3 The Contribution-Utilization-Matrix
3.6 Greater Good
More and more individuals travel to needy destinations around the world utilizing touristic offers in order to improve the social, economic or ecological situation on site.
These tourists provide their personal time and engage in manual work to support the greater public good. This occurrence is called “VolunTourism”, a combination of volunteering and tourism.
The contribution-utilization matrix attempts to demonstrate a continuum on both dimensions, from the traditional to the most varied, extreme, unorthodox Open Tourism
initiatives. It establishes relationships between the experience economy and the
exploitation/risk index, and above all, presents itself as the basis in which to structure the book. The case studies presented in this book contain vastly different levels of contribution, as exemplified in the contribution-utilization matrix and are sequenced in accordance with it. Practitioners and researches all over the world are invited to apply, comment and further develop the matrix - we are thankful for all kinds of suggestions and improvements.
References
Binkhorst, E., & Den Dekker, T. (2009). Agenda for co-creation tourism experience research. The Marketing of Hospitality and Leisure Experiences, 18(2–3), 311–327.
Botsman, R., & Rogers, R. (2011). What’s mine is yours: How collaborative consumption is changing the way we live. London: Collins.
Brabham, D. (2013). Crowdsourcing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Buhalis, D. (1998). Strategic use of information technologies in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 19(5), 409–421.
[CrossRef]
Chesbrough, H. (2003). Open innovation. The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology.
Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Dahlander, L., & Gann, D. (2010). How open is innovation? Research Policy, 39(6), 699–709.
[CrossRef]
Doctor, M., Schnyder, M., & Stumm, N. (2011). Potenziale von Open-Innovation-Modellen in der Tourismusbranche – Drei Fallbespiele (English: Potentials of open innovation models in the tourism industry – Three case studies). In P.
Boksberger & M. Schuckert (Eds.), Innovationen in Tourismus und Freizeit. Hypes, Trends und Entwicklungen (English: Innovation in tourism and leisure. Hypes, trends and developments) (pp. 281–298). Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
Enkel, E., Gassmann, O., & Chesbrough, H. (2009). Open R&D and open innovation: Exploring the phenomenon.
R&D Management, 39(4), 311–316.
[CrossRef]
Estellés-Arolas, E., & González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, F. (2012). Towards an integrated crowdsourcing definition.
Journal of Information Science, 38(2), 189–200.
[CrossRef]
Faullant, R., Krajger, I., & Zanker, M. (2012). Identification of innovative users for new service development in tourism. In M. Fuchs, F. Ricci, & L. Cantoni (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2012. Proceedings of the international conference in Helsingborg, Sweden, January 25–27, 2012 (pp. 426–
436). Vienna: Springer.
Gassmann, O. (2010). Crowdsourcing. Innovationsmanagement mit Schwarmintelligenz (English:
Crowdsourcing. Innovation management with collective intelligence). Munich: Carl Hanser.
[CrossRef]
Gassmann, O. (2013). Crowdsourcing. Innovationsmanagement mit Schwarmintelligenz (English:
Crowdsourcing. Innovation management with collective intelligence) (2nd ed.). Munich: Carl Hanser.
Gassmann, O., Enkel, E., & Chesbrough, H. (2010). The future of open innovation. R&D Management, 40(3), 213–
221.
[CrossRef]
Gegenhuber, T. (2013). Crowdsourcing. Aggregation and selection mechanisms and the impact of peer contributions on contests. Trauner: Linz.
Hjalager, A.-M., & Nordin, S. (2011). User-driven innovation in tourism – A review of methodologies. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 12(4), 289–315.
[CrossRef]
Hopkins, R. (2011). What is crowdsourcing? In P. Sloane (Ed.), A guide to open innovation and crowdsourcing.
Advice from leading experts in the field (pp. 15–21). London: Kogan Page.
Howe, J. (2006a). The rise of crowdsourcing. Available under: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.
html. Accessed on November 01, 2014.
Howe, J. (2006b). Crowdsourcing: A definition. Available under: http://crowdsourcing.typepad.com/cs/2006/06/
crowdsourcing_a.html. Accessed on November 01, 2014.
Howe, J. (2008). Crowdsourcing. Why the power of the crowds is driving the future of business. New York:
Crown Business.
Huff, A., Doz, Y., & Lakhani, R. (2013). Epilogue: Learning to be more competitive, more cooperative, and more innovative. In A. Huff, K. Möslein, & R. Reichwald (Eds.), Leading open innovation (pp. 279–291). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[CrossRef]
Huizingh, E. (2011). Open innovation: State of the art and future perspectives. Technovation, 31(1), 2–9.
[CrossRef]
Lindengaard, S. (2010). The open innovation revolution. Essentials, roadblocks, and leadership skills. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Lohmann, M. (2004). New demand factors in tourism. Presentation at the European tourism forum in Budapest on the 15th October 2004.
Menzel, J. (2011). Crowdsourcing: Neue Methode der Innovationsgenerierung in kleinen und mittleren Hotelbetrieben (English: Crowdsourcing: New method of innovation development in small and medium-sized hotels). Saabrücken: Verlag Dr. Müller.
Morgan, M., Lugosi, P., & Ritchie, J. R. (2010). The tourism and leisure experience. Consumer and managerial perspectives. London: Channel View.
Muhdi, L. (2012). Understanding crowdsourcing – the process and the contributors: Based on the doctoral dissertation
“Open Innovation and Collaboration for Innovation”, Dr. Lousine Muhdi, ETHZ, 2011, Saabrücken: Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften.
Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D., & Ladkin, A. (2013). Experiences, co-creation and technology: A conceptual approach to enhance tourism experiences. Available under: http://www.academia.edu/2703085/Neuhofer_B._
Buhalis_D._and_Ladkin_A._2013._Experiences_Co-creation_and_Technology_A_conceptual_approach_to_
enhance_tourism_experiences. Accessed on November 01, 2014.
Neuhofer, B., Buhalis, D., & Ladkin, A. (2014). Co-creation through technology: Dimensions of social connectedness.
In Z. Xiang & I. Tussyadiah (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2014 (pp. 339–352).
Cham: Springer.
Pearce, D. G. (2001). An integrative framework for urban tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 926–46.
[CrossRef]
Pearce, D. G. (2012). Frameworks for tourism research. Wallingford, CT: CAB International Books.
[CrossRef]
Picot, A., Dietl, H., & Franck, E. (1999). Organisation: Eine ökonomische Perspektive (English: Organization:
An economic perspective). Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel.
Piller, F., Ihl, Ch., & Voessen, A. (2010). A typology of customer co-creation in the innovation process. Available under: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1732127. Accessed on November 01, 2014.
Poon, A. (1993). Tourism, technology and competitive strategies. Wallingford: CAB International Books.
Prahalad, C., & Ramaswamy, V. (2000). Co-opting customer competence. Harvard Business Review, 78(1), 79–87.
Prahalad, C., & Ramaswamy, V. (2004). The future of competition: Co-creating unique value with customers.
Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Ramaswamy, V., & Gouillart, F. (2010). The power of co-creation. Build it with them to boost growth, productivity, and profits. New York: Free Press.
Ramaswamy, V., & Ozcan, K. (2014). The co-creation paradigm. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Reichwald, R., & Piller, F. (2009). Interaktive Wertschöpfung. Open Innovation, Individualisierung und neue Formen der Arbeitsteilung (English: Interactive value creation. Open innovation, individualism and new forms of labour division) (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Gabler.
Rifkin, J. (2014). The zero marginal cost society: The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism. New York: Macmillan.
Schemann, B. (2012). User-driven innovation concepts and the cruise industry. In A. Papathanassis, T. Lukovic, &
M. Vogel (Eds.), Cruise tourism and society. A socio-economic perspective (pp. 153–169). Berlin: Springer.
[CrossRef]
Schumpeter, J. (2006). Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (English: The theory of economic development). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
Scott, N., Laws, E., & Boksberger, P. (2010). Marketing of tourism experiences. New York: Routledge.
Sobczak, S., & Groß, M. (2010). Crowdsourcing: Grundlagen und Bedeutung für das E-Business (English:
Crowdsourcing: Fundamentals and significance for e-business). Boizenburg: Werner Hülsbusch.
Sunstein, C. (2008). Infotopia: How many minds produce knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press.
Surowiecki, J. (2005). The wisdom of crowds. New York: Anchor Books.
Tapscott, D., & Williams, A. (2010). Wikinomics. How mass collaboration changes everything. Expanded Edition.
New York: Penguin.
Toffler, A. (1990). The third wave. New York: Bantam Books.
Vaisnore, A., & Petraite, M. (2011). Customer involvement into open innovation process: A conceptual model. Social Sciences, 73(3), 62–73.
[CrossRef]
Vargo, S., & Lusch, R. (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1–17.
[CrossRef]
Von Hippel, E. (1988). The sources of innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Von Hippel, E. (2005). Democratizing innovation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Williams, A., & Shaw, G. (2011). Internationalization and innovation in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), 27–51.
[CrossRef]
Witt, S., Brooke, M., & Buckley, P. (2013). The management of international tourism. Oxon: Routledge.
Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179–188.
[CrossRef]
Zhao, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2014). Evaluation on crowdsourcing research: Current status and future direction. Information Systems Frontiers, 16(3), 417–434.
[CrossRef]
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Roman Egger, Igor Gula and Dominik Walcher (eds.), Open Tourism, Tourism on the Verge, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54089-9_2
(1)
Innovation Through Co-creation: Towards an Understanding of Technology-Facilitated Co-creation Processes in Tourism
Barbara Neuhofer
1Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
Barbara Neuhofer
Email: bneuhofer@bournemouth.ac.uk
Keywords Innovation – Co-creation processes – Consumer empowerment – Technology