Forming the Questions - THE NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS

BAB VI THE NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS

6.2 Forming the Questions

Bagaimana anda bertanya dalam Bahasa Inggris? (How do you ask question in English?). Kalimat ini juga merupakan suatu kalimat yang bagus untuk bertanya.

Pertanyaan seringkali muncul ketika anda menulis surat bisnis, memo dan laporan. Tujuan utama bertanya adalah untuk mencari informasi tentang suatu tindakan, kejadian, atau keadaan. Hal ini bisa dalam bentuk sekarang, lampau, atau masa datang. Jadi, anda dapat menggunakan semua bentuk kalimat itu ketika bertanya.

Is the secretary typing the letter? (Present) Did the secretary type the letter? (Past) Will the secretary type the letter? (Future)

Selain untuk mencari informasi, pertanyaan juga dapat digunakan untuk memberi instruksi dan juga meminta sesuatu secara sopan.

**Will you report to this office at 10.00 tomorrow?

Basic English Grammar Part Six Kalimat ini, dalam bentuk pertanyaan, dan jelas suatu instruksi.

Kalimat itu meminta anda untuk melapor ke kantor. Kadangkala kalimat seperti ini sangat baik digunakan ketika hendak memberi instruksi atau saran tanpa melanggar etika. Di samping itu, pertanyaan juga dapat diginakan untuk meminta sesuatu dengan sopan.

**Will you please send the samples as soon as possible.

Kalimat ini berbentuk pertanyaan, dan cara ini merupakan cara yang sopan meminta seseorang untuk melakukan suatu tindakan. Kalimat ini sama sekali bukan instruksi dan juga bukan meminta informasi.

Menggunakan pertanyaan untuk meminta dengan sopan sangat baik dalam surat-surat bisnis.

Biasanya di akhir kalimat tanya selalu ada tanda tanya (?). Sebenarnya, tanda tanya digunakan setelah pertanyaan langsung saat meminta informasi, tetapi tidak perlu menggunakannya ketika meminta atau memberi informasi. Coba perhatikan kembali dua contoh **kalimat di atas.

Dalam Bahasa Inggris ada dua cara dasar dalam bertanya. Pertama menempatkan verb seperti to be dan to have di depan subject. Cara kedua, cara yang paling umum, yakni dengan menggunakan question words (kata tanya), seperti when, where, how dll di awal kalimat.

Dengan cara pertama, to be dan to have merupakan verb yang paling sering digunakan. Misalnya:

Basic English Grammar Part Six You are a typist / Are you a typist?

He is a salesman / Is he a salesman?

You have a good boss / Have you a good boss?

She has a new typewriter / Has she a new typewriter?

You were typing a letter / Were you typing a letter? (Past)

He was delivering the goods / Was he delivering the goods?

(past)

Will you deliver the goods next week? (Future) Will they speak to the Chairman soon? (Future)

Satu satunya cara bertanya yang paling umum dalam surat bisnis dan memo adalah menggunakan present perfect tense dengan menempatkan verb „to have‟ di depan subject seperti berikut:

Have you received the letter we sent last week?

Have they started production in the new factory?

Have we despatched their orders yet?

Has he visited our new customer this month?

Selanjutnya, verb „to do‟ juga sering digunakan untuk membentuk pertanyaan. Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat berikut:

You walk to work / Do you walk to work?

He wants a rise / Does he want a rise?

They want to extend their factory / Do they want to extend their factory?

Basic English Grammar Part Six Catatan bahwa ketika anda menggunakan do atau did untuk membentuk pertanyaan, maka verb utamanya harus dikembalikan pada infinitive,

„do you walk’, ‘did she type’.

Berikut membentuk pertanyaan dengan menambah kata tanya yang spesifik di depan kalimat. Kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya tidak banyak dalam Bahasa Inggris. Lihat tabel berikut:

Question Words

Kata tanya what, when, where, why, who dan how biasanya digunakan untuk menanyakan informasi yang spesifik yang memerlukan jawaban yang spesifik pula. Kata-kata—would, could, can, should, might dan may—sering digunakan ketika membuat pertanyaan yang sopan, atau permintaan. Berikut beberapa contoh penggunaan kata tanya.

What is the largest packet we can send by post?

When will you pay your account?

Where is your new factory to be built?

Why have you not replied to our letter?

Who will speak t o the Chairman?

How many people work in your department?

Would it be possible to visit you on Friday next?

Basic English Grammar Part Six Could you le me have the answers to my questions?

Can our inspector call to complete his investigation?

Should we send the parcels by registered post?

Might I assume our quotation is acceptable?

May I repeat the last order we sent to you?

Basic English Grammar Part Six

6.3 Latihan-Latihan

Latihan 13:

Tulis kembali kalimat-kalimat berikut ke dalam bentuk negatif.

1. I want to stay at home today.

2. You went home early yesterday.

3. We watched them play football on Saturday.

4. She will apply for promotion next week.

5. He decided to walk to the office.

6. I completed my annual report last night.

7. You have the ability to concentrate on your studies.

8. It is very difficult.

Latihan 14:

Tulis kembali kalimat-kalimat berikut ke dalam bentuk pertanyaan.

1. The typewriter is broken.

2. You are always late for work.

3. I am a good student.

4. He has answered the telephone.

5. We shall go to the cinema tonight.

6. It was very late when he arrived.

7. You have a pen which I could borrow.

8. They were all similar in size.

Goods, Services, Profits

BAB VII

WHAT IS BUSINESS, PROFITS

Sub Learning Outcome:

Defines the simple business concept:

the goods and services, and profits

Learning Indicators:

When this section completed the student is able to recognise and understand concept of

the goods, services, and company profits

Goods, Services, Profits Reading Activity

Setiap orang membaca teks berikut dengan seksama. Anda diberikan waktu selama 35 menit untuk memahami isi teks dan membuat catatan penting terkait isi teks. Anda boleh membuka kamus—cetak atau on-line, dan mengakses internet. Anda tidak diperkenankan untuk berdiskusi atau berbicara dengan orang lain selama proses membaca ini.

6.1

Reading Material 1

-- What is Business ?

[Click here for more info on business concept]

6.1.1 Goods and Services

Fundamentally, business is the creation of wealth through the supply of goods and services. We will now look at the examples.

If you go to a big city and walk along the main street you will see many different things for sale. For example, you may walk past a bank, then a hair dressing salon, then a dentist, an eating stall, a department store, a cinema, a taxi rank ... and so on down the street. All these places are trying to sell you something and we can separate the things they sell into two kinds—goods and service.

Goods are things like shirts, or motor cars, or furniture. In other words, they are things you can see and touch, and usually they are made in factories.

Services, on the other hand, are different. You cannot touch them because they are things that are done for you: like haircuts, or laundry or a bus ride.

You cannot touch a bus tide, or hold a hair cut in your hand, even though you have had to pay for them.

So as you go down the street and buy some of the goods and services offered to you, how does this create wealth? In some ways you may even think it has the opposite effect, because you now have less money in your pocket than before you made the purchases. But in this respect you are wrong. By purchasing the goods and services offered to you, you are helping to create

Goods, Services, Profits wealth, because you are helping the business enterprises that supplied your purchases to make a profit.

6.1.2 Profits

[Click here or https://notesonliberty.com/2014/08/12/the-concept-of-profit/

for more info on business/profit concept]

The creation of wealth, in modern society, comes from one source only—

business profit. A business makes a profit when the goods or services it supplies are bought for a higher price than they cost to produce. When that happens consistently, the business survives and prospers. However, when it costs a business more to produce its products than it can sell them for, a loss is made. No business can allow that happen for many length of time.

Otherwise it would be forced to close down because it would run out of money. Therefore, one of the main purposes of a business enterprise is to make a profit. This is necessary for its own survival. But a business has other purposes, in addition to making a profit, which you also know about.

The first of these is that a business should try to grow. By growing and expanding a business creates more wealth. This increased wealth benefits the owners as well as the whole society within which the business operates. The second purpose of a business is to provide its customers with the goods and services they require. The more successfully it does this, the more of its product it will sell—and the more prosperous it will be. It is very important for a company to discover exactly what goods its customers require and then supply them. You can readily imagine that the shopkeeper who stocks the goods his customers want is going to be successful than the shopkeepers who ignores his customers‟ requests and stocks those goods he himself wants. This is obvious, common sense, but you would be surprised at how many small businessmen ignore their customers‟ needs. That is one reason why so many of them remain small!

The third purpose of business is to develop new products and services for its customers. Many large companies, in fact, spend a great deal of money on developing new products. There is one of the ways they grow and keep their customers satisfied, while at the same time maintaining their profits.

In addition of these basic purposes of business, there is another factor which is most beneficial for society as a whole. That is that business provides employment for a large number of people.

Goods, Services, Profits If the business community did not employ a large number of people, there would be far fewer people who could afford to buy the goods and services that businesses produce. Profit would disappear and modern business, as we know it, would collapse. Therefore it is vitally important that people are employed.

They can then continue to buy the good and services produced, and at the same time enjoy a better standard of living. You can see this principle at work in your own life. When you work and have money in your pocket, you can buy those things you need and want and can enjoy life more. At the same time you are helping to support your local business community—who in turn provides more employment. As a result everybody benefits.

These are three main purposes of business: to grow; to provide good and services that customers require and produce new products and services. The only way that a business can successfully do all these things is to make profit regularly, When it sells its products consistently for more than they cost, it will make good profit. It will be creating wealth and it will be fulfilling the basic purposes of a business. When that happens everybody connected with it—the owners, the employees and society at large—are better off.

Source:

Business Training Limited

Sevendale House, 7 Dale Street, Manchester M1 1JB, England.

Discussion Activity—Pair-work

Masing-masing individu silakan memilih partnernya, dan duduk berpasangan. Pada kegiatan kedua ini anda diberikan waktu selama 20 menit untuk mendiskusikan isi bacaan (sesuai catatan yang anda buat)

‗What is business‟ bersama pasangan anda. Kemudian, bersama pasangan anda membuat 4 buah pertanyaan, diskusikan jawabannya, dan jawab keempat pertanyaan itu. Ingat! Pertanyaan anda akan dinilai substansi dan kualitasnya. Semua pertanyaan dan jawaban dibuat dalam

Goods, Services, Profits Bahasa Inggris. Click [http://www.manythings.org/vocabulary/lists/z/

for business vocabulary]

Discussion Activity—Group-work

Masing-masing pasangan memilih 2 pasangan lain untuk membentuk 1 kelompok (6 orang). Setiap pasangan (diwakili oleh satu orang) melaporkan hasil bacaannya, termasuk pertanyaan dan jawaban kepada kelompok. Tugas utama kelompok adalah menyamakan semua persepsi tekait dengan pertanyaan dan jawaban yang dibuat oleh semua pasangan dalam kelompok. Selanjutnya buat simpulan kelompok terhadap pertanyaan dan jawaban bersama. Kegiatan ini berlangsung selama 15 menit.

Plenary session

Setiap individu duduk bersama kelompoknya. Setiap kelompok menunjuk satu orang juru bicara (bukan ketua kelompok) untuk melaporkan atau mempresentasikan hasil kerja kelompoknya. Bilamana ada kelompok lain yang suduh sama hasilnya maka tidak diperbolehkan bertanya atau mengkritisi kecuali ada penambahan usulan/perbaikan untuk kesempurnaan. Akan tetapi bilamana ada kelompok yang berbeda hasilnya maka kelompok tersebut diperkenankan untuk bertanya dan mengkritisi. Kemudian, dosen memfasilitasi proses diskusi pleno ini. 30

Goods, Services, Profits

Closing session

Dosen melakukan penguatan terhadap pertanyaan dan jawaban semua kelompok; dan bersama mahasiswa membuat simpulan. END OF SESSION.

Click [http://www.manythings.org/vocabulary/lists/z/ for business vocabulary]

Referensi lain:

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/profit.asp

http://kalyan-city.blogspot.co.id/2011/03/what-is-business-meaning-definitions.html

http://www.manythings.org/vocabulary/lists/z/

Profit Distrbution

BAB VIII

PROFITS DISTRIBUTION

Sub Learning Outcome:

Defines the simple business concept: distribution of profits

Learning Indicators:

When this section completed the

student is able to understand the

distribution of the company profits.

Profit Distrbution

Reading Activity

7.1

Reading Material 2

—Company Profits

[Click here or

http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=corporate+profits+distribution for more info on business concept]

7.1.1 How profits are distributed?

We will now look in more detail at what happens to the profits a business earns.

To illustrate this we are going to imagine that you run your own small business. You are in fact a shopkeeper in a busy town centre. You are also a good shopkeeper and as a result you are a successful businessman. But what happens to the profits you earned? Let us see!

Imagine that it is now early in the New Year and you are trying to decide what to do with the profits you earned last year. These are your profits after you have paid all the usual running expenses of your business. These include the wages for the three assistants you employ, a salary for yourself, the rent on your shop, the purchase of your stock and so on. So what are going to do with your profits?

You could, of course, just put your profits into a bank and leave them there to earn some interest. However, that would not be very imaginative and as a wise businessman you know that you must do more than this. You must keep up-to-date and re-invest in your business. If you do not, your business could soon start to run down and it would not be long before you were making no profits at all. So, instead of leaving all your profits lying in a bank, you look

Profit Distrbution carefully at your business to see how you can spend some of your profits to improve it.

Before you can spend any of your profits on your business, there is one bill you cannot avoid. This is the tax that the government levies on your profits.

Taxes on business profits vary enormously from country to country, but nearly every government put some form of tax on company profits.

A government gains its income from taxes and government put taxes on many different things. They then spend the money they receive on such things as defense, roads, social welfare, and so on for the benefit of the whole country.

Without the tax on business profits, and the other taxes businessmen often have to pay, the government would have less money to spend. As a result it could not build the roads or provide as many welfare and other services, and the country as a whole would be worse off. From this you can see how business profits help to benefit a whole country as well as the individual company that earns them.

Now let us return to your company and see how you are going to spend the money you have left after paying your taxes.

When you look closely at your shop you see that it is no longer quite as smart as it used to be. The lighting is not quite as bright; the paint on some of your display stands is chipped and the paint is even beginning to flake on your shop front. Immediately you see where some of your profit should be spent.

As a wise business you know that you must always keep your shop clean and smart to attract your customers. Therefore, you decide to spend more money to make your shop as smart and attractive as it used to be. The expenditure is not on anything new, it is merely to maintain the condition of your shop and replace worn out equipment. You will usually have some expenditure like this every year and it is normally called maintenance and replacement expenditure. This year is no different and you are happy to spend some money to keep your shop i good condition.

Now that you have spent a little bit more of your profit, what will you do with the rest? Well, over the last year both you and your staff have worked very hard; so why not recognize this by giving yourself and your staff a bonus?

This is a reward to your three assistants for the way they have worked for you and also an encouragement to continue working hard. As a good businessman you know the value of high staff morale. By working hard for you, your staff helps you to earn even more profit. So you regard the bonus you give them not as a gift, but as an investment in your staff which will be well repaid in future.

Profit Distrbution Having carried out the necessary maintenance work, and looked after your workers‟ morale, what should you do next? Well, how about trying to expand your business? Is there any way you can invest more in your business to make it grow?

As the owner of the business you could, of course, put the remainder of your profits into your own pocket, or spend them on having a good time. But you already know this would be very foolish for the long term health of your business and that continuous investment is necessary if you are really going to prosper. You see too many small businessmen around you who do not re-invest some of their profits and who, as a result, will remain small businessmen all their lives. You want to do better than that and decide to re-invest as much as you can in your business.

This takes some very careful thought, but in due course you decide on a plan

Dalam dokumen Trigonometri. Jilid 1. Business English UNIVERSITAS SYIAH KUALA FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN. Dr. Drs. Burhanuddin Yasin, M.Ed. (Halaman 78-0)