Afif MT, Pratiwi IAP, 2015. Analisis Perbandingan Baterai Ion, Lithium-Polymer, Lead Acid dan Nikel-Metal Hydride pada Penggunaan Mobil Listrik- Review. Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, 2: 95-99
Amin MN, dan Dey PD, 2016. Electrochemical Analysis Of Fruit and Vegetable Freshness.Universitas Nasional. California
Arifin R, 2016. Bisnis Hidroponik Kebun Sayur. PT. Agromedia Pustaka. Jakarta Buchmann, Isidor. Baterai Statistik: Baterai University.
http://www.google.com.Tanggal akses 27 Maret 2019
Basua S, Bhattacharyya P, 2012. Recent depelopments on graphene and graphene oxide based solid state gas sensors, sensor and actuators B. Chemical, 173: 1-21
CRU. 2015. Technology Metals. Chancery House: United Kingdom-London (batterycouncil)
Chen, 2018. Long Term Electrical Conductivity Stability of Graphene Under Controled Ambident Conditions Carbon. Tsinghua University, Beijing.
China
Choi SM, Kim S, Kim WB, 2011. Shyntesis of Graphene and Their Applications to Methanol Electro Oxidation Carbon. 21: 213-215
Effendi, 2003. Telaah Kualitas Air Bagi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya dan Lingkungan Perairan. Konisius. Jakarta
Geim AK, dan Novoselov KS, 2007. The Rise of Graphen, Nano Materials, Nature Materials. Nature Publishing Group Science
Haryadi J, 2006. Pengaruh Aditif SiO2 dan Suhu Sintering terhadap Karakteristik dari Keramik Magnet BaO6Fe2O3S. Tesis. Sumatera Utara. Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kakaei, 2019. Graphene Based Metal Particles. Elsevier. Graphene Surface:
Particles and Catalysts
Kucinskis G, Bajars G, Kleperis J, 2013. Graphene in Lithium Ion Battery Cathode Materials. University of Lavia. Riga
Maroni F, Nobili F, 2011. Synthetis and Characterization of Advanced Materials for Li-Ion Batteries: 1. Si/RGO Nanocomposite Anodes. 2. V2O5 Gel Cathodes.
Thesis. Universitas di Camerin, 5: 34
Martinez M, 2010. Sebuah Pemahaman Dasar Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Mikroskop Elektron (SEM) dan Energy Dispersive X-Ray Detection (EDX), (http://Karya_Ilmiah.um.ac.id). Diakses tanggal 24 Maret 2019 Meyer J C, Geim A K, Katsnelson M I, Novoselov K S, Booth T J, dan Roth S, 2010.
The Structure of Suspended Graphene Sheets. Nature Publishing Group.
University of Manchester
Melki C B, 2018. Kinerja Grafit/Grafena, Mg/Grafit dan Mg/Grafena Sebagai Elektroda Pada Katoda Baterai Primer. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara
Nelson S, 2000. Terapi Sari Air Laut. Niaga Swadaya. Jakarta
Nigar, 2019. Adsorption Mechanism of Ferrocene Molecule on Pristine and Functions Alized Graphe. Aplied Surface Science, Shanghai Umiversity.
China. www.Elsevier.Com/icoate/apsusc
Nurdiansyah H, Susanti D, 2014. Pengaruh Temperatur Hidrotermal dan Waktu Ultrasonikasi Terhadap Nilai Kapasitansi Elektroda Elektric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) dan Material Grafena. Surabaya: Tesis ITS
Purba H B, 2018. Kinerja Grafit/Grafena, Mg/Grafit, dan Mg/Grafena sebagai Elektroda pada Anoda Baterai Primer. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara
Rahmawati F, 2013. Elektrokimia Transformasi Energi Kimia-Listrik. Graha Ilmu.
Surakarta
Ray S C, 2005. Application of Graphene and Graphene-Oxide Based Nanomaterials.
Elsevier Inc
Rahmandari A, 2010. Pengolahan Grafit Tahap Pemanggangan. STTN-BATAN Program Teknologi Nuklir. Yogyakarta
Ratih D, 2018. Kinerja Grafit/N-Grafena, dan Grafena/N-grafena sebagai Katoda Sel Baterai Primer. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sholihah FR, Zainuri M, 2012. Pengaruh Holding Time Kalsinasi Terhadap Sifat Kemagnetan Barium Heksaferrite dengan Ion Doping Zn, Jurnal Sains.
Surabaya: ITS Vol. 1, ISSN: 2301-928X
Setiyo M, 2017. Listrik dan Elektronika Dasar Otomotif (Basic Automotive Electricity and Electronics). UNIMMA PRESS. Magelang
Singh K R, Kumar R, Singh P D, 2016. Graphene Oxide: Strategies for Synthesis Reduction and Frontier Application. The Royal Society Chemistry
Simbolon A H, 2018. Kinerja Grafit/Grafena, Mn/Grafit, dan Mn/Grafena sebagai Elektroda pada Anoda Baterai Primer. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara
Smallman R dan Bishop R, 2000. Modern Physics Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. Oxford
Sugianto, 2009. Penurunan Kadar Nox Dan Sox Pada Motor Diesel Berbahan Bakar MDO dengan Metode Elektrolisa Air Laut. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November. Surabaya
Sunarya Y, 2007. Mengenal Logam Dengan Mudah. PT. Media Pustaka. Jakarta Stepanus KL, 2015. Kinerja Grafit/Oksida Grafit, Grafit/Grafena, Mangan/Grafit, dan
Mangan/Grafena Sebagai Bahan Sel Baterai Primer. Skripsi. Kupang:
Universitas Nusa Cendana
Tribowo J, 2011. Rekayasa Bahan LixTiMnyFez(PO4)3 Sebagai Katoda Solid Polymer Battery (SPB) Lithium [Tesis]. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia, Program Magister Ilmu Bahan Bertaraf Internasional
Teng Z, Qingzhong X, 2012. Theoretical Approaches to Graphene and Graphene-Based
Materials. Nano Today, 7: 180-200
Wang Y, Gan Y, Whiting R. 2009. Synthesis of Sulfated Titania Supported on Mesoporous Silica Using Direct Impregnation and its Application in Esterification of Acetic Acid and N-Butanol. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 182(9): 2530-2534
Widiatmoko, 2015. Graphene, Sifat, Farikasi, dan Aplikasinya. Jurusan Fisika, Institut
Teknologi Bandung. Bandung
Waskito P, 2013. Elektrokimia Baterai [Paper]. Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta Wang D, Yan W, Vijapur S H, Botte G G, 2013. Electrochemically Reduced
Graphene Oxide-Nickel Nanocomposite for Urea Electrolysis, Electrochim.
Acta: p. 89
Yulianti D, 2016. Analis Kelistrikan Sel Volta Memanfaatkan Logam Bekas.
Universitas Lampung
Zhu J, 2014. The Application of Graphene in Lithium ion Battery Electrode Materials. Sringer Plus a springer Open Journal
LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Foto Kerja
Grafit Pengadukan Grafit + H2SO4
+ NaNO3 + KMnO4
Pencucian dengan Larutan Piranha Proses Sentrifugasi
Hasil Sentrifugasi + Larutan Piranha Pencucian dengan Aquadest
Suasana pH Asam Proses Ultrasonikasi
Larutan Standar Magnesium Pengadukan Mg + GBN
Penyaringan Mg + GBN Serbuk Mg + GBN
Serbuk Mg/GBN + Skring Kaca Pengukuran Arus dengan
Multimeter
Lampiran 2. Perhitungan Konversi ppm ke Persen Berat (%g/g)
2) Mg 1 ppm/GBN
Mg yang terdeposit di dalam GBN (x) Berat Mg 1 ppm/GBN = 3,5386 gram Mg = (Mg + GBN) – GBN
= 3,5386 gram – 3 gram = 0,5386 gram
Mg
Mg + GBN = x Mr MgCl2.6H2O Ar Mg
0,5386 = x (Mg + GBN) 203,30 24,3050 x = 1,81%
2) Mg 2 ppm/GBN
Mg yang terdeposit di dalam GBN (x) Berat Mg 2 ppm/GBN = 3,5386 gram Mg = (Mg + GBN) – GBN
= 3,5386 gram – 3 gram = 0,5386 gram
Mg
Mg + GBN = x Mr MgCl2.6H2O Ar Mg
0,5386 = x (Mg + GBN) 203,30 24,3050 x = 1,82%
3) Mg 3 ppm/GBN
Mg yang terdeposit di dalam GBN (x) Berat Mg 3 ppm/GBN = 3, 5496 gram Mg = (Mg + GBN) – GBN = 3,5496 gram – 3 gram = 0,5496 gram
Mg
Mg + GBN = x Mr MgCl2.6H2O Ar Mg
0,0,5496= x (Mg + GBN) 203,30 24,3050 x = 1,85%
4) Mg 4 ppm/GBN
Mg yang terdeposit di dalam GBN (x) Berat Mg 4 ppm/GBN = 3, 5706 gram Mg = (Mg + GBN) – GBN
= 3,5706 gram – 3 gram
= 0,5706 gram Mg
Mg + GBN = x Mr MgCl2.6H2O Ar Mg
0,5706 = x (Mg + GBN) 203,30 24,3050 x = 1,91%
5) Mg 5 ppm/GBN
Mg yang terdeposit di dalam GBN (x) Berat Mg 5 ppm/GBN = 3, 6126 gram Mg = (Mg + GBN) – GBN
= 3,6126 gram – 3 gram = 0,6126 gram
Mg
Mg + GBN = x Mr MgCl2.6H2O Ar Mg
0,6126 = x (Mg + GBN) 203,30 24,3050 x = 2,02%
6) Mg 10 ppm/GBN
Mg yang terdeposit di dalam GBN (x) Berat Mg 10 ppm/GBN = 3,7616 gram
Mg = (Mg + GBN) – GBN
= 3,7616 gram – 3 gram
= 0,7616 gram Mg
Mg + GBN = x Mr MgCl2.6H2O Ar Mg
0,7616 = x (Mg + GBN) 203,30 24,3050 x = 2,42%
Lampiran 3. Difraksi Sinar- X Grafena
*** Basic Data Process ***
Group : Standard Data : Gusminar
# Strongest 3 peaks
no. peak 2Theta d I/I1 FWHM Intensity Integrated
no (deg) (λ) (deg) (Counts) (Counts)
1 21 26.5289 3.35722 100 0.45790 324 14817
2 20 25.4600 3.49569 56 0.00000 182 0
3 18 23.9600 3.71103 56 0.00000 180 0
Lampiran 4. Difraksi Sinar- X Grafit
*** Basic Data Process ***
Group : Standard Data : Gusminar
# Strongest 3 Peaks
no. peak 2Theta d I/I1 FWHM Intensity Integrated
no. (deg) (λ) (deg) (Counts) (Counts)
1 5 26.3496 3.37966 100 0.48180 4223 100714
2 8 54.3960 1.68531 4 0.67200 165 8285
3 7 42.3840 2.13088 4 0.53200 155 8752