3. Product Markets (request)
2.2.4 Development of Oil Palm Biomass Waste into wood pellets 1. Production Process
Increasing global demand for crude palm oil (crude palm oil) to encourage increased production of palm oil, which have an impact on the increase also oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). TKKS which is palm oil industry waste biomass currently not utilized optimally, and only a low energy value fuel only. To change the palm oil waste into bioethanol and chemicals are worth the need to implement the processing of waste biomass of oil palm in an integrated manner.
Oil palm waste is composed of cellulose and hemicellulose components. To treat waste in an integrated palm oil, it is necessary to apply the concept of biorefinery utilizing biomass as a raw material for the production processes of energy sources, chemicals, foodstuffs, and pharmaceuticals. Further outlining the cellulose component of palm oil waste into glucose. Meanwhile, most of the hemicellulose components from palm oil waste will decompose into xylose can be converted into xylitol with some particular types of yeast. Glucose is then fermented decomposition cellulose intobioethanol, while xylitol can be used as a natural alternative to sugar that is low in calories and do not damage teeth.
The series of studies covering the hydrolysis of palm oil waste to ferment xylitol, and the integration of both processes in an integrated system design. With
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the integration to both the process, the cellulose content of palm oil waste can be processed into bioethanol. As a first step the study, conducted studies of fundamental characterization of potential microbial beforehand. Potential studied microbes is expected to produce xylitol from xylose by fermentation. In addition, also carried out optimization of microbial fermentation xylitol potential.
Enzyme and Microbial Characterization
Potential Characterization of microbial hemicellulase enzyme production is done by using 3 strains of the fungus, the Penicillium sp. ITB CC L96, Trichoderma Viridae QM9419 L67, and L61 CC ITB Aspergillus niger. The study was conducted by varying the time of harvesting the enzyme, the composition of palm oil waste in the media, temperature, pH and cultivation for analyzing the total protein concentration and enzyme activity obtained.
From these studies, Tjandra and his team found that when the highest cellulase enzyme activity within 36 hours obtained from cultivation of the fungus Penicillium sp. Meanwhile, the characterization of microbes producing xylitol potential is based on two criteria, namely growth on xylose substrate and its ability to produce xylitol. Characterization is done by using 3 strains of microbes, Candida utilis ITB CC R23, R85 CC ITB Debaromyces hansenii, and Pichia stipitis ITB CC R89.
The study was conducted by varying the air condition and concentration of xylose. For characterization of microbes, found that in general the three tested microbial strains can grow on xylose substrate, with Candida utilis ITB CC R23 and Debaromyces hansenii ITB CC R85 as microbes with the most potential to be used in the production of xylitol.
Optimization of Xylitol Fermentation
To optimize the fermentation of xylitol, an examination of the variable ratio of sugars xylose and glucose in the substrate, the concentration of sugar, aeration conditions and pH. In general, studies conducted have managed to find strains of fungi and operating conditions to produce a hemicellulase enzymes are used to
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hydrolyze palm oil waste into xylose. In addition, the study also found that a potential yeast strains to produce xylitol from xylose to the fermentation process.
Oil palm trees that produce palm fruit bunches collected in one, therefore, often referred to as TBS (FFB). Oil already in production can generate TBS optimal weighing between 15‐30 kg / bunches.
Bunches is then further processed produce palm oil. The main production plant is CPO and palm kernel oil palm. CPO is extracted from the husk taken off, namely between the skin shell. While the flesh will produce palm kernel oil. Palm varieties with thicker skin much sought after, because palm fruit like this that high oil yield. In addition to producing palm oil and palm kernel oil production of palm oil generates solid waste, which can be seen from the table below.
Table 2.3
Waste products of palm oil
No Jenis komoditi Limbah produksi / pengolahan 1 CPO (Crude Palm
Oil) . Liquid waste: POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent)
Solid waste : midrib and unproductive tree trunks , empty fruit bunches , fiber
. 2 Minyak inti sawit
(Palm kernel oil)
Palm Shell (Cangkang Sawit)
Figure 2.1
The processing of palm oil and its production and waste results
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From the picture above it is known that waste oil produce named POME wastewater and solid waste such as palm shells, stem and trunk unproductive, empty fruit bunches and fibers.
Figure 2.2
TKKS Result(Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit/Oil palm empty bunches)
Source : http://isroi.wordpress.com
From the above chart it is known that there is a rise in the number TKKS, along with the increase of oil palm plantations.
Of the solid waste will be processed into wood pellets as an alternative fuel is non‐oil. Of each tonne of FFB processed can produce 140‐200 kg CPO. In addition to processing CPO also produce waste / by‐products, among others:
effluent (POME = Palm Oil Mill Effluent), palm shells, fiber / fiber, and oil palm empty fruit bunches. Wastewater produced quite a lot, and it ranged between 600‐
700 kg. Also produced fibers and shells reach 190 kg.
Table 2.4
The Calculation of Palm Oil Waste
No Production of palm oil per 1 ton Result
1 CPO 140 – 200 kg
2 Liquid Waste 600 – 700 kg
3 Fiber and Shell 190 kg
Another waste in very large amount in addition to the liquid waste are empty oil palm bunches (EFB), which reached 230 kg of every tonne of FFB
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processed. So the potential for wood pellets materials in East Kalimantan is:
7600298 kg multiplied by 230 divided by 1000, the figure amounted to 1,748 tons TKKS.
For solid waste marketing potential of oil palm in East Kalimantan Disbun Party explained that the state of Polish investors keen to bring waste oil palm fresh fruit bunches as fuel for electric power in Poland. For the year 2012 palm oil waste products reached 1.7 tons is expected in the next years will increase. East Kalimantan provincial government expects the Polish investors invest their funds in East Kalimantan for power generation. Given the cost of shipping large enough TKKS to Poland, also the advantage of a small East Kalimantan. Currently only one company that processing waste oil into new energy sources, PT Rea East Kalimantan Plantations.
2.2.5 Development of Biomass Energy Coconut into Biofuel