Lingkungan Pertanian Organik di Pulau
Jawa
Nama : Nur Rahmi Endah Utami
Unit Kerja : Direktorat Perlindungan Pangan Kementerian Pertanian
Diklat : Diklat Gelar 2015 Univ – Prodi : MAP - UGM-JEPANG
ABSTRACT
Sustainable development in agricultural sector in Indonesia has been being promoted for almost 28 years. Initially, it was triggered by the adverse effects of the green revolution policy that led to the food insecurity and economic instability. In order to address those challenges, in 2016, goverment stipulated a thousand organic villages policy. Despite being known as one of the rice production centers in Java Island and the pioneer of organic rice farming, many farmers in Yogyakarta Special Region are still reluctant to follow organic farming due to the less confidence of farmers in gaining its outcomes and the difficulty to sell their products. This research aims to describe the development of sustainable agriculture globally and particularly in Indonesia; to describe agricultural policies that have been promoted in Indonesia to actualize sustainable agriculture; to analyze the financial benefit of organic rice farming, and to analyze constraints in developing organic rice farming faced by farmers and environmental benefits gained from organic rice farming. This research uses purposive method for defining sample and revenue cost ratio analysis for assessing the feasibility of organic farming. Internationally, the concept of organic farming as a manifestation of the last movement of sustainable development in agricultural sector has been initiated for many years. Also, in Indonesia, the current direction of sustainable agricultural development leads to organic. Government together with researchers, NGOs, and other environmental communities have contributed to the improvement of sustainable agriculture policies. The result shows that the organic rice farming is profitable and feasible to be widely developed, mainly in other area in Yogyakarta Special Region. Indeed, the farmers are also enjoying the higher revenue due to the premium prices and higher productivity of their organic rice. While, as its enviromental impact, the farmers had experienced a significant production decreasing for 2 years during the process of soil fertility improvement. Besides, the study reveals another advantage of organic farming is strengthen social bond among farmers. In addition to all advantages gained by farmers, there are several problems arise, such as the high cost of organic certification, high domestic demand, limited amount of agricultural labors, the inability of farmers to produce their own organic fertilizer, and lacking marketing infrastructure for organic product. Hence, the greater attention from government to overcome all those problem is needed in order to promote the sustainability of organic farming.
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ABSTRAK
Pembangunan berkelanjutan di sektor pertanian di Indonesia telah dipromosikan selama hampir 28 tahun. Awalnya, hal itu dipicu oleh efek buruk dari kebijakan revolusi hijau yang menyebabkan kerawanan pangan dan ketidakstabilan ekonomi. Meski dikenal sebagai salah satu sentra produksi padi di Pulau Jawa dan pelopor pertanian padi organik, banyak petani di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta masih enggan mengikuti pertanian organik karena kurang percaya diri petani dalam mendapatkan hasilnya dan kesulitan untuk menjual produk mereka Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perkembangan pertanian berkelanjutan secara global dan khususnya di Indonesia; untuk menggambarkan kebijakan pertanian yang telah dipromosikan di Indonesia untuk mengaktualisasikan pertanian berkelanjutan; menganalisis manfaat finansial usaha tani padi organik, dan untuk menganalisis kendala dalam pengembangan usaha tani padi organik yang dihadapi petani dan manfaat lingkungan yang diperoleh dari usaha tani padi organik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive untuk menentukan analisis rasio pendapatan dan pendapatan untuk menilai kelayakan pertanian organik. Secara internasional, konsep pertanian organik sebagai wujud dari gerakan terakhir pembangunan berkelanjutan di sektor pertanian telah dimulai sejak bertahun-tahun. Juga, di Indonesia, arah pembangunan pertanian berkelanjutan saat ini mengarah pada organik. Pemerintah bersama dengan para periset, LSM, dan komunitas lingkungan lainnya telah berkontribusi terhadap perbaikan kebijakan pertanian berkelanjutan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa usaha tani padi organik menguntungkan dan layak untuk dikembangkan secara luas, terutama di daerah lain di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Memang, para petani juga menikmati pendapatan yang lebih tinggi karena harga premium dan produktivitas beras organik mereka lebih tinggi. Sementara, sebagai dampak lingkungannya, petani mengalami penurunan produksi yang signifikan selama 2 tahun selama proses perbaikan kesuburan tanah. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengungkapkan keuntungan lain dari pertanian organik adalah memperkuat ikatan sosial antar petani. Selain semua keuntungan yang diperoleh petani, ada beberapa masalah yang muncul, seperti tingginya biaya sertifikasi organik, permintaan domestik yang tinggi, jumlah pekerja pertanian yang terbatas, ketidakmampuan petani untuk memproduksi pupuk organik mereka sendiri, dan kurangnya infrastruktur pemasaran produk organik. Oleh karena itu, perhatian yang lebih besar dari pemerintah untuk mengatasi semua masalah tersebut sangat dibutuhkan untuk mempromosikan keberlanjutan pertanian organik. Kata kunci: pembangunan, berkelanjutan, pertanian, pertanian, organik
Since 1980’s, the government issued intensification policy or well known as a green revolution to boost rice productivity and Indonesia finally can reach rice self- sufficiency in 1984. Unfortunately, this achievement followed by negative impact to the environment which is degradation of soil fertility as an effect of the excessive application of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Recently, Indonesia faces other serious problems in agricultural sector such as sharply narrowing of agricultural lands, while demand for rice remains high, increasing global awareness including Indonesia people about healthy living. It encourages the Indonesian government to be more concern in producing sustainable agricultural products which are healthy to consume and have competitiveness to compete with other countries products. Sustainable agriculture is believed will be able to restore soil fertility thus its productivity will be sustainably increased.
President Joko Widodo answers these challenges by nine priorities for Indonesia (NAWACITA) policy that committed produce eco-friendly products that have competitiveness in the global market. It is aligned with one of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) goals in 2016-2030 which are erasing famine, ensuring foods security, improving nutrition, and encouraging sustainable agricultures. Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture breaks down this policy in its strategic planning program for 2015-2019 by establishing A Thousand Organic Villages which is in line with previous policy Go Organic 2010 that introduced in 2001. Thus, it will not only meet the demand of the people but also it can be competing in the global market and preserve the environment. Hence, it will enhance export of agricultural product, increase farmers’ welfare and boost Indonesia economic growth from the agricultural sector.
According to Cranfield, et al., (2010) through his study of organic farms in Canada and Chaves (2012) through his study in Mexico argued that organic technology reflects environmentally friendly technology since it could reduce the chemical exposure in the food product thus it enhances food’s quality. Moreover, human’s health and safety issues occupy the first place that encourages farmers to switch to their agriculture system from conventional to organic farms.
Except as the largest market in the world, US also become the largest exporters of organic foods. United State has an export agreement with some of the countries including Canada, Switzerland, Japan, and South Korea. While in Asia, the largest producers of organic foods are China, while other countries as well as Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea depend on organic imported product (IFOAM, 2016).
Nevertheless, up to now, organic farming is still less attractive to farmers in Indonesia especially in Yogyakarta Special Region, unless to support a government program. Lack of interest is partly due to the low confidence of farmers in obtaining its outcomes
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and the difficulty of selling their products. Whereas, since organic farming is not new in agricultural technology, therefore many researchs of this concern has been done and most argue that organic farming is more favorable as stated by some researchers that economically, organic farming is more profitable, due to better product quality and lesser production cost that can reimburse the lower yields in developed countries (Nemes, 2009) and even though the number of organic farms lesser than non-organic farms in England, however the mean sales value per ha of organic farm is higher than non-organic farms (Lobley, et al., 2005), and according to Mendoza (2002), since the production’s cost of organic farms in The Philippine is lower thus its net’s income per ha was slightly higher than conventional one. Other research which conducted in Laos found that farmers who plant organic rice under contract from the government could earn higher returns than non-organic under similar agroecosystem and socio-economic conditions (Setboonsarng, et al., 2008). Meanwhile in some region in Indonesia, like Sukabumi, Bandung, and Tasikmalaya, West Java and also DAS Ular-North Sumatera, organic farming shows good performance since their organic product prices are higher than non-organic that lead to the higher income earned by farmers (Lestari & Suryana (2013); Hidayat & Lesmana (2011); and Jahroh (2010).
Regarding all previous descriptions, this study will try to analyze descriptively the development of sustainable agriculture globally and particularly in Indonesia and also agricultural policies that have been promoted in Indonesia to support sustainable agriculture. While, it also analyzes the financial benefit of organic rice farming, constraints faced by organic rice farmers during this time, and also its environmental benefit after adopting the organic farming system. Thus, it could identify recommendations to re- attract the farmer’s interest in improving the further implementation of the organic farming system thus sustainable agriculture could be achieved. Sleman Regency which is located in Yogyakarta Special Region as one of the central areas of rice production in Indonesia has developed organic farming in several years and fit to be a research location.
In order to carry out the study, this research uses purposive method for defining sample as respondents. Research location is Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region. Respondents are organic rice farmers who plant organic rice actively and certified as organic rice farmers from “Persada” Organic Certification Bodies in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region. In this research, respondents are taken by purposive sampling (58 organic rice farmers) in Sleman Regency.