Interconnection encompasses the integration of data through an enterprise com-puting system and the communication of processed data to different city services.
Intelligence relates to ability to the take improved operational decisions by taking inputs from complex analytics, optimization, data modeling, and visualization in operational processes. The Natural Resources Defense Council [20] elucidates smarter in the urban context as more sustainable, efficient, and livable. Toppeta [3]
recommends the betterment in sustainability and livability. Washburn et al. [4]
envisage a smart city as an assemblage of smart computing technologies collabo-rated with components of infrastructure and services. Smart computing specifies a brand new progeny of integrated chips, hardware, and software network tech-nologies that hand carry IT systems and real-time applications with advanced analytics to enhance business processes [4].
After having an overall comprehensive look at the smart city concepts, it can be viewed as a huge organic system possessing properties of a system, working with many interdependent subsystems, i.e., all subsystems within a system strive to obtain a common objective. Dirks and Keeling [21] decipher smart city as the organic integration of systems. The interaction between a smart city’s core systems has taken into account to make the system of systems smarter. No system operates in isolation. In this sense, Kanter and Litow [22] consider a smarter city as an organic whole—a network and a linked system. While systems in industrial cities were mostly skeleton and skin, postindustrial smart cities are analogous to organ-isms that develop an artificial nervous system, which prepares them to behave in intelligent manner [23]. The novel intelligence of cities, therefore, is situated in the increased efficient digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the brains), sensors and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive competence).
gardens. Economic infrastructure denotes to developing sound infrastructure that provides new employment opportunities and entices capital investments. The growth of smart cities and uprising demand for data communications will lead to huge acquisition and analysis of data. This analysis then expedites intelligence and gives insight on how to deal critical situations. The analysis and knowledge inferences of big data will activate the call for information security at all phases.
2.3.1 Social
The residents of a smart city can also play a significant part in developing the design of the smart city as it has been considered that the concept of smart cities is purely founded on smart communities. The citizens can establish talks and exchange information and facts with one another in groups that is a clear mani-festation of the fact that smart cities are made on the grounds of smart communities.
In recent scenario, it has been observed that smart city residents have taken many initiatives by getting informed through the fast and easily accessible information through Internet and it helped them to address the problems and share the opinions and solutions with their community or in a larger platform, i.e., in a group of intellectuals striving to reach solution, both in face-to-face and remote situations using data, models, scenarios all made available by the contemporary ICT [24]. It has been found that present kinds of interactions are responding to novel ICT but still remain inactive and passive. Recent media and the web revolution are giving this type of participation a new edge and platform for increasing the liquidity of this interaction as both data and approaches to provide solution are being shared [25]. It is also important to consider the social condition of the citizen of a city if that city needs to be considered as smart city. If the city is smart only in economical perspective, then that city would not be considered as smart. The emphasis is also given on balancing the need of several resident communities. Projects of smart cities touch the different facets of its citizens and also have an impact on the quality of life of citizens and aim to foster more aware, educated, and informed citizens.
Also, the citizens of smart city can actively participate in the governance and management of the city. The citizen’s role is so imperative that they can influence the success or failure of the project. The engagement of all citizens is necessary. It is not about a group of people who are enthusiast. It touches all the daily chores and everyday life of all citizens. Social media also has its parts to play in smart city initiatives.
As the smart city is about rebuilding and enhancing facilities, communication is a critical factor in engaging people by showing them the enormous value of data.
The media now has become the game changer of the society as it becomes the prime supplier of information. It executes as the reservoir and significant broad-caster of information. It actually becomes the mirror of our society and influences the lives of all classes of people living in a society driven by information and technology. It also plays a role of a guardian in society to keep track of all the
activities of government or public or industry. Internet has made information readily available to all the classes of society, and now it is momentarily to reach out to latest updates.
2.3.2 Management
To manage a smart city, the governance has to be smart and it becomes one of the prime challenges for smart city management. Restricted transparency, fragmented accountability, unequal city division, and improper management of resources are some of the inseparable salient features of regular governance. A radical step has to be taken to switch from regular governance to e-governance which is very essential for the efficient management of the smart cities. Smart governance invites active political involvement, citizen services, and efficient utility of e-government. Authors in [26] have proposed some impactful elements and challenges for e-government initiatives which can be elongated to the smart city governance as most smart city startup moves get propulsion from governments and supplemented by the extensive use of technology to assist and render their services to citizens in better manner.
Being ICT as the pioneer of smart cities, e-governance is the force to accentuate the decision-making process, improve public policy-making, and enhance public gov-ernance. E-administration encourages people to include thoroughly in each of the aspects explained above. Internet and Web is the most generally utilized channel of correspondence individuals, and in this way smart city citizens can consolidate the requirements and wishes of the diverse target gatherings and address them in the best way. ICT can improve procedures in democracy and open doors for people and groups to connect with the government. Internet empowers noteworthy interest, as it weakens the limitations forced by topography, in capabilities or different compo-nents. It additionally empowers access to data by people and gatherings that had not been incorporated earlier. Smart administration is a vital norm for a smart city that is accomplished with and by good citizen participation adorned with private/public partnerships [27]. Smart governance can be achieved by smart and intelligent administration of infrastructure that promotes service integration and collaboration, communication, and information exchange [28].
2.3.3 Economy
One of the key factors in smart city initiative is economy. A significant pointer to predict growing smart city competition is the capability of the city as an economy-enhancing engine [27]. Operational aspect of a smart economy comprises factors from economic competitiveness as entrepreneurship, trends, innovation, manufacturing, productivity, and flexibility of the labor market and their
assimilation to national and global market. If a city is able to proliferate the capital economically with innovations going on, it can be called an intelligent city. The amount and graph of profit occurred mentions the economic growth of the city.
Smart cities encourage profit too though the economic growth of the smart city is presumed to be constant as of short lifespan of ICTs. Smart city projects supports business as economic enhancing platform and make way toflow capital. Economic income growth in smart city must be constant because of the short life cycle of ICTs. The criterion of government aids and invasion in smart city projects is vital to check the strength of corporate players. Business has been recognized as one of the prime systems of smart cities by [29], which encircle several systems as citizens system, business and transportation system, networking and communication sys-tem, and clean water management and energy system. The motives of smart city development are not only to alleviate the problem of rapid urbanization but to enhance and develop information technology initiative and lay down an idea to change by business development actions [30]. Preparing a platform for industrial and business development is mandatory for a smart city [31]. Smart city initiatives are going to provide a lot of business supporting activities which includes employment to many, business capitalflow, workforce improvement, and improved productivity.
2.3.4 Legal
Expansion of smart cities is not possible without any kind of legitimate and legal compliances. Governments and other political bodies affect the operation of smart city initiative a lot. Smart city development is highly influenced by political as well as legal bodies [32]. Governments and policy drafting entities should draft policies that patronize the development of smart cities [33]. The legislation and regulatory issues related to development part of smart city should be dealt with less troubled legal proceedings. Pro-active measures should be called out for implementation and management of smart city induced by enforcing laws and policies that help to support growth and development. Innovations in policy drafting are as important as the need for new innovations. Though there are no measures taken in policy drafting for managing innovations [34], policies being drafted must be in accor-dance with both technical and nontechnical necessities of urban development and growth [35,36].
Smart cities encounter a number of challenges in regard to legal complications, environment, and nature regulatory matters that master the policy prospects [26].
Rules and regulations shall be taken into account while opting for any kind of decision [37]. A good understanding of law and legislations is much needed to exercise the benefits of ICT in an appropriate way. Smart cities have to be super-vised with considerably drafted policies and guidelines. To simplify the coordi-nation and working between management, administration and local governing bodies’ proper principles and policies are very essential [16,38,39].