Anggriawan, R.2014. Analisis Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Pada Sektor Industri Manufaktur (Besar dan Sedang) di Provinsi Jawa Timur Tahun 2007-2011.
Jurnal Ilmiah.
Arifin. 2012. AnalisisSpasial Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Industri Manufaktur Besar dan Sedang di Pulau Jawa. Jurnal Humanity, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 31-46.
Azaini. 2014. Analisis Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Upah Minimum dan Investasi Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Kota Malang (Studi Kasus Pada Tahun 1998–2012). Jurnal Ilmiah.
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2017. Sumatera Utara Dalam Angka 2012-2016. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Medan.
Badan Pusat Statistik.2013.Direktori Industri Besar dan Sedang Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Medan.
Gujarati, D. 2003. Ekonometrika Dasar. Jakarta: Erlangga.
. 2012. Dasar–dasar Ekonometrika. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
Haryo, K. 2002. Stabilitas Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja. Jakarta: Media Ekonomi.
Hasibuan, Sayuti. 1996. Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia: Teori dan Kebijakan.
Jakarta: PT. Pustaka LP3S Indonesia.
Kaufman, Bruce. 2000. The Economics of Labor Markets, Fifth Editio. New York: The Dryden Press.
Islahulyaqin, Arfiana. 2010. Analisis Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja pada Industri Pengolahan Skala Besar dan Sedang di Jawa Tengah.Jurnal Ilmiah.
Jaunita, Tota. 2016. Analisis Data Panel Pengaruh Upah Minimum, Nilai Output, Unit Usaha dan Investasi terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja pada Industri Besar dan Sedang di Jawa Tengah tahun 2011-2013.Jurnal Ilmiah.
59
Karib, Abdul MS. 2012. “Analisis Pengaruh Produksi, Investasi Dan Unit Usaha Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Pada Sektor Industri Sumatera Barat”. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan.Vol.III, No.3.
Kuncoro, H. 2002. Upah Sistem Bagi Hasil dan Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja. Jurnal Ekonomi. Vol.VII, No.1, pp.45-46.
Kuncoro, Mudrajad. 2007. Metode Kuantitatif Teori Dan Aplikasi Untuk Bisnis dan Ekonomi.Yogyakarta: UPP STIM YKPN.
Mankiw, Gregory. 2006. Makro ekonomi. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Nachrowi, D. N. & H. Usman. 2006. Pendekatan Populer dan Praktis Ekonometrika untuk Analisis Ekonomi dan Keuangan. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit FE UI
Rachman, Hasanudin. 2005. Membangun Micro Banking. Jakarta: Pustaka Widyatama.
Siahaan, B. 1998. Indusrialisasi di Indonesia: Sejak Hutang Kehormatan Sampai Banting Stir. Pustaka Data.
Sugiyono. 2013. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sukirno, Sadono. 2008. Pengantar Teori Makro-ekonomi. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada.
Simanjuntak, Payaman J. 1998. Pengantar Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia.
Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi UI.
Sumarsono, Sonny. 2003. Ekonomi Manajemen dan Sumber Daya Manusia.
Jakarta: LDFE-UI.
. 2009. Teori dan Kebijakan Publik Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Todaro, Michael. 2011. Pembangunan Ekonomi di Dunia Ketiga. Jakarta:
Erlangga.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Bab 1 Pasal 1 Ayat 2 tentang Ketenagakerjaan.
Wicaksono, Rezal. 2010. Analisis Pengaruh PDB Sektor Industri, Upah Riil, Suku Bunga Riil, dan Jumlah Unit Usaha terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Pada Industri Pengolahan Sedang dan Besar di Indonesia Tahun 1990-2008.Skripsi. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.
Widarjono, A. 2007. Ekonometrika Pengantar dan Aplikasinya. Yogyakarta:
Ekonisia.
Lampiran 1
1,200,000 55,269,000,000,000 1
Mandailing Natal 2013 679
1,375,000 1,304,070,000,000 4 Mandailing Natal 2014 2,254
1,600,000 1,742,700,000,000 4 Mandailing Natal 2015 1,634
1,750,000 1,629,390,000,000 6 Mandailing Natal 2016 1,230
1,951,250 2,152,080,000,000 10
Tapanuli Selatan 2012 414
1,200,000 1,141,460,000,000 2
Tapanuli Selatan 2013 410
1,305,000 1,065,500,000,000 2
Tapanuli Selatan 2014 403
1,425,000 916,730,000,000 2
Tapanuli Selatan 2015 402
1,750,000 1,134,120,000,000 2
Tapanuli Selatan 2016 745
1,951,250 1,076,040,000,000 5 Tapanuli Tengah 2012 1,284
1,200,000 912,740,000,000 7 Tapanuli Tengah 2013 1,782
1,447,000 980,930,000,000 12 Tapanuli Tengah 2014 2,094
1,505,850 888,080,000,000 12 Tapanuli Tengah 2015 2,223
1,840,500 939,230,000,000 11 Tapanuli Tengah 2016 1,969
2,052,157 2,797,710,000,000 13
Tapanuli Utara 2012 135
Kabupaten/kota Tahun
1,200,000 763,650,000,000 11
Toba Samosir 2013 934
1,458,799 804,590,000,000 11
Toba Samosir 2014 1,162
1,505,850 1,352,880,000,000 11
Toba Samosir 2015 2,510
1,735,000 1,226,780,000,000 12
Toba Samosir 2016 2,663
1,934,525 2,797,710,000,000 13
Labuhanbatu 2012 3,924
1,200,000 7,561,000,000,000 20
Labuhanbatu 2013 3,661
1,445,000 4,583,010,000,000 20
Labuhanbatu 2014 3,523
1,728,000 5,191,180,000,000 20
Labuhanbatu 2015 3,598
1,870,000 4,196,100,000,000 20
Labuhanbatu 2016 3,594
2,085,050 5,595,420,000,000 26
Asahan 2012 8,172
1,200,000 6,817,430,000,000 102
Asahan 2013 6,963
1,415,000 7,057,510,000,000 89
Asahan 2014 7,481
1,712,000 9,343,390,000,000 89
Asahan 2015 7,344
1,830,000 7,483,840,000,000 94
Asahan 2016 9,014
2,040,450 29,913,950,000,000 139
Simalungun 2012 7,158
1,200,000 7,698,830,000,000 48
Simalungun 2013 8,266
1,375,000 7,142,760,000,000 48
Simalungun 2014 7,791
1,505,850 6,414,330,000,000 50
Simalungun 2015 7,997
1,695,000 6,038,570,000,000 45
Simalungun 2016 8,224
1,889,925 12,266,870,000,000 57
Kabupaten/kota Tahun
2,225,753 1,506,460,000,000 7
Deli Serdang 2012 49,715
1,290,000 18,852,180,000,000 359
Deli Serdang 2013 50,618
1,600,000 19,985,330,000,000 358
Deli Serdang 2014 46,492
1,800,000 38,894,800,000,000 362
Deli Serdang 2015 43,789
2,015,000 27,982,950,000,000 321
Deli Serdang 2016 79,818
2,246,725 120,301,430,000,000 559
Langkat 2012 6,043
1,250,000 4,618,710,000,000 60
Langkat 2013 6,303
1,380,000 4,837,630,000,000 59
Langkat 2014 6,745
1,575,000 49,533,000,000,000 60
Langkat 2015 5,567
1,762,500 5,041,990,000,000 54
Langkat 2016 6,306
1,965,200 20,444,790,000,000 95
Humbang Hasundutan 2012 217
1,200,000 3,467,620,000,000 55
Kabupaten/kota Tahun
1,400,000 5,998,800,000,000 54 Serdang Bedagai 2014 10,492
1,635,000 7,343,240,000,000 54
Serdang Bedagai 2015 9,364
1,865,000 4,622,350,000,000 47
Serdang Bedagai 2016 9,993
2,080,000 17,216,660,000,000 80
Batu Bara 2012 4,949
1,200,000 23,325,470,000,000 27
Batu Bara 2013 4,668
1,455,000 46,515,840,000,000 21
Batu Bara 2014 4,663
1,735,000 36,741,680,000,000 22
Batu Bara 2015 4,761
2,075,000 10,694,270,000,000 20
Batu Bara 2016 4,797
2,313,625 5,165,000,000,000 24 Padang Lawas Utara 2012 2,211
1,200,000 5,156,490,000,000 7 Padang Lawas Utara 2013 2,191
1,375,000 4,277,870,000,000 7 Padang Lawas Utara 2014 2,209
1,601,100 4,692,340,000,000 7 Padang Lawas Utara 2015 1,080
1,799,475 2,695,930,000,000 9 Padang Lawas Utara 2016 2,525
2,006,415 2,367,290,000,000 11
Padang Lawas 2012 1,101
1,200,000 2,566,440,000,000 5
Padang Lawas 2013 1,097
1,375,000 4,253,950,000,000 5
Padang Lawas 2014 1,204
1,605,000 5,776,050,000,000 6
Padang Lawas 2015 1,590
1,778,700 4,934,550,000,000 8
Padang Lawas 2016 1,273
1,983,250 1,936,870,000,000 9 Labuhanbatu Selatan 2012 2,965
1,200,000 8,994,230,000,000 19 Labuhanbatu Selatan 2013 3,584
1,457,000 7,741,650,000,000 23
Kabupaten/kota Tahun
1,732,000 8,412,750,000,000 23 Labuhanbatu Selatan 2015 4,068
1,870,000 10,475,680,000,000 20 Labuhanbatu Selatan 2016 4,976
2,085,050 5,380,210,000,000 25 Labuhanbatu Utara 2012 3,291
1,200,000 3,303,400,000,000 16 Labuhanbatu Utara 2013 3,475
1,446,000 3,476,360,000,000 18 Labuhanbatu Utara 2014 3,818
1,728,000 3,919,230,000,000 21 Labuhanbatu Utara 2015 4,239
1,865,000 4,555,390,000,000 25 Labuhanbatu Utara 2016 3,898
2,080,000 4,949,790,000,000 23
Tanjungbalai 2012 748
1,200,000 2,051,930,000,000 16
Tanjungbalai 2013 943
1,375,000 1,958,430,000,000 16
Tanjungbalai 2014 858
1,712,000 2,049,650,000,000 16
Tanjungbalai 2015 760
1,835,000 1,663,740,000,000 14
Tanjungbalai 2016 1,102
2,046,025 4,734,580,000,000 22
Pematangsiantar 2012 4,527
1,200,000 2,943,700,000,000 35
Pematangsiantar 2013 4,767
1,375,000 3,977,190,000,000 35
Pematangsiantar 2014 5,691
1,506,000 4,325,980,000,000 36
Pematangsiantar 2015 5,500
1,626,000 4,903,240,000,000 35
Pematangsiantar 2016 5,490
1,813,000 7,101,870,000,000 33
Tebing Tinggi 2012 1,437
1,205,000 2,309,570,000,000 14
Tebing Tinggi 2013 1,488
1,380,000 1,899,500,000,000 14
Tebing Tinggi 2014 1,590
1,540,000 1,437,070,000,000 14
Kabupaten/kota Tahun
1,650,000 815,220,000,000 13 Tebing Tinggi 2016 1,555
1,839,750 4,088,960,000,000 19
Medan 2012 41,354
1,200,000 51,461,890,000,000 182
Medan 2013 51,542
1,460,000 136,368,090,000,000 169
Medan 2014 39,073
1,851,500 74,190,610,000,000 176
Medan 2015 38,280
2,037,000 57,236,790,000,000 172
Medan 2016 46,163
2,271,255 70,588,320,000,000 328
Binjai 2012 1,015
1,200,000 98,100,000,000 18
Binjai 2013 956
1,379,000 102,170,000,000 17
Binjai 2014 1,004
1,560,000 111,770,000,000 16
Binjai 2015 917
1,700,000 110,090,000,000 14
Binjai 2016 1,063
1,895,500 4,734,580,000,000 22
Padangsidimpuan 2012 302
Kabupaten/kota Tahun
Tenaga
Kerja UMK Nilai Output Jumlah
Usaha
(Jiwa) (Rupiah) (Rupiah) (Unit)
Gunungsitoli 2016 90 1,887,138 1,291,250,000,000 6
Lampiran 2
Common Effect Model
Dependent Variable: LY Method: Panel Least Squares Date: 03/19/19 Time: 02:40 Sample: 2012 2016
Periods included: 5
Cross-sections included: 25
Total panel (balanced) observations: 125
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C -0.017563 0.005787 -3.035066 0.0029
LX1 -0.145460 0.052248 -2.784042 0.0062
LX2 0.275001 0.027989 9.825490 0.0000
LX3 0.758881 0.040629 18.67842 0.0000
R-squared 0.932974 Mean dependent var 7.561943
Adjusted R-squared 0.931312 S.D. dependent var 1.667527
S.E. of regression 0.437033 Akaike info criterion 1.213860
Sum squared resid 23.11073 Schwarz criterion 1.304366
Log likelihood -71.86626 Hannan-Quinn criter. 1.250628
Durbin-Watson stat 0.865272
Lampiran 3
Fixed Effect Model
Dependent Variable: LY Method: Panel Least Squares Date: 03/9/19 Time: 03:00 Sample: 2012 2016 Periods included: 5
Cross-sections included: 25
Total panel (balanced) observations: 125
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 4.289639 1.556728 2.755548 0.0070
LX1 -0.077818 0.110705 -0.702927 0.0838
LX2 0.027145 0.021750 1.248033 0.0150
LX3 0.513385 0.072731 7.058677 0.0000
Effects Specification
Cross-section fixed (dummy variables)
R-squared 0.988817 Mean dependent var 7.561943
Adjusted R-squared 0.985704 S.D. dependent var 1.667527
S.E. of regression 0.199380 Akaike info criterion -0.192815
Sum squared resid 3.855967 Schwarz criterion 0.440727
Log likelihood 40.05093 Hannan-Quinn criter. 0.064560
F-statistic 317.6565 Durbin-Watson stat 1.775795
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Lampiran 4
Random Effect Model
Dependent Variable: LY
Method: Panel EGLS (Cross-section random effects) Date: 03/18/19 Time: 19:22
Sample: 2012 2016 Periods included: 5
Cross-sections included: 25
Total panel (balanced) observations: 125
Swamy and Arora estimator of component variances
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 5.468108 1.487119 3.676980 0.0004
LX1 -0.198415 0.102286 -1.939808 0.0547
LX2 0.094823 0.019957 4.751385 0.0000
LX3 0.824005 0.042648 19.32104 0.0000
Effects Specification
S.D. Rho
Cross-section random 0.296130 0.6881
Idiosyncratic random 0.199380 0.3119
Weighted Statistics
R-squared 0.764265 Mean dependent var 2.180228
Adjusted R-squared 0.758421 S.D. dependent var 0.533741 S.E. of regression 0.262337 Sum squared resid 8.327335
F-statistic 130.7630 Durbin-Watson stat 1.192904
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Unweighted Statistics
R-squared 0.881209 Mean dependent var 7.561943
Sum squared resid 40.95926 Durbin-Watson stat 0.242527
Lampiran 5
Uji Chow (Chow Test)
Redundant Fixed Effects Tests Equation: Untitled
Test cross-section fixed effects
Effects Test Statistic d.f. Prob.
Cross-section F 21.997723 (24,97) 0.0000
Cross-section Chi-square 232.869154 24 0.0000
Cross-section fixed effects test equation:
Dependent Variable: LY Method: Panel Least Squares Date: 03/18/19 Time: 19:25 Sample: 2012 2016
Periods included: 5
Cross-sections included: 25
Total panel (balanced) observations: 125
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 1.153031 3.170734 0.363648 0.7168
LX1 -0.290780 0.222214 -1.308561 0.1932
LX2 0.302645 0.027528 10.99415 0.0000
LX3 0.724822 0.041395 17.51005 0.0000
R-squared 0.927950 Mean dependent var 7.561943
Adjusted R-squared 0.926163 S.D. dependent var 1.667527 S.E. of regression 0.453116 Akaike info criterion 1.286138 Sum squared resid 24.84297 Schwarz criterion 1.376644 Log likelihood -76.38364 Hannan-Quinn criter. 1.322906
F-statistic 519.4601 Durbin-Watson stat 0.879355
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Lampiran 6
Uji Hausman (Hausman Test)
Correlated Random Effects - Hausman Test Equation: Untitled
Test cross-section random effects
Test Summary Chi-Sq. Statistic Chi-Sq. d.f. Prob.
Cross-section random 91.480919 3 0.0000
Cross-section random effects test comparisons:
Variable Fixed Random Var(Diff.) Prob.
LX1 0.077818 -0.198415 0.001793 0.0000
LX2 0.027145 0.094823 0.000075 0.0000
LX3 0.513385 0.824005 0.003471 0.0000
Cross-section random effects test equation:
Dependent Variable: LY
Total panel (balanced) observations: 125
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 4.289639 1.556728 2.755548 0.0070
Adjusted R-squared 0.985704 S.D. dependent var 1.667527 S.E. of regression 0.199380 Akaike info criterion -0.192815
Sum squared resid 3.855967 Schwarz criterion 0.440727
Log likelihood 40.05093 Hannan-Quinn criter. 0.064560
F-statistic 317.6565 Durbin-Watson stat 1.775795
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000