• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

BOGOR

2012

ikan yang dimakan (Geraci et al. 1966; Quinn et al. 2002). EPA (1998) melaporkan B.thuringiensis tidak menunjukkan patogenitas pada hewan laut dan muara, sedangkan pada intervertebrata air menunjukkan toksisitas yang tinggi.

SIMPULAN DAN SARAN

Simpulan

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian telah diidentifikasi 14 genus bakteri, terdiri dari 12 spesies bakteri Gram negatif dan 7 spesies bakteri Gram positif dari saluran pencernaan T. aduncus yang berada di kawasan konservasi lumba-lumba PT. Wersut Seguni Indonesia, Pantai Cahaya, Kendal, Jawa Tengah. Bakteri yang paling banyak ditemukan dalam saluran pencernaan T. aduncus adalah Serratia

sp. ditemukan pada 10 ekor lumba-lumba dan A. faecalis pada 5 ekor lumba- lumba. Serratia sp. dan A. faecalis diduga merupakan flora normal saluran pencernaan T. aduncus.

Saran

Perlu dilakukan uji lebih lanjut untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri sampai tingkat spesies dengan memperbanyak jenis uji biokimiawi dan atau menggunakan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Selain itu perlu penelitian lain untuk mengidentifikasi mikroorganisme selain bakteri yang hidup dalam saluran pencernaan T. aduncus atau organ yang lain.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Barrow GI, Feltham RKA, editor. 1993. Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Ed ke-3. UK (GB): Cambridge Univ Pr.

Bergey DH, Breed RS. 1994. Identification flow charts Bergey’s manual of

determinative bacteriology.

http://www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/micro_biology/250/IDFlowcharts.pdf. [30 Maret 2012].

Biberstein EL, Hirsh DC. 1999. Staphylococci. Di dalam: Hirsh DC, Zee YC, editor. Veterinary Microbiology. USA (US): Blackwell Science. hlm 115-119.

Buck JD, Overstrom NA, Patton GW, Anderson HF, Gorzelany JF. 1991. Bacteria associated with stranded Cetaceans from the northeast USA and southwest Florida Gulf coasts. Dis Aquat Org. 10: 147-152.

Buck JD, Wells RS, Rhinehart HL, Hansen LJ. 2006. Aerobic microorganism associated with free-ranging bottlenose dolphin in Coastal Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean Water. J Wildlife dis. 42(3): 536-544.

Buller NB. 2004. Bacteria from Fish and Other Aquatic Animals: a Practical Identification Manual. UK (GB): CABI.

Castro RH, Chavarría LM, Avelar AD, Osorio AR, Reyes CG, González AZ, Rodríguez AV. 2005. Aerobic bacterial flora of the nasal cavity in Gulf of california sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups. The Vet J. 170: 359- 363.

Dunn JL, Buck JD, Robeck TR. 2001. Bacterial diseases of Cetaceans and pinnipeds. Di dalam: Dierauf LA, Gulland FMD, editor. Marine Mammal Medicine. Ed ke-2. New York (US): CRC Pr.

[EPA] Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) Bacillus thuringiensis. [terhubung berkala]. http:// http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/0247.pdf [25 September 2012].

Evans JJ, Pasnik DJ, Klesius PH, Al-Ablani S. 2006. First report of Streptococcus agalactiae and Lactococcus garviae from a wild bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). J Wildlife Dis. 42(3): 561-569.

Foster G, Ross HM, Malnick H, Willems A, Garcia P, Reid RJ, Collins MD. 1996. Actinobacillus delphinicola sp. nov., a new member of the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl (1979) 1981 isolated from sea mammals. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 46(3): 648-652.

Foster G, Ross HM, Patterson IA, Hutson RA, Collins MD. 1998. Actinobacillus scotiae sp. nov., a new member of the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl (1979) 1981 isolated from porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Int J Syst Bacteriol. 48(3): 929-933.

Geraci JR, Sauer RM, Medway W. 1966. Erysipelas in dolphins. Am J Vet Res.

27(117):597-606.

Grimont F, Grimont PAD. 2006. The genus Serratia. Prokaryotes. 6: 219-244. doi: 10.1007/0-387-30746-x_11.

Gudbjörnsdóttir B. Suihko ML, Gustavsson P, Thorkelsson G, Salo S, Sjöberg AM, Niclasen O, Bredholt S. 2004. The incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in meat, poultry, and seafood plants in the Nordic countries. J Food Microbiol. 21: 217-225.

Guise S de, Lagacé A, Béland P, Girard C, Higgins R. 1995. Non-neoplastic lesions in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and other marine mammals from the St Lawrence estuary. J Comp Path. 112: 257-271. Harper CG, Whary MT, Feng Y, Rhinehart HL, Wells RS, Xu S, Taylor NS, Fox

JG. 2003. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for Helicobacter cetorum

infection in wild atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J Clin Microbiol. 41(7): 2842-2848.

Higgins R. 2000. Bacteria and fungi of marine mammals: a review. Can Vet J. 41: 105-116.

[IUCN] International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Versi 2011.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/41714/0. [30 Mei 2012]. [IUCN] International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural

Resources. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Versi 2012.1. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22563/0. [7 September 2012].

Jang SS, Biberstein EL, Hirsh DC. 1976. A Manual of Veterinary Clinical Bacteriology and Micology. Davis (US): Univ California.

Jefferson TA., Webber MW., Pitman RL. 2008 . Marine Mammals of the World : A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification. London (GB): Academic Pr. hlm 221-223.

Jeyasekaran G, Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. 1996. Short commucation incidence of Listeria spp. in tropical fish. Int. J. of Food Microbiol. 31: 333-340. Johnson S, Lowenstine L, Gulland F, Jang S, Denise I, Almy F, Long R de,

Gardner I. 2006. Aerobic bacterial flora of the vagina and prepuce of california sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and investigation of associations with urogenital carcinoma. J Vet Microbiol. 114: 94-103. Kayser FH, Bienz KA, Eckert J, Zinkernagel RM. 2001. Medical Microbiology.

Ed ke-10. Stuttgart (DE): Thieme.

Lay BW. 1994. Analisis Mikroba di Laboratorium. Jakarta (ID): Raja Grafindo Persada.

Manos J, Belas R. 2006. The genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella.

Prokaryotes. 6: 245-269. doi: 10.1007/0-387-30746-x_12.

Moeller RB. 2003. Pathology of marine mammals with special reference to infectious diseases. Di dalam: Vos JG, Bossart GD, Fournier M, O’Shea

TJ, editor. Toxicology of Marine Mammals. London (GB): Taylor & Francis.

Morris PJ, Johnson WR, Pisani J, Bossart GD, Adams J, Reif JS, Fair PA. 2011. Isolation of culturable microorganisms from free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the southeastern United States. J Vet Microbiol. 148: 440-448.

Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Carter ME, Donnelly WJ, Leonard FC. 2002. Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease. London (GB): Blackwell Science. Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey B, Carter GR. 2004. Clinical Veterinary

Microbiology. London (GB): Mosby.

Streitfeld MM, Chapman CG. 1976. Staphylococcus aureus infections of captive dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and oceanarium personnel. Am J Vet Res. 37(3): 303-305.

Sweeney JC, Gilmartin WG. 1974. Survey of diseases in free-living california sea lions. J of Wild Dis. 10: 370-376.

Téllez RA, Güemes FS, Casas EMC, Castro RH. 2010. Bacteria and yeast normal microbiota from respiratory tract and genital area of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J Microbiol and Microb Biotech. 1: 666-673. Thornton SM, Nolan S, Gulland FMD. 1998. Bacterial isolates from california sea

lions (Zalophus californianus), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center along the central California coast, 1994–1995. J of Zoo and Wild Med. 29(2): 171-176.

Vedros NA, Quinlivan J, Cranford R. 1982. Bacterial and fungal flora of wild northern fur seal (Calorrhinus ursinus). J of Wild Dis. 18(4): 447-456. Wang JY, Chou LS, White BN. 2000. Differences in the external morphology of

two sympatric species of the bottlenose dolphins (genus Tursiops) in the waters of China. [terhubung berkala].

http://www.asmjournals.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/pinnacle/jo urnals/content/mamm/2000/15451542-81.4/1545-

1542%282000%29081%3C1157%3Aditemo%3E2.0.co%3B2/production /images/small/i1545-1542-81-4-1157-f03.gif. [30 Juni 2012].

Wang JY, Yang SC. 2008. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus. Di dalam: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM, editor. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Ed ke-2. USA (US): Academic Pr. hlm 602-607.

Watson SV, Smith CR, Jensen ED. 2008. Primary bacterial pathogens in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus: needles in haystacks of commensal and environmental microbes. Dis Aquat Org. 79: 87-93.

Widén DG, Duff JP, Meredith A. 2012. Infectious Disease of Wild Mammals and Birds in Europe. UK (GB): Willey dan Blackwell.

Woo PTK, Bruno DW, editor. 1999. Fish Disease and Disorders Volume 3. UK (GB): CABI.

Dokumen terkait