A Technical and Economical Studies of The Wood Loading Equipment
C. Dampak Pemanenan
155/5, 2009
Kerusakan Tegakan Sisa Akibat Eksploitasi Hutan dengan Sistem Traktor dan Highlead =
. Oleh/ Jurnalis Thaib. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 2 (4) 1985: 14-18. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Residual Stand Damages Due to Tractor and
Highlead Logging System By:
Tractor and highlead yarding systems are the most common logging systems in the Indonesian Selective Cutting (TPI) of its tropical rain forest exploitations. The study of the logging system performances were conducted to evaluate the extend of residual stand damages. Studies in 22 forestry concessions revealead that the TPI concept have not been adopted satisfactorily. The study also confirmed that the average number of trees having 35 cm minimum diameter are 11.6-70.8 trees per ha of commercial species and 18.7-79.4 trees per ha for all species. With regard to the TPI, there were only 52.6 percent of the forest concessions conformed with the specified conditions where at least 25 potential trees per ha sould remained in the residual stands.
Comparative study with highlead yarding system indicated that average number of potential trees in the residual stands were 5.1-16.6 trees per ha of commercial species and only 6.3-21.7 trees per ha for all species. None of the concessions with highlead logging systems have met the TPI requirements.
The residual stand damage when using highlead yarding are significantly higher (P < 0.05) in comparison with that of the tractors. The residual stand damages were 68.7 to 71.7 percent for highlead system while only 3.9-52.2 percent for the tractor. The study concluded that with respect to damages, tractor yarding is preferable over highlead.
156/5, 2009
Pengaruh Intensitas Penebangan dan Lereng terhadap Keterbukaan
Tanah = .
Oleh/ Jurnalis Thaib. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 2 (4) 1985: 28-32. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
157/5, 2009
Tingkat Kerusakan Tegakan Hutan Akibat Operasi Penebangan pada dua Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Barat =
. Oleh/ Jurnalis Thaib. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 6 (2)1989: 137-141. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
The Effect Of Felling Intensity and Slope on Ground Exposure By:
Timber Stand Damage Levels Coursed by Felling Operations at Two Forest
Consession in West Kalimantan By:
Ground exposure is one of the stand damages caused by logging. Logging which generally do not comply with the stipulation of the Indonesian Selective Cutting (TPI) system, have caused varying degrees of ground exposure as follows:
On slopes of 0-25% where the number of trees felled per hectare are 0-4, 5-9 and 10 or up, ground exposure varied between 5.4-13.8%, 13.4-22.5%, and 20.9-26.6% respectively.
On slopes of 26% and up, where the number of trees felled per hectare are 0-4, 5-9 and 10 or up, ground exposure varied between 7.6 13.8%, 11.9 19.7% and 17.1 24.6% respectively.
Dominant factors in the process of ground exposure are management, particularly with regard to the organization of skidding and hauling activities, and the number of trees felled per unit area. Unproductive tractor movements e.g. in location logs, increases ground exposures and total cost per unit logs produced, and should therefore be avided.
Minimum level of stand damages is one of the obyektives of the tropical rain forest harvesting practices in which the Indonesian selective cutting
system is applied. In order to meet that obyective, various manual should be prepared based on sound quantitative data.
Observation on stand damages due to felling operations has been carried out in Sukajaya Makmur Enterprise (SJM) and Kawedar Mukti Timber Enterprise (KMT), both located in west kalimantan. The stand damages caused by felling one tree vary from 3 to 8 trees with an average of 6 trees in SJM, and from 2 to 7 trees with an average of 4 trees in KMT. The relationships between stand damage (Y) and stand density (X) are : Y = -4.69 + 0.08 X for SJM and Y = - 6.83 + 0.08 X for KMT. The results of the study showed that the major causes of the variation of stand damages are improper direction of tree felling, and less control from supervisors/ managers.
Reduced impact logging is one of the main issue in the coming era of ecolabelling and free trade. The study was carried out at a forest company in East Kalimantan in 1997. The goal of the study is to minimize residual stand damage as an effort in ensuring sustainabilitynof forest utilization.
Data collected were: (1) Felled trees, trees with the diameter 20 cm and up, damaged trees; (2) the number and condition of poles; (3) the number and condition of sapling and (4) the number and condition of seedling.
The result of the study show; the average of residual stand damages for trees poles, sapling and seedling and seedling are: 11.2%; 4.9%; and 5.7% respectively for controlled and 13.1%; 11.97%; 12.9%;14.42% respectively,for conventional logging. The decrease of residual tand damages for poles, sapling and seedling are 7.07%; 8.4% and 8.72% respectively (highly significant).
158/5, 2009
Pembalakan Ramah Lingkungan untuk Minimasi Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal : Kasus di Satu Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Timur =
. Oleh Maman Mansyur Idris & Sona Suhartana. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 15 (3) 1996: 212-222. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Reduced Impact Logging to Minimize Residual Stand Damages a Case Study in a Forest Company in East Kalimantan
Base on the result, it is recommended that controlled logging should be practiced because it can minimize residual stand damages.
Keywords: Reduced impact logging, minimize impact,residual stand damage.
The study was carried out at a timber estate company in South Sumatera in 1999. The aim of the study is to know the effect of sellective thinning to residual stand damage and work productivity.
Data collected were: thinned and damaged trees; residual stand; thinning time; diameter and length of thinned trees. The data was analized by tabulation.
The results of the study showed that the average of residual stand damaged and the average of work productivity in selective thinning were respectively 6.22% and 56.167 m /hour.
Keywords: Selective thinning, residual stand, damage, work productivity.
159/5, 2009
Kerusakan Tegakkan Tinggal dan Produktivitas Kerja pada Tebang Penjarangan Secara Selektif : Kasus di Satu Perusahaan HTI di Sumatra Selatan =
. Oleh Sona Suhartana & Dulsalam Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 19 (1) 2001: 9-17 Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
160/5, 2009
Dampak Pembalakkan Berwawasan Lingkungan (PBL) terhadap Kerusakan Tegakan dan Biaya Penyaradan di Hutan Produksi Alam =
. Oleh Sona
Suhartana. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 20 (4) 2002: 285-301. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Residual Stand Damage and Work Productivity Thinning: A Case Study at a Timber Estate Company in South
Sumatera /By:
The Effect of Reduced Impact Logging and Stand Damage and
Skidding Cost in Natural Production Forest /By:
This paper deals with the result of study on implementing Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) as well as Conventional Logging (CL), which was carried out in natural production forest under the concession operation of a forest company in Riau in 2001. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of reduced impact logging on possible improvement or securing the stand damage, level of ground exposure, top soil displacement, and cost related skidding productivity.
The data collected in this regard were the number of felled trees (stands), number of trees with the diameter of 20 cm or greater, number of damaged trees and poles, ground exposure, top soil displacement, skidding cost, and skidding productivity. The data as such consisted of to main catagories, i. e. the one and the other one that resulted consecutively from the implementation of RIL and CL systems. The two-category data were analyzed with respect to their possible differences using a t-test.
Result of study revealed that the implementation of RIL system brought out more convenient impacts in comparison to the CL, as follows: (1) Level of tree (stand) damage would decrease by about 5.4% (highly significant); (2) Ground exposure decreased by around 9 percent (significant); (3) the decrease in top soil displacement by about 2.4 mm (highly significant); (4) skidding cost decreased by some Rp. 398.98 per m . With respect to skidding productivity using RIL (compared to CL), there was apparently an increase by about 2.6 m per hour. However, such an increase was not significantly different.
Based on environmental, technical and economical considerations, the RIL system for future logging operation can be recommended in preference to the CL.
Keywords: Reduced impact logging, conventional skidding, forest-stand damages, skidding cost, natural forest.
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161/5, 2009
Pengaruh Penyaradan terhadap Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal pada Berbagai Tingkat Kelerengan =
. Oleh/ : Dulsalam & Sukanda. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5 (5) 1988 : 307-310. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
The Effect of Skidding to Residual
Stand Damage on Several Slope Degrees By
An investigation on the effect of skidding to residual stand damage on several slope degrees has been done at PT Sumpol Timber in South Kalimantan in 1987. The purpose of this investigation is to seek in three differnet slope degrees : i.e : 0 20%, 20 40, and > 40%. Sample plots were selected with completely randomized design.
Results of this investigation are concluded as follows : 1. Skidding has caused part of the risidual stand to damage.
2. The residual stand damage caused by skidding renges from 10 Tress/ha to 70 tress/ha (from 6% to 29%) with an average okf 30 trees/ha (15%) with standard error of 3.60 trees/ha.
3. The residual stand damage caused by skidding on:
a. 0-20% slope ranges from 10 trees/ha to 50 trees/ha (6-18%) with an average of 23,3 trees/ha (11%)
b. 20-40% slope ranges from 10 tress/ha to 70 trees/ha with an average of 30 trees/ha (15%).
c. Greater than 40% slope ranges from 20 trees/ha to 70 trees/ha (from 10% to 29%) with an average of 38% trees/ha (19%).
4. The result of Least Significant Difference (LSD) test on the data revealed that the residual stand damage between 0-20% and > 40% slope differs significantly at 95% level. The higher the slope degree the greater the residual stand damage took place.
5. It is therefore sugested that skidding on 40% slope degree or more be done with great care in order to decrease the residual stand damage.
162/5, 2009
Pengaruh Penyaradan Kayu dengan Traktor Rantai Kelabang terhadap Penggeseran dan Pemadatan Tanah Hutan =
. Oleh/ Maman Mansyur Idris, Yahya Fakuara, Gunarwan Suratmo & Rahardjo S. Suparto. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5 (7) 1988: 394-399. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
163/5, 2009
Pengaruh Penyaradan Kayu dengan Traktor Rantai Kelabang terhadap Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal =
Oleh/ Maman Mansyur Idris, Yahya Fakuara, Gunarwan Suratmo & Rahardjo S. Suparto. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 5 (7) 1988: 404-409. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
The Effect of Dolok Skidding by Crawler Tractors on Forest Soil Displacement and
Compaction By:
The Effect of Log Skidding Operations by Crawler Tractor on The Damage of Residual Stand.
By:
The study of the effect of log skidding by crawler tractors on forest soil displacement and compaction was carried out in one logging company in West Kalimantan in 1986.
The results of the study are as the following:
1. The average volume of soil displacement was 0.06 cu.m/m of skid road, it is equal to 0.061 ton/sq.m. This level of soil displacement is higher than the soil loss tolerance of 0.0002 ton/sq.m.
2. Soil compaction, as indicated by the average soil bulk density is 0.16 g/cu.cm. At this level of compaction, the porosity is 56% (far higher than 10% minimum porosity), which means that the growth of vegetation will be still favourable.
3. The role of soil water content an slope on forest soil displacement was positively significant. The role of skidding intensity on forest soil compaction was posotively significant and the role of soil water content and slope on forest soil compaction was negatively significant.
The study of the effect of log skidding on the damage of residual stand was carried out in one logging company in West Kalimantan in 1986. The meaning of residual stand in the study are trees with diameter 20 cm and up. The result of the study shows that the average damage of residual stand is 18% per hectare, not included the damage caused by felling i.e. 15% per hectare. According to Indonesian Selective Cutting System, the residual stand is good enough to fulfill the sustained yield condition, that is keep at least 25 core trees to be left per hectare. The role of skidded trees number and stand density was significant effect on the residual stand damage.
This paper present study result of residual stand damages caused by felling and skidding activities. The case study was carried out at PT Dwi Marta in Riau in1993. the aims are: (1) to find the impact of felling and skidding on residual stand damages, (2) to know the factors influencing the residual stand damages and (3) to find the way of reducing residual stand damages.
Data on the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, trees damages were collected. The data was analised by using the multiple regression.
The result of study shows :
1. The residual stand damage caused by felling ranged between, 2.7-10.6% with an average of 6.6%ha.
2. The residual stand damage caused by skidding with crawler tractor varied from 2.7% to 22.3% with an average of 12.7% dst.
3. Both the number of trees felled and the slope in had highly significant effect to residual stand damages. The greater the number of trees felled and the slope,the greater the residual stand damages.
164/5, 2009
Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal Akibat Kegiatan Penebangan dan Penyaradan: Kasus di Suatu Perusahaan Hutan di Riau =
. Oleh Sona Suhartana & Dulsalam. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 12 (1) 1994 : 25 - 29. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Residual Stand Damages Causes by Felling and Skiding Activities: A Case Study
165/5, 2009
Dampak Penyaradan Kayu Terhadap Terjadinya Keterbukaan Lahan di Kawasan Dua Perusahaan Hutan di Riau =
. Oleh/ Sona Suhartana. Buletin Penelitia Hasil Hutan 14 (2) 1996: 52-59. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
166/5, 2009
Minimasi Keterbukaan Lahan melalui Penyaradan yang Direncanakan: Kasus di Dua Perusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Timur
. Oleh/ Sona Suhartana. Buletin Penelitian Hasil Hutan 14 (10) 1996: 444 - 453. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
The Impact of Log Skidding on Ground Exposure at Two Forest Companies in Riau
By:
= Minimizing Ground Exposure by Planned Skidding : Case
Study at Two Forest Companies in East Kalimantan By:
This paper present the result of the study on ground exposure caused by skidding. The case study was carried out at two forest companies in Riau in 1995. The aim of the study ware : 1. to find the road skidding condition that show by the ground exposure caused by skidding. 2. to know the factors influencing the ground exposure and 3. to find the way of reducing ground exposure.
Data collected ware the number of trees falled/skidded, the number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up. Length and area of skidding road. The data was analizer by using the multiple regression.
The study showed the folowing result:
1. The average of non-productive skidding road is 13.4% from the number of productive skidding road;
2. The exrtavagant of tractor operation was 2680 hours; 3. The forest damage was 154.4 m per ha;
4. The ground exposure caused by sidding was 14.1 %;
5. The number of trees falled/skidded was highly significant to ground exposure.
Keywords: Skidding, skidding road, ground exposure.
This paper present the result of the study on ground exposure caused by planned skidding. Log skidding by tractor can cause serious ground exposure. By practicing planned skidding, that ground exposure can be minimazed. The case study was carry out at two forest companies in East Kalimantan in 1996. The aim of the study is ti find the effect of planned skidding on ground exposure by minimizing non-productive skidding road.
Data collected were the number of trees felled/skidded, number of trees with diameter 20 cm and up, slope and ground exposure. The data was analized by using the t-test and the multiple regression.
The study showed the following result:
1. The average of non-productive skidding road caused by planned skidding is 4.4% from the number of productive skidding road and for convertional is 9.9%. this difference of 5.6% is highly significant.
2. The average of ground exposure caused by planned skidding is 11.2% and for conventionalis 15.2%. This difference of 4.0% is singnificant.
3. The factors that positively influenced the ground exposure and non-productive skidding road are the number of trees felled/skidding and stand density, and the factor that negatively influenced tham is slope for planned skidding. It is found that the ground exposure in conventional skidding is influenced the slope (highly significant).
The planned skidding could reduce ground exposure indicated by minimum non-productive skidding road.
Keywords: Minimizing ground exposure, non-productive skidding road, planned skidding.
167/5, 2009
Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal Akibat Penyaradan dengan Traktor pada Berbagai Tingkat Kerapatan Tegakan =
Oleh/ Dulsalam, Sukanda & Ishak Sumantri. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 6 (6)1989: 349-352. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Residual Stand Damages Caused by Skidding Tractor on Several Stand Density Levels.
An investigation on residual stand damages caused by skidding tractor on several stand density levels was carried out at PT Sumpol Timber in South Kalimantan in 1987. Forty five sample plots were selected randomly in this research. The purpose is to gather information about the residual stands damages caused by skidding tractor on several stand density levels. The result of investigation reveals that:
1. The number of trees having diameter of 20 cm and up varies from 80 to 300 trees/ha with an average of 190.22 trees/ha.
2. The residual stand damages for the area with stand densities of <150,150-199, and ≥ 200 trees/ha were 16.7, 28.3 and 39.0 trees/ha respectively. They are significantly different.
3. It is suggested that the skidding operations, especially in high stand density levels, be done with better planning in order to save powers, costs and resources.
An investigation of skidding performance was conducted at one Forest company in Riau, in 1988. The results showed that stand density ranges from 126 to 190 trees with an average of 158 trees /ha, soft soil without any rock, land slope ranges from 6.8 to 20.0% and the trees felled from 2 to 8 with an average of 5 trees/ha. Also it was found that the length of productive skidding road ranges from 91.0 m to 329.8 m with an average of 210.4 m/ha while the length of unproductive skidding roads varies from 2.5 m to 49.9 m with an average of 26.2 m/ha.
168/5, 2009
Keadaan Jalan Sarad dan Pohon Ditebang Pada Tegakan Tinggal di Kawasan sebuah Perusahaan Hutan Riau =
. Oleh/ Jurnalis Thaib & Sona Suhartana. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. 9 (4) 1991: 144-149. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Skiddingroad and Tree Felled Situation on Residual Stand at a Forest Company in Riau
The ratio between the lengths of unproductive and productive skidding road is 12.5%. By considering tractor's life time 20,000 hours,around 2,500 hours of them are unproductive. Relating this figure with owning and operating costs, those unprductive skidding road surely cause quite large loss. Besides, the unproductive tractor movements also cause land exposure to the amount of 122.5 m /ha. All the above disadvantages can be minimized by planning skidding roads ahead and strictly controlling the operation
This paper present the result of the study on logging waste caused by forest road coustruction and shadow cutting. The study carried out at six logging companies in East Kalimantan in 1990.
The aim of the study are: (1) to determine the wood waste caused by forest road consruction and shadow cutting, (2) to fine the factors influencing the wood waste and (3) to find the way of reducing the wood waste.
The results of this study shows that the average wood waste from trees felled caused by forest road construction and shadow witting is 1.16 m /ha for commercial wood species and 2.76 m /ha for non-commercial wood species. Keywords: Wood waste, forest road, shadow cut.
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169/5, 2009
Limbah Kayu Akibat Pembuatan Jalan Hutan dan Tebang Bayang pada Enam Hak Pengusahaan Hutan di Kalimantan Timur =