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at synapses that may also be capable of lateral diffusion. Despite the potential for receptor diffusion to synaptic membranes as a mechanism for targeting and the poten-tial significance of receptor migration between synapses, little research has focused on this issue.

A recent advance has been made by the use of single particle tracking to follow the lateral movement of glycine receptors expressed in the plasma membrane of trans-fected fibroblasts (Meier et al. 2001). The authors tracked the mobility of glycine recep-tors in cells coexpressing the glycine receptor (myc epitope-tagged) clustering molecule, gephyrin (GFP-tagged). The glycine receptors were tracked by labelling with a large (0.5 µm) bead coated with anti-myc antibodies. Receptors were found to alternate between periods of rapid lateral movement and relative immobility when associated with gephyrin-GFP clusters. This highlights the first important point, glycine receptors are not permanently restrained within gephyrin clusters. Secondly, the particles were found to be promiscuous, moving between gephyrin clusters. These findings are likely to represent an underestimate of receptor mobility due to the bind-ing of the bead to multiple receptors, pullbind-ing in different directions, and the require-ment for only a few receptor-gephyrin interactions to immobilize the bead. Despite these technical limitations, it will be important to perform similar studies on epitope-tagged receptors in neurons. Similar studies on the AMPA receptors have yielded the same pattern of diffusion, with receptors becoming immobilized at synaptic sites as neurons mature (Borgdorff and Choquet 2002), presumably due to their interaction with PSD-95 (Schnell et al. 2002).

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Chapter 5

Ion channels and electrical activity

Mauro Pessia