IoT technology and environment has made many things possible such as smart city services, smart and safer transport, automation of industries, context-aware lighting systems, etc. But smart city governance is not given due importance. Use of IoT to transform government’s relationship with citizens, businesses groups, NGOs, and other arms of government are the focus of data and citizen-centric smart city governance. Data and citizen-centric smart city governance is also expected to curtail corruption, provide transparency, deliver convenience to citizen welfare
activities, improve revenue, reduce cost, provide innovation, and provide sustain-able future. All of these are possible because of knowledge-based approach of smart city governance.
There are many IoT challenges to data and citizen-centric smart city governance.
These challenges are for our future research. Preconditions for smart city gover-nance are: (a) City government in good working order, (b) Functioning govergover-nance processes, (c) Availability of resources, (d) Consensus on drivers for digital gov-ernance and (e) Political support and leadership. Government stakeholders include citizens, businesses, government employees, government ministries, department and agencies, union leaders, community leaders, politicians, and foreign investors [22]. First, smart city governance services can be started with government departments and ministries, which are easily assessable. Next, launching of smart city governance projects involve detailed study of existing applications. This will encourage local and central governments to develop public domains linking existing databases.
Multilayer integration is important in smart city governance to maintain coherent data integration. Setting up Knowledge Centers(KCs) for various services of smart city governance will add value to service delivery. Launching computer literacy programs to the government personnel will assist seamless transfer of information between offices in both center and local government. The information flow can be made fast by setting up dedicated quality communication networks for the gov-ernment sector. To get more input for smart city governance services, establish links with worldwide institutions engaged in similar activities. Getting advice from the leading IT organizations will be helpful to formulate strategies. Developing One-Stop Shop (OSS) and giving One-Click link (OCL) will enable the citizen to avail the single window services in smart city governance. Involving citizens with computing skills will be an advantage to smart city governance projects [23].
Establishing information kiosks at public places such as shopping centers, post office, railway station, libraries, and selected STD/ISD booths will increase the IoT penetration rate. Social Media data also need to be integrated with data acquisition by sensors for smart city services like transport logistics [24]. IoT technology has much to offer for data and citizen-centric smart city governance.
References
1. Aggarwal CC, Ashish N, Sheth A (2013) Chapter 12. The internet of things : a survey from the data-centric. Manag Min Sens Data 383–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6309-2_12
2. Atzori L, Iera A, Morabito G (2010) The internet of things: a survey. Comput Netw 54(15):
2787–2805.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010
3. Al-Fuqaha A, Guizani M, Mohammadi M, Aledhari M, Ayyash M (2015) Internet of things: a survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 17(4):2347–2376.https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2015.2444095
4. Mahmood Z (ed) (2016) Connectivity frameworks for smart devices: the internet of things from a distributed computing perspective. In: Computer and communications and networks, Springer, pp 307–329.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33124-9
5. Piro G, Cianci I, Grieco LA, Boggia G, Camarda P (2014) Information centric services in Smart Cities. J Syst Softw 88(1):169–188.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.10.029 6. Albino V, Berardi U, Dangelico RM (2015) Smart cities: definitions, dimensions, performance,
and initiatives. J Urban Technol 22(1):3–21.https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092 7. Odat A, Khazaaleh M (2012) E-government challenges and opportunities: a case study of
Jordan. Int J Comput Sci Issues 9(5):361–367
8. Gupta V, Sharma A (2012) E-governance in India: problems, challenges and prospects. Res J Econ Bus Stud 1(9):50–54
9. Palanisamy R (2004) Issues and challenges in e-governance planning. Elect Gov: An Int J 1(3):253–272.https://doi.org/10.1504/EG.2004.005551
10. Gershenfeld N, Krikorian R, Cohen D (2004) The internet of things. Sci Am 291.https://doi.
org/10.1038/scientificamerican1004-76
11. McKinsey Global Institute (2013) Disruptive technologies: advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy, McKinsey Global Institute, May, 2013
12. Komninos N, Tsarchopoulos P, Kakderi C (2014) New services design for smart cities. In:
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM international workshop on wireless and mobile technologies for smart cities—WiMobCity’14, Feb 2016, pp 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/2633661.
2633664
13. Kolsaker A, Lee-Kelley L (2008) Citizens’ attitudes towards e-government and e-governance: a UK study. Int J Public Sect Manag 21(7):723–738.https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550810904532 14. Chin WS, Kim HS, Heo YJ, Jang JW (2015) A context-based future network infrastructure for IoT services. Procedia Comput Sci 56(1):266–270.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.
07.207
15. Sarrayrih MA, Sriram B (2015) Major challenges in developing a successful e-government: a review on the Sultanate of Oman. J King Saud Univ—Comput Inf Sci 27(2):230–235.https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2014.04.004
16. Evans D (2011) The internet of things—how the next evolution of the internet is changing everything. CISCO white paper, April, pp 1–11.https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2007.373646 17. Symantic (2013) Symantec internet security report 2013, pp 15 and 91.https://symnatec.com/
security-response/publications/trreatreport.jsp?inid=us_ghp_thumbnail_13tv_2013
18. Electronic Government: Design, Applications and Management by Ake Gronlund, Idea Group Publishing, 2002, ISBN 1-930708-19-X, pp 11–12
19. Hernandez-Ramos JL, Pawlowski MP, Jara AJ, Skarmeta AF, Ladid L (2015) Toward a lightweight authentication and authorization framework for smart objects. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 33(4):690–702.https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2015.2393436
20. Theodoridis E, Mylonas G, Chatzigiannakis I (2013) Developing an IoT smart city framework. In: IISA 2013—4th international conference on information, intelligence, systems and applications, pp 180–185.https://doi.org/10.1109/IISA.2013.6623710
21. Mittal P, Kaur A (2013) E-Governance—a challenge for India. Int J Adv Res Comput Eng Technol (IJARCET) 2(3):1196–1199
22. Nahrstedt K, Lopresti D, Zorn B, Drobnis AW, Mynatt B, Wright HV (2016) Smart communities internet of things. In: arXiv PreprintarXiv:1604.02028, pp 1–9
23. Accenture (2009) From e-Government to e-Governance. Inst Health Public Serv Value (2):98.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2007.00004.x
24. Djahel S, Doolan R (2015) A communications-oriented perspective on traffic management systems for smart cities: challenges and innovative approaches. Surv Tutor 17(1):125–151.
Retrieved fromhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6857980
Smart City Surveillance at the Network Edge in the Era of IoT: Opportunities and Challenges
Ning Chen and Yu Chen
Abstract Taking advantages of modern information and communication tech-nologies (ICTs), smart cities aim at providing their residents better services as well as monitoring unexpected changes of city activity patterns. The globally rapid urbanization is proposing various inevitable issues, one of which is smart and efficient surveillance in urban areas. With ubiquitously deployed smart sensors, city mobility can be recorded all the time resulting in tons of urban data in every second.
For smart city surveillance, identifying anomaly changes is always of high priority since changes in normal urban patterns may lead to remarkable events or even disasters. However, just like finding a needle in the sea, it is difficult for the surveillance operators to obtain meaningful information from the collected big urban data. Moreover, changes especially in emergent situations require quick decision-making with rather low latency tolerance to prevent a big loss. Therefore, all the issues are propelling researchers to seek new computing paradigms other than cloud computing which is powerful but suffers relatively high latency and bandwidth overconsumption. Connected environments like Internet of Things (IoTs) build a platform for connected smart devices to collaboratively share data and provide plentiful computing resources at the edge of network. Fog computing enables data processing and storage at the network edge which is promising to reduce the bandwidth consumption as well as making smart city surveillance more effective and efficient. This chapter provides a holistic vision about smart city surveillance and fog computing paradigm including the concepts, applications, challenges, and opportunities. A case study of urban traffic surveillance is presented to highlight the concepts through a real-world application example.
Keywords Smart city surveillance
Internet of things (IoTs) Fog computing Cloud computingEdge computing Urban surveillance Urbanization GovernanceN. Chen Y. Chen (&)
Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 Z. Mahmood (ed.), Smart Cities, Computer Communications and Networks, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76669-0_7
153