolah-olah sebagai manusia” (personification is
portray an inanimate thing substituting one with otherthat makes a comparison between two seemingly unlike things is called or an object in unreal or abstract which is regarded as if as human).
For example: ‘And the beauty of the pearl, winking and glimmering in the light of the little candle.’
From the example the word ‘wink’ is to close and open one eye quickly, typically to indicate that something is a word indicates that the beauty of pearl is shining.
2.9.2 Metaphor
Metaphor is a kind of figurative expression which is an implicit comparison in which two unlike objects are compared by identifying or substituting one with other.
Metaphor– making believe that tenor and vehicle are identical. But as many writers have observed, the pretence often seems more serious and more real than the ‘real‘ world of literal understanding. Nevertheless, from a linguistic point of view, the literal meaning is always basis, and the figurative meaning derived. (Leech, 1969: 151)
Barnhart (1995: 118) states “A metaphor is figure of speech in which a word or phrase is taken out of its usual setting and placed with another word to suggest a likeness. It is made more vivid by transferring to it the name orattributes of some other objects.
ide: yang satu adalah suatu kenyataan, sesuatu yang dipikirkan, yang menjadi objek;
dan yang satu lagi merupakan perbandingan terhadap kenyataan tadi; dan kita
menggantikan yang dibelakang ini menjadi yang terdahulu tadi. (Metaphor is a kind of
figure of speech which the most concise, condensed, well ordered kind of comparative figurative expressin. Two ideas are involved inside; and the one is the reality or object, something thought; and the other is the comparison to the reality; and we subtitude the latter with the former).
Kennedy (1983: 680) states, “Metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which in a literal sense, it is not.
For example: ‘Her dark eyes made little reflected stars.’
From the expression above, it shows us an example of metaphor in Steinbeck’s novel, The Pearl. It is comparing two nouns, her dark eyes and little reflected stars. It can be
assumed that the color of her eyes is so dark just like the shining beautiful stars.
2.9.3 Simile
A simile is an explicit comparison between things, events, or actions which are fundamentally unlike. It typically involves the words ‘like’ or ‘as’.
Leech (1969: 156) says, “A simile is a figure of speech in which two distinct things are compared by using the words like or as.”
observation. But to say, “Your fingers are like sausages” is kind of simile.
According to Wren and Martin (1981: 480), “Simile is a comparison made between two objects of different kinds which have, however, at least one poin in common”. Means that, simile is the comparison between two things which have a point of similirity.
For example: ‘In the canoe she was like a strong man.
In that example, it can be seen that the word ‘she’ or Juana, the wife of Kino is compared with a man. As we know that Juana is a woman. The power that woman has is not the same as the man. So, it can be concluded that Juana is not weak.
2.9.4. Synecdoche
Synecdoche is figurative expression in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. Synecdoche is derived from Greek word synekdechesthal, where syn means ‘with ‘; the word ex, means ‘to get out’; and the word decheisthai means ‘to take’ or ‘to receive’.
According to Kennedy (1983: 688), “Synecdoche is the use of a part of a thing to stand for the whole of it or vice versa”. Means that, it is a synecdoche if A is a component of B or vice versa.
For example: ‘Now the dealer’s hand had become a personality.’
2.9.5. Metonymy
Metonymy is a figurative expression in which the name of one object or idea is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. Webster‘s Third New International Dictionary in Leech (1969: 152) says, “Metonymy is a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.” In other hand, Halliday (1985: 319) says, “It is a word which is used for something related to that which it usually refers to.”
For example: It was the town's mechanic, not the rich lawyer, who had the nicest ride. From the example the word ‘ride' is a metonym for 'car' because riding is something you do in an automobile, but the 'ride' is not a part of the automobile and therefore does not qualify as synecdoche
2.10 Related Studies
Saleh (2008) in his thesis entitled “A Semantic Analysis of Figurative Expressions in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea” analyzes figurative expressions that exist in the novel. He found 67 data. They are 8 metaphors, 27 similes, 20 personifications, 4 hyperboles and 7 synecdoches. This study uses descriptive qualitative method, which has similirities with my thesis and it helps me how to analyse the data.
Nora (2009) in her thesis entitled hyperboles, and 1 synecdoche. This thesis also helps me to analyse the data in my study.
Lisbet Pakpahan (2005). An Analysis of Figurative Meaning in Scorpion’s Song Lyrics. In her thesis, she analyzed figurative meaning that exist in the lyrics of Scorpion’s songs. She concludes that there are 77 cases of figurative meaning found in 10 songs of Scorpion’s and the most dominant one is hyperbole with total case 26 cases and followed by 6 synecdoches, 17 metaphors, 3 similes, 3 euphemism, 2 metonymys.
Nurul (2008). The Analysis of Non-Literal meaning in Jascha Richter’s Lyrics in Michael Learns to Rock’s songs. In her thesis, she analyzed non literal meaning taht
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study
Language is important in life. Life would be nothing without language. As a social creature, it is essential for human to communicate with one another. Without language it seems very impossible to do activities not only for specific purposes like business, education, entertainment but also conversation in daily life. That is why language takes so many roles in our daily life. So we can say that language is the medium to convey our ideas, thoughts and also feeling. It is different how one person speaks with another.
In linguistics, the study that relates to meaning is called semantics. Semantics is one of linguistics branches, which studies about language meaning, or it can be said that meaning as the main study in semantics term. Saeed (1997:3) states, “Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language”. In other hand, Siregar (1992:2) says, “Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, or sentences in the language or semantics is the study of meaning in language, or simply, semantics is the study of linguistic meaning”
There are two kinds of meaning, they are literal and non- literal meaning. Literal meaning is when the speaker purely means what he speaks to the listener. But non-literal meaning is when the speaker has hidden meaning in his words. In this study, the writer will discuss about non- literal meaning that is figurative style.
of the figurative expressions are not found in dictionary just like the other vocabulary words that usually used in daily conversation. To know the meaning of figurative expressions, imagination is needed to imagine what the words are meant or what the words refer to. Writers of prose, novel and poetry like to use figurative language to picture the emotion in order to help readers form mental images and draw readers into the work.
There are four main reasons of using figurative language (Perrine, 1982: x). First, figurative expressions afford readers imaginative pleasure of literary works. Second, it is a way of bringing additional imagery into verse, making the abstract concrete, making literary works more sensuous. The third, figurative is a way of adding emotional intensity to otherwise merely informative statements and conveying attitudes along with information. And the last, it is a way of saying much in brief compass. In this study, the writer is interested in analyzing the figurative expressions that are found in novel The Pearl by John Steinbeck. As we always know that when we read a novel it is happen
most of time that figurative expressions are come up. Those figurative expressions are not used in daily conversation. It is really important to know the meaning of figurative expression found in the novel so the story can be imagined and the emotion of the story can be felt.
famous talented writer, John Steinbeck.
The Pearl was published in 1947. It is the story of a pearl diver, Kino, and
explores man's nature as well as greed and evil. In 1947, it was adapted into a film named La Perla. When Coyotito, a very young child, is stung by a scorpion, Kino, his father, must find a way to pay the town doctor to treat him. The doctor denies Kino out of racism, which enrages him. Shortly thereafter, Kino discovers an enormous, lucid pearl which he is ready to sell to pay the doctor. Everyone calls it "the Pearl of the World," and many people begin to covet it. That very night Kino is attacked in his own home. Determined to get rid of the pearl, the following morning he takes it to the pearl buyers auction in town; however, the auction is actually a corrupt sham and always has been. The buyers normally pretend to auction each pearl and pretend bid against each other, but in reality they are all paid a salary by a single man, they all turn the pearls over to him and he resells them outside the village, thus cheating the locals. The corrupt pearl buyers try to convince Kino that the pearl is the equivalent of ‘fool gold’ and they refuse to pay any more than incredibly low amounts of money. Kino decides to go over the mountains to the capital to find a better price. Juana, Kino's wife, sees that the pearl brings darkness and greed, and sneaks out of the house late at night to throw it back into the ocean. When Kino catches her, he furiously attacks her and leaves her on the beach.
gathering provisions for their trip to the capital city. Kino, Juana, and Coyotito leave in the dark of the night. After a brief rest on their journey in the morning, Kino spots trackers he believes are following them. Well aware they will be unable to hide from the trackers, they begin hiking into the mountains. They find a cave near a natural water hole where the exhausted family hides and waits for the trackers to catch up to them. Kino realizes they must get rid of the trackers if they are to survive the trip to the capital. As he prepares to attack, the men hear a cry like a baby's, though they decide it's more like a coyote with a litter. One of the men fires his rifle in the direction of the crying, where Juana and Coyotito lie. Kino kills all three of the trackers. Realizing that something is wrong, he climbs back up to the cave to discover that Coyotito has been shot in the head when the tracker fired. In the morning, Kino and Juana return to La Paz with Coyotito's dead body wrapped in a sling. No longer wanting the pearl, Kino throws the pearl back into the ocean.
1.2 Problems of the Study
In this study, the writer will discuss the problems of study based on John Steinbeck's novel, The Pearl. The problems formulated as follows:
1. What types of figurative expressions are used in John Steinbeck’s novel: The Pearl?
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are described below, they are:
1. To find out the types of figurative expressions used in John Steinbeck’s novel: The Pearl.
2. To find out the type of figurative expressions which dominantly appears in Steinbeck’s novel: The Pearl
1.4 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study must be limited in order not too wide that make it unmanageable. So, the study is used only five kinds of figurative expression: personification, simile, metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche that appear in John Steinbeck’s novel: The Pearl.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The theoretical significance of this study is to add the collection about figurative expressions. By reading this study, the readers especially the students in English Department of Cultural Studies can learn the type of figurative expressions in literary work.
ABSTRACT
The title of this thesis is “Figurative Expressions in John Steinbeck’s The Pearl” describes about the types of the figurative expressions and to identify it. The theory is transference meaning by Geoffrey Leech (1969:48) is used in this thesis. The method used in collecting the data related to the subject of this research is quantitative method. This thesis was conducted by collecting any relevant data and information about the topic or problem of the study from books and internet that are available for the analysis. The data collection used the following steps: reading the full novel, and then selecting the data that used the types of figurative language. While the steps to analyze the data are identifying the types of figurative language according to Leec
