Akiyama H, Tsuruta H. 2003. Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide fluxes from soils after manure and urea application. Environ Qual 32: 423-431.
Akiyama H, Yagi K, Yan X. 2005. Direct N2O emissions from rice paddy fields:
summary of available data. Global Biogeochem Cycles 19: 1-10.
American Public Health Association (APHA). 1975. Standard Methods for The Examination of Water and Wastewater. Ed ke-14. American Water Works Association. hlm: 434-437.
Baker SC et al. 1998. Molecular genetics of the genus Paracoccus: metabolically versatile bacteria with bioenergetic flexibility. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62:
1046-1078.
Barford CC, Montoya JP, Altabet MA, Mitchell R. 1999. Steady-state nitrogen isotope effects of N2 and N2O production in Paracoccus denitrificans.
Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 989-994.
Bateman EJ, Baggs EM. 2005. Contribution of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emission from soils at different water-filled pore space. Biol Fert Soils 41: 379-388.
Bazylinski DA, Soohoo CK, Hollocher TC. 1986. Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on nitrous oxide. Appl Environ Microbiol 51: 1239-1246.
Bedmar EJ, Robles EF, Delgado MJ. 2005. The complete denitrification pathway of the symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum.
Biochem Soc Trans 33:141-144.
Bell LC, Ferguson SJ. 1991. Nitric oxide reductases are active under aerobic conditions in cells of Thiosphaera pantotropha. Biochem J 273: 423-427.
Betlach MR, Tiedje JM. 1981. Kinetic explanation for accumulation of nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide during bacterial denitrification. Appl Environ Microbiol 42: 1074-1084.
Blackmer AM, Bremmer JM. 1978. Inhibitory effect of nitrate on reduction of N2O to N2 by soil microorganisms. Soil Biol Biochem 10: 187-191.
Boone DR, Castenholz RW. 2001. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (editor). Ed ke-2 Vol 1: The Archaea and The Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria. New York: Springer Verlag. hlm 157-159.
Buresh RJ, Samson MI, De Datta SK. 1993. Quantification of denitrification in flooded soils as affected by rice establishment method. Soil Biol Biochem 25: 843-848.
Burgin AJ, Hamilton SK. 2007. Have we overemphasized the role of denitrification in aquatic ecosystems? A review of nitrate removal pathway. Front Ecol Environ 5:89-96.
Byrnes BH, Holt LS, Austin ER. 1993. The emission of nitrous oxide upon wetting a rice soil following a dry season fallow. J Geophys Res 98:
22925-22929.
Carlson CA, Ingraham JL. 1983. Comparison of denitrification by Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Paracoccus denitrificans. Appl Environ Microbiol 45: 1247-1253.
Carter MR (editor). 1993. Soil Sampling Methods of Analysis. Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC Lewis Publisher. hlm: 354.
Castignetti D, Hollocher T. 1982. Nitrogen redox metabolism of heterotrophic, nitrifying-denitrifying Alcaligenes sp. from soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 44: 923-928.
Chen P, Gorelsky SI, Ghosh S, Solomon EI. 2004. N2O reduction by µ4 -sulfide-bridged tetranuclear Cuz cluster active site. Angew Chem Int Ed 43: 4132-4140.
Chèneby D, Hartmann A, Hénault C, Topp E, Germon C. 1998. Diversity of denitrifying microflora and ability to reduce N2O in two soils. Biol Fert Soils 28:19-26.
Childs CR, Rabalais NN, Turner RE, Proctor LM. 2002. Sediment denitrification in the gulf of Mexico zone of hypoxia. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 240: 285-290.
Cho CM, Burton DL, Chang C. 1997. Denitrification and fluxes of nitrogenous gases from soil under steady oxygen distribution. Can J Soil Sci 77:261-269.
Conrad F.1996. Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O and NO). Microbiol Rev 60: 609-640.
Davidson EA, Swank WT, Perry TO. 1986. Distingushing between nitrification and denitrification as source of gaseous nitrogen production in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 52: 1280-1286.
Davis JH, Griffith SM, Horwarth WR, Steiner JJ, Myrold DD. 2007.
Denitrification and nitrate consumption in herbaceous riparian area and perennial ryegrass seed cropping system. Soil Sci Soc Am J 72: 1299-1310.
Demaneche S et al. 2009. Characterization of denitrifying gene clusters of soil bacteria via metagenomic approach. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 534-537.
Dendooven L, Pemberton E, Anderson JM. 1996. Denitrification potential and reduction enzymes dynamics in a Norway spruce plantation. Soil Biol Biochem 28: 151-157.
Denman L, Brausser G. 2007. Couplings between change in the climate system and biogeochemistry. Di dalam: Solomon S et al., editor. Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to The Fourth Assesment Report of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm 544-546.
Dobbie KE, Smith KA. 2001. The effects of temperature, water-filled pore space and land use on N2O emissions an imperfectly drained gleysol. Eur Soil Sci 52: 667-673.
Doi, Y, Takaya N, Takizawa, N. 2009. Novel denitrifying bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi YD50.2 tolerates high levels of reactive nitrogen oxide. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 5186-5194.
Dong LF, Nedwell DB, Underwood GJC, Thornton DCO, Rusmana I. 2002.
Nitrous oxide formation in the Colne Estuary, England: the central role of nitrite. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 1240-1249.
Drury CF, McKenney DJ, Findlay, WI. 1992. Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide production from soil: water and oxygen effects. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 56:
766-770.
El Hassan GA, Zablotowicz RM, Focht DD. 1985. Kinetics of denitrifying growth by fast-growing cowpea Rhizobia. Appl Environ Microbiol 49: 517-521.
Enwall K, Philippot L, Hallin S. 2005. Activity and composition of the denitrifying bacterial community respond differently to long-term fertilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 8335-8343.
Estavillo et al. 2002. Short term effect of ploughing a permanent pasture on N2O production from nitrification and denitrification. Plant Soil 239: 253-265.
Forés E, Comin FA. 1992. Ricefields, a limnological perspective. Limnetica 10:
101-109.
Forster P, Ramaswamy V. 2007. Change in atmospheric constituents and radiative forcing. Di dalam: Solomon, S et al., editor. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to The Fourth Assesment Report of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm: 130-217.
Francis CA, Beman JM, Kuypers MMM. 2007. New process and players in the nitrogen cycle: the microbial ecology of anaerobic and archaeal ammonia oxidation. The ISME Journal 1:19-27.
Fraser P. 1997. Chemistry of stratospheric ozone and ozone depletion. Aust Met Mag 46:185-193.
Freney JR. 1997. Emission of nitrous oxide from soils used for agricultural. Nutri Cycl Agroecosyst 49: 1-6.
Frunzke K, Zumft WG. 1986. Inhibition of nitrous-oxide respiration by nitric oxide in the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas perfectomarina. Biochim Biophys Acta 852: 119-125.
Garcia JL, Tiedje JM. 1981. Denitrification in rice soils. Di dalam: Dommergues YR, Diem HG, editor. Microbiology of Tropical Soils and Plant Productivity. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers. hlm: 187-208.
Goldflam M, Rowe JJ. 1983. Evidence for gene sharing in the nitrate reduction systems of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 155: 1446-1449.
Goreau TJ et al. 1980. Production of NO2
and N2O by nitrifying bacteria at reduced concentration of oxygen. Appl Environ Microbiol 40: 526-532.
Greer LE, Robinson JA, Shelton DR. 1992. Kinetic comparison of seven strains of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-degrading bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 58: 1027-1030.
Hadioetomo RS. 1993. Mikrobiologi Dasar dalam Praktek: Teknis dan Prosedur Dasar Laboratorium. Jakarta : PT Gramedia. hlm: 162.
Hartig E, Schiek U, Vollack K, Zumft WG. 1999. Nitrate and nitrite control of respiratory nitrate reduction in denitrifying Pseudomonas stutzeri by a two-component regulatory system homologous to NarXL of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 181: 3658-3665.
Heincke M, Kaupenjohann M. 1999. Effect of solution on the dynamics of N2O emissions: a review. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 55: 133-157.
Holmes B, Popoff M, Kiredjian M, Kersters K. 1988. Ochrobactrum anthropi gen. nov. from human clinical specimen and previously known as group Vd. Int J Syst Bacteriol 38: 406-416.
Holtan-Hartwig L, Dörsch P, Bakken LR. 2000. Comparison of denitrifying communities in organic soils: kinetics of NO3
and N2O reduction. Soil Biol Biochem 32: 833-843.
Horn MA, Harold LD, Schramm A. 2006. Nitrous oxide reductase genes (nosZ) of denitrifying microbial population in soil and the earthworm gut are phylogenetically similar. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 1019-1026.
Hou AX, Chen GX, Wang, ZP, Van Clemput O, Patrick Jr WH. 2000. Methane and nitrous oxide emission from a rice field in relation to soil redox and microbiological process. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64: 2180-2186.
Huang S, Pant HK, Lu J. 2007. Effect of water regimes on nitrous oxide emission from soils. Ecol Eng 31: 9-15.
Hugh R, Leifson E. 1953. The taxonomic significance of fermentative versus oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates by various Gram negative bacteria.
J Bacteriol 66: 24-26.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Summary for Policymakers.
Di dalam: Solomon et al., editor. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to The Fourth Assessment
Report of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. hlm 2.
Ishii S et al. 2009. Microbial population responsive to denitrification-inducing conditions in rice paddy soil, as revealed by comparative 16S rRNA gene analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 7070-7078.
Itoh M, Matsuura K, Satoh T. 1989. Involvement of cytochrome bc1 complex in the electron transfer pathway for N2O reduction in photodenitrifier, Rhodobacter sphaeroides f.s. denitrificans. FEB 251: 104-108.
Jeter RM, Sias SR, Ingraham JL. 1984. Chromosomal location and function of genes affecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa nitrate assimilation. J Bacteriol 157: 673-677.
Kelso BHL, Smith RV, Lauhin RJ, Lennox, D. 1997. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction in anaerobic sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 46: 4679-4685.
Kirk GJD, Kronzucker HJ. 2005. The potential for nitrification and nitrate uptake in the rhizosphere of wetland plants: a modeling study. Annals Botany 96:
639-646.
Knowles R. 1982. Denitrification. Microbiol Rev 46: 43-70.
Korner H, Zumft W. 1989. Expression of denitrification enzymes in response to the dissolved oxygen level and respiratory substrate in continuous culture of Pseudomonas stutzeri. Appl Environ Microbiol 55: 1670-1676.
Kramer SB, Reganold JP, Glover JD, Bohannan BJM, Mooney HA. 2006.
Reduced nitrate leaching and enhanced denitrifier activity and efficiency in organically fertilized soils. PNAS 103: 4522-4527.
Kristjansson JK, Hollocher TC. 1980. First practical assay for soluble nitrous oxide reductase of denitrifying bacteria and partial kinetic characterization. J Biol Chem 255: 704-707.
Kundu BS, Dadarwal KR, Tauro P. 1987. Nitrification and simultaneous denitrification by Azospirillum brasilense 12S. J Biosci 12: 51-54.
Kyuma K. 2004. Paddy Soil Science. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press and Kyoto University Press.
Lalucat J, Bennasar A, Bosch R, García-Valdés E, Palleroni NJ. 2006. Biology of Pseudomonas stutzeri. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 70:510-547.
Lazo GR, Roffey R, Gabriel DW. 1987. Pathovar of Xanthomonas campestris are distinguishable by restriction fragment-length polymorphism. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37:214-221.
Lebuhn M et al. 2000. Taxonomic characterization of Ochrobactrum sp. isolates from soil samples and wheat roots, and description of Ochrobactrum tritici sp. nov and Ochrobactrum grigonense sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50: 2207-2223.
Lee WJ, Park DH. 2009. Electrochemical activation on nitrate reduction to nitrogen by Ochrobactrum sp. G3-1 using noncompartemented electrochemical bioreactor. J Microbiol Biotech: 836-844.
Le Treut H, Somerville R. 2007. Historical overview of climate change science.
Di dalam: Solomon, S et al., editor. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to The Fourth Assessment Report of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. hlm: 115.
Lim Y et al. 2005. Diversity of denitrifying bacteria isolated from Daejeon sewage treatment plant. J Microbiol 43: 383-390.
Liu X et al. 2003a. Molecular diversity of denitrifying genes in continental margin sediments within the oxygen-deficient zone of the Pacific Coast of Mexico. Appl Environ Microbiol 69: 3549-3560.
Liu Y, Lin Y, Yang S. 2003b. A thermodynamic interpretation of the Monod equation. Curr Microbiol 46: 233-234.
Madigan TM, Martinko JM, Dunlap PV, Clark DP. 2009. Biology of Microorganisms. Ed ke-12. San Fransisco: Pearson Benyamin Cummings.
hlm: 149, 390, 624.
Majumdar D. 2003. Methane and nitrous oxide emission from irrigated rice fields:
proposed mitigation strategies. Curr Sci 84:1317-1326.
Makogon YF. 1997. Hydrate of Hydrocarbons. Oklahoma: PennWell Publishing Company.
Manucharova NA, Dobrovol’skaya TG, Stepanov AL. 2000. Taxonomic composition of denitrifying bacteria in soddy podzolic soil. Microbiology 69: 234-237.
Marchesi JR et al. 1998. Design and evaluation of useful bacterium-specific PCR primer that amplify genes coding for bacterial 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 795-799.
Mareiekralova, Masschheleyn PH, Lindaw CW, Patrick Jr WH. 1992. Production of dinitrogen and nitrous oxide in soil suspensions as affected by redox potential. Water Air Soil Pollut 61: 37-45.
Martin K, Parsons LL, Murray RE, Smith MS. 1988. Dynamics of soil denitrifier populations: relationships between enzyme activity, most-probable-number counts and actual N gas loss. Appl Environ Microbiol 54: 2711-2716.
Mathieu O et al. 2006. Quantifying the contribution of nitrification and denitrification to the nitrous oxide flux using 15N tracers. Environ Pollut 144: 933-940.
McGrath VA, Overman SB, Overman TL. 1977. Media-dependent oxidase reaction in a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila. J Clin Microbiol 5: 112-113.
Megonigal JP, Hines ME, Visscher PT. 2004. Anaerobic metabolism: linkages to trace gases and aerobic processes. Di dalam: Schlesinger WH, editor.
Biochemistry. Oxford: Elsevier-Pergamon. hlm: 358.
Michalski WP, Nicholas DJD. 1984. The adaptation of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides f.sp. denitrificans for growth under denitrifying conditions. J Gen Microbiol 130: 155-165.
Miller LG, Oremland RS, Paulsen S. 1986. Measurement of nitrous oxide reductase activity in aquatic sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 51: 18.
Moore JW, Stanitski CL, Jurs PC. 2010. Principles of Chemistry The Molecular Science. Belmont: Cengage Learning.
Moreno-Vivian C, Cabello P, Martinez-Luque M, Blasco R, Castillo F. 1999.
Prokaryotic nitrate reduction: molecular properties and functional distinction among bacterial nitrate reductase. J Bacteriol 181: 6573-6584.
Morley N, Baggs EM, Dörsch P, Bakken L. 2008. Production of NO, N2O and N2
by extracted soil bacteria, regulation by NO2
and O2 concentrations.
FEMS Microbiol Ecol 65: 102-112.
Nogales B, Timmis K, Nedwell DB, Osborn AM. 2002. Detection and diversity of expressed denitrification genes in estuarine sediments after reverse transcription-PCR amplification from mRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:
5017-5025.
Okpokwasili GC, Nweke CO. 2005. Microbial growth and substrate utilization.
Afr J Biotechnol 5: 305-317.
Okureke GU. 1984. Prevalence of nitrous oxide reducing capacity in denitrifier from a variety of habitats. Plant Soil 81: 421-428.
Or D, Wraith JM. 2000. Soil water content and water potential relationship. Di dalam: Sumner ME (editor). Handbook of Soil Science. Boca Raton: CRC Press. hlm: A55.
Pathak H. 1999. Emissions of nitrous oxide from soil. Curr Sci 77: 359-369.
Paul EA, Clark FE. 1996. Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Ed ke-2. London:
Academic Press. hlm: 173-212.
Philippot L. 2005. Tracking nitrate reducers and denitrifiers in the environment.
Biochem Soc Trans 33:200-204.
Reche MHLR, Fiuza LM. 2005. Bacterial diversity in rice-field water in Rio Grande Do Sul. Braz J Microbiol 36: 253-257.
Reger, DL, Goode SR, Ball DW. 2009. Chemistry: Principles and Practice. Ed ke-3. Belmont: Cengage Learning Inc. hlm: 219-220.
Rich JJ, Heichen RS, Bootomley PJ, Cromack, Jr. K, Myrold, DD. 2003.
Community composition and functioning of denitrifying bacteria from adjacent meadow and forest soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:5974-5982.
Rösch C, Mergel A, Bothe H. 2002. Biodiversity of denitrifying and dinitrogen-fixing bacteria in an acid forest soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 3818-3829.
Roswall T. 1981. The Biogeochemical Nitrogen Cycle. Some Prospective of The Major Biogeochemical Cycle. Stockholm: SCOPE/UNEP International Nitrogen Unit, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. hlm: 25-49.
Saito T, Ishii S, Otsuka S, Nishiyama M, Senoo K. 2008. Identification of novel Betaproteobacteria in a succinate-assimilating population in denitrifying
rice paddy soil by using stable isotope probing. Microbes Environ 23: 192-200.
Saleh-Lakha S et al. 2009. Effect of pH and temperature on denitrification gene expression and activity in Pseudomonas mandelii. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 3903-3911.
Sameshima-Saito R et al. 2006. Symbiotic Bradyrhizobium japonicum reduces N2O surrounding the soybean root system via nitrous oxide reductase.
Appl Environ Microbiol 72; 2526-2532.
Scala DJ, Kerkhof LJ. 1998. Nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene-specific PCR primers for detection of denitrifier and three nosZ genes from marine sediments. FEMS Microbiol Lett 162:61-68.
Schlesinger WH. 2003. The carbon cycle: human perturbations and potential management options. Di dalam: Griffin JM, editor. Global Climate Change, The Science, Economics and Politics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
hlm: 25.
Scholten E. et al. 1999. Thauera mechernicensis sp nov an aerobic denitrifier from a leachate treatment plant. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49: 1045-1051.
Schreiber K et al. 2007. The anaerobic regulatory network required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa nitrate respiration. J Bacterial 189: 4310-4314.
Shilton CM, Brown GP, Benedict S, Shine R. 2008. Spinal arthropathy associated with Ochrobactrum anthropi in free-ranging cane troads (Chaunus [Bufo]
marinus) in Australia. Vet Pathol 45:85-94.
Silver WL, Herman DJ, Firestone MK. 2001. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in upland tropical forest soils. Ecology 82: 2410-2416.
Skiba U, Smith KA, Fowler D. 1993. Nitrification and denitrification as sources of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide in a sandy loam soil. Soil Biol Biochem 25: 1527-1536.
Smith MS, Parsons LL. 1985. Persistence of denitrifying enzyme activity in dried soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 49: 316-320.
Snyder SW, Bazylinski DA, Hollocher TC. 1987. Loss of N2O reductase activity as an explanation for poor growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on N2O.
Appl Environ Microbiol 53: 2045-2049.
Song SH, Yeom SH, Choi SS, Yoo YJ. 2002. Effect of aeration on denitrification by Ochrobactrum anthropi SY509. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 7:352-356.
Sorokin DY, Kuenen JG, Jetten MSM. 2001. Denitrification at extremely high pH values by alcaliphilic, obligately chemolithoautptrophic, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Thioalkalivibrio denitrificans strain ALJD. Arch Microbiol 175:
94-101.
Stackebrandt E, Goebel BM. 1994. Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44: 846-849.
Stainer RY, Adelberg EA, Ingraham JL. 1976. Microbial World. Ed ke-4. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. hlm 276.
Stark CH, Richards KG. 2008. The continuing challenge of agricultural nitrogen loss to environment in the context of global change and advancing research. Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant 2(1): 1-12.
Steven RJ, Laughlin RJ. 2002. Cattle slurry applied before fertilizer nitrate lowers nitrous oxide and dinitrogen emission. Soil Sci Am J 66: 647-652.
Stewart V. 2003. Nitrate and nitrite responsive sensor NarX and NarQ of Proteobacteria. Biochem SocTrans 1:1-10.
Stres B, Mahne I, Avguštin G, Tiedje JM. 2004. Nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) gene fragments differ between native and cultivated Michigan soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 301-309..
Su JJ, Liu BY, Liu CY. 2001. Comparison of aerobic denitrification under high oxygen atmosphere by Thiosphaera pantotropha ATCC 35512 and Pseudomonas stutzeri SU2 newly isolated from activated sludge of a piggery wastewater treatment system. J Appl Microbiol 90: 457-462.
Su JJ, Liu BY, Yang CP. 2001. Isolation of an aerobic denitrifying bacterial strain NS-2 from the activated sludge of piggery wastewater treatment systems in Taiwan possessing denitrification under 92% oxygen atmosphere. J Appl Microbiol 91: 853-860.
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S. 2007. MEGA 4: Molecular evolutionary genetic analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24:1596-99.
Thauer BK, Jungermann K, Decher K. 1977. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriol Rev 41: 100-180.
Tibelius KH, Knowles R. 1984. Uptake hydrogenase activity in denitrifying Azospirillum brasilense grown anaerobically with nitrous oxide or nitrate.
J Bacteriol 157:84-88.
Trujillo ME et al. 2005. Nodulation of Lupinus albus by strains of Ochrobactrum lupini sp. nov. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:1318-1327.
Van Niel EWJ, Robertson LA, Cox RP, Kuenen JG. 1992. Inhibition of denitrification and oxygen utilization by Thiosphaera pantotropha. J Gen Appl Microbial 38: 553-558.
Velasco J et al. 1998. Evaluation of the relatedness of Brucella spp. and Ochrobactrum anthropi and description of Ochrobactrum intermedium sp.
nov., a new species with a closer relationship to Brucella spp. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48: 759-768.
Vieten B. 2008. N2O Reduction in Soils. Inauguraldissertation. Basel: Institut of Environmental Geoscience University of Basel.
Watahiki M, Hata S, Aida T. 1983. N2O accumulation and inhibition of N2O reduction by denitrifying Pseudomonas sp. 220A in the presence of oxygen. Agric Biol Chem 47: 1991-1996.
Wilson K, Walker K. 2000. Practical Biochemistry. Ed ke-5. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. hlm: 360-365.
Włodarczyk T, Glinski J, Kotowska U. 2004. N2O Emission from mineral soils.
Res Agr Eng 50:117-22.
Włodarczyk T, Stêpniewski W, Brzeziňka M, Kotowska U. 2006. The preference for electron acceptors during nitrate reduction. 18th World Congress of Soil Science. Pennsylvania.
Zhao et al. 2009. Nitrogen fate and environmental consequence in paddy soil under rice wheat rotation in Taihu lake region, China. Plant Soil online. 21 Januari 2009.
Zumft WG. 1997. Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61: 533-616.
Zumft WG, Körner H. 2007. Nitrous oxide reductase. Di dalam: Bothe H, Ferguson SJ, Newton WE (editor). Biology of The Nitrogen Cycle.
Amsterdam: Elsevier. hlm: 67-81.
Zurdo-Piñero JL et al. 2007. Ochrobactrum cytisi sp. nov. isolated from nodules of Cytisus scoparius in Spain. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57: 784-788.
LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Sampel tanah, biakan pengkayaan, medium dan tabung untuk seleksi pertumbuhan dan kemampuan mereduksi N2O, dan uji emisi N2O menggunakan tanah sawah
a. Sampel tanah
b. Biakan pengkayaan
c. Medium dan tabung untuk seleksi pertumbuhan dan kemampuan mereduksi N2O
d. Uji emisi N2O menggunakan tanah sawah
Lampiran 2 Bahan kimia untuk analisis, bufer dan medium a. Brusin 0.5%
Larutan brusin 0.5 % dibuat dengan melarutkan brusin (C23H26N2O4) ke dalam asam asetat glasial (CH3COOH).
b. Sulfanilamida 1%
Sulfanilamida 1% dibuat dengan melarutkan 1 g sulfanilamida ke dalam 10 ml asam klorida (HCl) pekat dan ditambah akuades sampai volume 100 ml
c. Bufer STE (sodium-tris-EDTA) Komposisi:
0.1 M NaCl
10 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8.0) 1 mM EDTA
d. Bufer TAE (Tris-asetat-EDTA) Komposisi TAE 50x (per liter):
242 g tris base
57.1 ml asam asetat glasial 100 ml 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0)
e. Medium Luria Bertani Komposisi (per liter):
10 g tripton 5 g ekstrak yeast 10 g NaCl
f. Bufer transformasi Komposisi:
5 mM Tris-Cl (pH 7.0) 5 mM MgCl2
0.1 M CaCl2
g. X gal
100 mg X-Gal (5-bromo-4-kloro-3-indolil-β-galaktosidase) dilarutkan dalam 2 ml N,N’-dimetilformamida
Lampiran 3 Kurva standar a. Nitrat
y = 0.1093x + 0.0311 R2 = 0.9951
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
0 2 4 6 8 10
Konsentrasi nitrat (ppm) Absorbansi (λ420)
b. Nitrit
y = 0.6042x - 0.0039 R2 = 0.9998
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Konsentrasi nitrit (ppm)
Absorbansi
c. Bakteri
0 10000000 20000000 30000000 40000000 50000000 60000000 Jumlah sel per µl
0 10000000 20000000 30000000 40000000 50000000 60000000 70000000 80000000 90000000 Jumlah se l pe r µl
0 10000000 20000000 30000000 40000000 50000000 60000000 70000000 Jumlah sel per µl
Turbiditas
Lampiran 4 Jenis dan tekstur tanah sampel
1Peta Tanah Tinjau Kabupaten Bogor Skala 1:250.000. 1966. Lembaga Penelitian Tanah
2Peta Tanah Semi Detail Daerah Parung Depok Bogor Ciawi Skala 1:50.000.
1974.Lembaga Penelitian Tanah
3Peta Tanah Semi Detail Daerah Tangerang dan Sekitarnya Skala 1:50.000. 1980.
Lembaga Penelitian Tanah.
Lampiran 5 Uji API 20NE
Isolat Profil Takson % Indeks
Identitas tipikal
BL1 +--+++-++++-+++--++-+ Pseudomonas luteola BL2 +--+++--+---++---+--+ Ochrobactrum anthropi
BLN1 +--++---+++-++---++-+ Ochrobactrum anthropi 99.9 0.49
Keterangan:
+ : reaksi positif pada uji fisiologis - : reaksi negatif pada uji fisiologis
Lampiran 6 Hasil BLASTN sekuen 16S rRNA
BL1
> ref|NC_009668.1| Ochrobactrum anthropi ATCC 49188 chromosome 2, complete
> ref|NC_009668.1| Ochrobactrum anthropi ATCC 49188 chromosome 2, complete