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The role of technology has been significantly correlated to influence the human civilization, when it is developed to respond various challenges such as the population and economic pressures and demands for higher economic welfare and better standard of living. The role of technol- ogy has been long standing associated with the improve- ment of technical system and production process. Further- more, technology has become important factor that can enforce the creation of competitive condition for economic development. It is an accelerator of economic develop- ment through the enhancement of production capacity. At first, technology had been marginalized as one of fac- tors that contributed to accelerate the environmental depletion, when the technology influence to economic activities gave more efficient and faster process of produc- tion, resulted to the tendency of exploiting more the pro- duction input, such as natural resources. The increasing case of environmental deterioration, among others, had been viewed as the result of irresponsible manner to pur- sue the higher economic growth. The irresponsible action that lead to give burden on natural resources, accelerated the depletion, and the un-environmental friendly process of production tend to increase the negative side efect, such as waste production and pollution. The awareness is rising when the efect to environment getting higher and enormous as climate change
By the raising awareness about the importance to find solution regarding the increasing case of environmental depletion, the technology has been considered as one of attractive option that possible answer the environmental damage. Beyond from the technology role that was de- scribed by Simon (1973), where technology was deemed as human knowledge to remedy the environmental prob- lem produced by various human activities, the sustainable technology development gives bigger role of technology as important element to bring environmental advancement in more comprehensive way. The sustainable technology development extends the perspective of end of pipe tech- nologies, the technology plays role with regard to process towards sustainable development.
For example, in electricity sector, the biggest issue mostly related to how the technology could play role in shifting the system from the polluted fossil fuel based to a cleaner provision. The use of renewable resources in line with the development of renewable energy technologies (RETs) has been seen as one of alternative solutions. It ofers the envi- ronmental benefit such as reducing the emission of anthro- pogenic greenhouse gasses that induces climate change, and decreasing environmental burden due to exploitation of natural resources.
Various RETs has been developed, applied and operated at various scale in many countries. The supply of world elec- tricity currently is still generated mainly by fossil fuel, as in 2006, the IEA counted that there was supply of 18930 TWh world electricity, which about 41% was fueled by coal/ peat, 20.1% by gas, and 5.8% by oil (IEA 2008). However the current progress of renewable resource utilization shows optimism for it to be relied as the main future fuels. Renewable energy industries experienced the booming condition during 2008. The biggest proportion is held by wind power, with about 43% share from total renewable power installed capacity (excluding large hydropower), and followed by small hydropower with 30% share. Further- more the grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) is counted as the fastest growing power generation technology. In 2008, there was 70 percent increased capacity, or a six fold increase in global capacity since 2004, with Spain as the market leader, surpassed the former PV leader, Germany (REN21 2009).
Many RETs could be considered as new system that chal- lenges the existing regime that currently dominated by the polluted fossil fuel use. The transition of the system into cleaner provision is expected to bring the advancement throughout the system, as well as to broader level outside the technical aspects. The shift in the mode of provision into the cleaner provision for environmental innovation is involving all elements in the system. The interactions among elements furthermore, influence the process of change and continuity of a new system.