• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN IMPLIKASI

B. Implikasi Penelitian

Temuan-temuan yang dirumuskan dalam kesimpulan penelitian,

memberikan beberapa implikasi sebagai berikut.

a. Untuk dosen kimia

1) Memanfaatkan MPKD-BBB untuk meningkatkan penguasaan konsep dan

keterampilan berpikir kritis mahasiswa.

2) Mengadaptasikan MPKD-BBB pada praktikum kimia yang lain, agar terjadi

b. Untuk institusi

Sebagai bahan pertimbangan untuk merancang kurikulum, pendekatan,

metode, dan strategi pengelolaan praktikum dengan mengadopsi dan

mengadaptasi MPKD-BBB.

c. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya

1) Penelitian selanjutnya dapat dilakukan dengan mengembangkan model

praktikum berbasis budaya lokal untuk mata kuliah/praktikum kimia yang

lain, misalnya Kimia Anorganik, Kimia Fisika, Kimia Analitik, dan Biokimia.

2) Penelitian selanjutnya dapat dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah MPKD-BBB

ini dapat digunakan untuk melatihkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi

yang lain, misalnya keterampilan berpikir kreatif.

3) Penelitian selanjutnya dapat dilakukan adalah mengembangkan asesmen

keterampilan berpikir kritis berbasis budaya Bali yang bebas konten atau

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Aikenhead, G. dan Huntey, B. (n.d.). Teacher’ Views on Aboriginal Students

Learning Western and Aboriginal Science. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.rsc.org/ Publishing/Journals/RP/index.asp. [22 Juli 2010].

Arends, R. I. (2008). Learning to Teach. Buku I. Edisi Ketujuh. Cetakan Pertama. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Bassham, G. et al. (2008). Critical Thinking: A Student Introduction. 3rd Ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Company, Inc.

Baker, D. dan Taylor, P. C. S. (1995). “The Effect of Culture on the Learning of Science in Non-Western Countries: the Result of an Integrated Research Review.” Journal Science Education. 17(6), 695-704.

Bers, T. (2005). “Assessing Critical Thinking in Community Colleges.” New

Directions for Community Colleges. 130, 15-25.

Beyer, B. K. (1988). Developing A Thinking Skill Program. Boston. London. Sydney. Toronto: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.

Beyer, B. K. (1995). Critical Thinking. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.

Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan. (2006). Panduan Penyusunan Kurikulum

Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan Jenjang Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah.

Jakarta: BSNP.

Barnhardt, R. (n.d.). Teaching/Learning accros Culture: Strategis for Succes. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.ankn.uaf.edu/TLAC.hyml. [21 Desember 2003].

Butterworth, J. dan Thwaites, G. (2005). Thinking Skills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Carroll, R. T. (2004). Becoming a Critical Thinker. [Online]. Tersedia: http://skepdic.com/refuge/etlessons/ch1.pdf. [6 Juli 2007].

Chalupa, M. dan Sormunen, C. (1995). “You Make the Difference in the Classroom: Strategies for Developing Critical Thinking.” Business

Cobern, W. W. dan Aikenhead, G. S. (1996). Cultural Aspects of Learning

Science. [Online]. Tersedia: http://wmich.edu/slcsp/121.htm. [21 Desember

2003].

Costa, A. L. (1985). “Teaching For, Of, and About Thinking”. Dalam A. L. Costa (Eds). Developing Minds: A Resource Book for Teaching Thinking. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Costa, V. B. (1995). “When Science is “Another World”: Relationships Between Worlds of Family, Friends, School, and Science”. Science Education. 79(3), 313-333.

Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational Research Design; Planning, Conducting, and

Evaluating Qualitative and Quantitative Research. 3rd Ed. Singapore: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.

Dahar, R. W. (1985). Kesiapan Guru Mengajarkan Sains di Sekolah Dasar

Ditinjau dari Segi Pengembangan Keterampilan Proses Sains (Suatu Studi Eluminatif tentang Proses Belajar Mengajar Sains di Kelas 4, 5, dan 6 Sekolah Dasar). Disertasi Doktor pada FPS IKIP Bandung: Tidak

Diterbitkan.

Depdiknas. (2006). Permendiknas No. 22/2006: Standar Isi untuk Satuan

Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah. Jakarta: BSNP.

Depdiknas. (2007). Permendiknas No. 16/2007: Standar Kualifikasi Akademik

dan Kompetensi Guru. Jakarta: BSNP.

Dirgantara, Y. et al. (2008). “Model Pembelajaran Laboratorium Berbasis Inkuiri untuk Meningkatkan Penguasaan Konsep dan Keterampilan Proses Sains Siswa MTs pada Pokok Bahasan Kalor. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA. 2(1), 87-97.

Domin, D. S. (2007). “Students’ Perceptions of When Conceptual Development Occurs during Laboratory Instruction”. Journal of Chemistry Education

Research and Practice. 8(2), 140-152.

Donder, I K. (2004). Panca Dhatu (Atom, Atma dan Animisme). Surabaya: Paramita.

Donnell, C. Mc, O’Connor, C. dan Seery, M. K. (2007). “Developing Practical Chemistry Skills by Means of Student-Driven Problem Based Learning Mini-Projects”. Journal of Chemistry Education Research and Practice. 8(2), 130-139. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.rsc.org/images/issue%208/2/ 2_tcm18/85055.pdf. [4 Maret 2008].

Ennis, R. (1985). “Curriculum for Critical Thinking”. Dalam A. L. Costa (Eds).

Developing Minds: A Resource Book for Teaching Thinking. Alexandria:

Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Ennis, R. E. (1987). A Taxonomy of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities. In J. B. Baron dan R. J. Sternberd (Eds). Teaching Thinking Skills: Theory

and Practice. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Ernst, J. dan Monroe, M. (2004). “The Effects of Environment-Based Education on Students’ Critical Thinking Skills and Disposition toward Critical Thinking”. Environmental Education Research. 10(4), 507-522.

Facione, P. A. et al. (2002). The California Critical Thinking Skill Test: Test

Manual 2002 Update Edition. Milbrae CA: The California Academic Press.

Filsaime, D. K. (2008). Menguak Rahasia Berpikir Kritis dan Kreatif. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta: Prestasi Pustaka.

Fisher, A, (2009). Berpikir Kritis: Sebuah Pengantar. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Gega, P. C. (1995). Science in Elementary Education. New York: MacMilans Publishing Company.

Green, W. J., Elliott, C. dan Cummins, R. H. (2004). “Prompted Inquiry-Based Learning in the Introductory Chemistry Laboratory”. Journal of Chemical

Education. 81(2), 239-241.

Harlen, W. (1991). The Teaching of Science. London: David Fulton Publishers.

Haukoos, G. dan LeBeau, D. (1992). “Inservice Activity that Emphasizes the Importance of the Cultural in Teaching School Science”. Journal of

American Indian Education–Arizona State University. 32(1). [Online].

Tersedia: http://jaie.asu.edu/v34/ V34S2imp.htm. [3 April 2009].

Hoaglund, J. (1993). “Critical Thinking: A Socratic Model.” Argumentation. 7(3), 291-311.

Hofstein, A. dan Mamlok-Naaman, R. (2007). “The Laboratory in Science Education: The State of The Art”. Journal of Chemistry Education Research

and Practice, 8(2), 105-107.

Holbrook, J. (2005). “Making Chemistry Teaching Relevant”. Chemical Education International. 6(1), 1-12.

Howe, E. R. (2004). “Canadian and Japanese Teachers’ Conceptions of Critical Thinking: A Comparative Study”. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and

Practice. 10(5), 506-525.

Innabi, H. dan Sheikh, O. E. (2006). “The Change in Mathematics Teachers’ Perceptions of Critical Thinking after 15 Years of Educational Reform in Jordan”. Educational Studies in Mathematics. 64, 45-68.

Jegede, O. J. dan Aikenhead, G.S. (n.d.). Transcending Cultural Borders:

Implications for Science Teaching. Tersedia: http://www.whk.edu.hk/cridal/

misc/jegede.htm. [23 Mei 2002].

Johnson, E. B. (2007). Contextual Teaching and Learning. Bandung: Mizan Learning Center (MLC).

Jones, D. (1996). Critical Thinking in an Online Word. [Online]. Tersedia: http:// www.library.ucsb.edu/untangle/jones.html. [16 Oktober 1996].

Joyce, B., Weil, M. dan Calhoun, E. (2000). Models of Teaching. 6th Ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Keenan, C. W., Kleinfelter, D. C., dan Wood, J. H. (1980). General College

Chemistry. Jilid Satu. Jakarta : Erlangga.

Ketpichainarong, W., Panijpan, B., dan Ruenwongsa, W. (2010). Enhanced Learning of Biotechnology Students by An Inquiry-Based Cellulase Laboratory. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education. 5(2), 169-187.

Kipnis, M. dan Hofstein, A. (2007). “The Inquiry Laboratory as A Source for Development of Metacognitive Skills”. International Journal of Science and

Mathematics Education. 6(3), 601-627.

Liliasari. (2010). “Pengembangan Keterampilan Berpikir Melalui Pembelajaran Sains Menuju Masa Depan”, dalam Teori, Paradigma, Prinsip, dan

Pendekatan Pembelajaran MIPA dalam Konteks Indonesia. Bandung:

FPMIPA Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Limniou, M., et al. (2007). “The Integration of A Viscosity Simulator in A Chemistry Laboratory”. Journal of Chemistry Education Research and

Practice. 8(2), 220-231. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.rsc.org/images/

issue%208/2/2tcm18/85055. pdf. [4 Maret 2008].

Lipman, M. (2003). Thinking in Education. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

MacNeil, J. dan Valaric, L. (2003). “Incomplete Combusion with Candle Flames: A Guided-Inquiry Experiment in the First-Year Chemistry Lab”. Journal of

Chemical Education. 80(3), 302-304.

Maryam, S. et al., (2001). Peningkatan Kemampuan Guru dalam Penggunaan

“Modul Bertanya” sebagai Upaya untuk Meningkatkan Penguasaan dan Aplikasi Konsep Kimia Siswa Kelas II2 SMUN 4 Singaraja. Laporan Penelitian DIKTI. Tidak Diterbitkan.

Marzano, R. J., Pickering, D., dan McTighe, J. (1993). Assessing Student

Outcomes: Performance Assessment Using the Dimensions of Learning Model. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum

Development.

Marzano, R. et al. (1988). Dimensions of Thinking: A Framework for Curriculum

and Instruction. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum

Development.

McGregor, D. (2007). Developing Thinking Developing Learning : A Guide to

Thinking Skills in Education. Berkshire: Open University Press. McGraw-

Hill.

Minium, E. W., King, B., dan Bear, G. (1993). Statistical Reasoning in

Psychology and Education. 3rd Edition. Toronto: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Miri, B, Ben-Chaim, D. dan Zoller, U. (2007). Purposely Teaching for the

Promotion of Higher-Order Thinking Skills: A Case of Critical Thinking.

[Online]. Tersedia: http://www.springerlink.com/content. [14Januari 2008].

National Research Council (2000). Inquiry and the National Science Education

Standards: A Guide for Teaching and Learning. [Online]. Tersedia:

http://books.nap. edu/html/inquiry_addendum/notice.html. [9 Oktober 2001]

National Science Teachers Association, (1998). Standards for Science Teacher

Preparation. Associtiation for The Education of Teachers in Science.

National Science Teachers Association, (2003). Standards for Science Teacher

Preparation.

Nickerson, R. S., Perkins, D. N., dan Smith, E. E. (1985). The Teaching of

Thinking. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Ogawa, M. (2002). Science as the Culture of Scientist: How to Cope with

Oxtoby, D. W., Gillis, H. P., dan Nachtrieb, N. H. (2001). Principles of Modern

Chemistry. Fourth Edition. Jilid Satu. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Oliver-Hoyo, M.T. (2003). “Designing a Written Assignment to Promote the Use of Critical Thinking Skills in An Introductory Chemistry Course”. Journal

of Chemical Education. 80(8), 889-903.

Paraskevas, A. dan Wickens, E. (2003). “Andragogy and the Socratic Method: The Adult Learner Perspective.” Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and

Tourism Education. 2(2), 4-14.

Paul, R. (1990). Critical Thinking: What Every Person Needs to Survive in a

Rapidly Changing World. Rohnert Park, CA: Center for Critical Thinking

and Moral Critique.

Paul, R. dan Binker, A. J. A. (1990). Socratic Questioning. Rohnert Park, CA: Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique.

Paul, R., Binker, A. J. A., Martin, D., Vetrano, C., dan Kreklau, H. (1989).

Critical Thinking Handbook: 6th-9th Grades. Rohnert Park, CA: Center for

Critical Thinking and Moral Critique.

Paul, R. dan Elder, L. (2005). A Guide for Educator to Critical Thinking

Competency Standars. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.criticalthinking.org.

[25 Maret 2007].

Philips, V. dan Bond, C. (2004). “Undergraduates’ Experiences of Critical Thinking”. Higher Education Research and Development. 23(3), 277-294.

Piaw, C.Y. (2004). Creative and Critical Thinking Styles. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.

Polite, V. C. dan Adams, A. H. (1996). Improving Critical Thinking Through

Socratic Seminars. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.temple.edu. [8 Juli

2007].

Prince, M. dan Felder, R. (2007). “The Many Face of Inductive Teaching and Learning”. Journal of College Science Teaching. 36(5), 14-20.

Pullailla, A., Redjeki, S., and Rusdiana, D. (2007). “Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing untuk Meningkatkan Penguasaan Konsep dan Keterampilan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa SMA pada Materi Suhu dan Kalor”. Jurnal

Pendidikan IPA. 1(3), 287-295.

Purwita, I. B. P. (1997). Upacara Ngaben. Cetakan kedua. Denpasar: PT. Usada Sastra.

Ramig et al. (1995). Teaching Science Process Skill. Good Apple, An Inprint of Paramount Suplement Education.

Raras, N. T. (2004). Kajeng Kliwon: Kerinduan Kosmik Panca Maha Bhuta. Cetakan Pertama. Surabaya: Paramita.

Redhana, I W. (2008). “Praktikum Biokimia melalui Open-Ended Laboratory”.

Jurnal Pendidikan IPA. 1(1), 32-47.

Redhana, I W. (2009). Pengembangan Program Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah

Terbimbing untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Kimia SMA. Disertasi Doktor pada SPs UPI Bandung:

Tidak diterbitkan.

Redhana, I W., Suardana, I N., dan Soma, I W. (2000). Penerapan Modul

Bertanya-Diskusi-Informasi (MDI) dalam Meningkatkan Aktivitas dan Penguasaan Materi Kimia Siswa Sekolah Menengah Umum. Laporan

Penelitian DIKTI. Tidak Diterbitkan.

Reeve, A. M. (2004). “A Discovery-Based Friedel Crafts Acylation Experiment: Student-Designed Experimental Procedure”. Journal of Chemical

Education. 81(10), 1497-1499.

Reveles, J. M., Kelly, G. J and Duran, R. P. (2007). “A Sociocultural on Mediated Activity in Third Grade Science”. Journal of Cultural Science Education. (1), 467-495.

Rustaman, N. Y. (2007). “Basic Scientific Inquiry in Science Education and Its Assessment”. Proceeding of The First International on Science Education. ISBN: 979-25-0599-7. 19-28.

Sardjiyo dan Pannen, P. (2005). “Pembelajaran Berbasis Budaya: Model Inovasi Pembelajaran dan Implementasi Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi.” Jurnal

Pendidikan. 6(2), 83-98.

Savinainen, A. dan Scott, P. (2002). “The Force Concept Inventory: A Tool for Monitoring Student Learning”. Physics Education. 39(1), 45-52.

Schafersman, S. D. (1991). Introduction to Critical Thinking. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.freeinquiry.com/critical-thinking.html. [25 September 2006].

Sellnow, D. D. dan Ahlfeldt, S. L. (2005). “Fostering Critical Thinking and Teamwork Skills via Problem-based Learning (PBL) Approach to Public Speaking Fundamentals.” Communication Teacher. 19(1), 33-38.

Sharma, P. dan Hannafin, M. (2004). “Scaffolding Critical Thinking in an Online Course: An Exploratory Study.” Journal of Computing Research. 31(2), 181-208.

Stanford University. (2003). “The Socratic Method: What it is and How to Use it in the Classroom.” Speaking of Teaching. 13(1), 1-4.

Stanley, W.B. dan Brickhouse, N.W. (2001). The Multicultural Question Revisited. Science Education. 85(1), 35-48.

Stephens, S. (2000). Handbook for Culturally Responsive Science Curriculum. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Knowledge Network.

Stiggins, R. J. (1994). Student-Centered Classroom Assessment. New York: Macmillan College Publishing Company, Inc.

Suardana, I N. (2008). “Teaching and Learning Analysis of Basic Chemistry in Developing Teaching and Learning of Critical Thinking Skills”. Proceeding

of The 2nd International Seminar on Science Education. ISBN: 978-979-

98546-4-2. 552-558.

Suardana, I N. (2001). Efektivitas Strategi Penerapan Modul Pertanyaan Pada Pelaksanaan Praktikum Kimia Dasar I, Aneka Widya: Jurnal Pendidikan

dan Pengajaran. 34(1), 37-47

Suastra, I W. (2005). Merekonstruksi Sains Asli (Indigenous Science) dalam

Rangka Mengembangkan Pendidikan Sains Berbasis Budaya Lokal di Sekolah: Studi Etnosains pada Masyarakat Penglipuran Bali. Disertasi PPs

UPI. Tidak Dipublikasikan.

Sudria, I B. N., Suardana, I N., dan Siregar. (2002). Pengembangan Bimbingan

Klinis dalam Meningkatkan Proses dan Hasil Praktikum Kimia Anorganik.

Laporan Penelitian Dikti. Tidak Diterbitkan.

Suja, I W., Sudria IBN., dan Muderawan, I W. (2007). Integrasi Sains Asli

(Indigeneous Science) ke dalam Kurikulum Sains Sekolah sebagai Upaya Pengembangan Pendidikan Sains Berbasis Content dan Context Budaya Bali. Laporan Penelitian. Tidak Diterbitkan.

Sund, R. B. dan Trowbridge, L. W. (1973). Teaching Science by Inquiry in The

Secondary School. 2nd Ed. Ohio: Bell & Howell Company.

Talanquer, V. dan Pollard. (2010). “Let’s Teach How We Think Instead of What We Know”. Journal of Chemical Education Research and Practice. 11, 74- 83.

Thiagarajan, S., Semmel, D. S. dan Semmel, M. L. (1974). Instructional,

Development for Trainning Teacher of Exceptional Children. Minnesota:

Indiana University.

Thoms, K.J. (n.d.). Critical Thinking Requires Critical Questioning. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.podnetwork.org. [28 Agustus 2006].

Toledo, C.A. (2006). “Does your dog bite? Creating Good Questions for Online Discussions”. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher

Education. 18(2), 150-154.

Trianto. (2007). Model-Model Pembelajaran Inovatif Berorientasi Konstruktivistik. Cetakan pertama. Jakarta: Prestasi Pustaka.

Tsapartis, G. dan Zoller, U. (2003). “Evaluation of Higher vs. Lower-order Cognitive Skills-Type Examination in Chemistry: Implications for University in-Class Assessment and Examination”. U.Chem.Ed. 7, 50-57. Wahyudi (2007). Kurikulum IPA Berbasis Budaya Lokal. [Online]. Tersedia:

http://www.duniaguru.com. [3 April 2009].

Walker, G. H., (1998). Critical Thinking. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.utr.edu/ administration/walkerteachingresoursecenter/facultydevelopment/critical thinking. [6 Juli 2007].

Witteck, T. et al. (2007). “A lesson Plan on ‘Methods of Separating Matter’ Based on the Learning Company Approach (A Motivating Frame for Self- Regulated and Open Lab-Work in Introductory Secondary Chemistry Lessons)”. Journal of Chemistry Education Research and Practice. 8(2). 108-119. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.rsc.org/images/issue%208/2/ 2tcm18/85055.pdf. [4 Maret 2008].

Yang, Y. T. C., Newby, T. J., dan Bill, R. L. (2005). “Using Socratic Questioning to Promote Critical Thinking Skills Through Asynchronous Discussion Forums in Distance Learning Environments.” American Journal of Distance

Education. 19(3), 163-181.

Zoller, U., Ben-Chaim, D., dan Ron, S. (2000). “The Disposition toward Critical Thinking of High School and University Science Students: An Inter-Intra Isreaeli-Italian Study.” International Journal of Science Education. 22(6), 571-582.

Zoller, U. dan Pushkin, D. (2007). “Matching Higher-Order Cognitive Skills (HOCS) Promotion Goals with Problem-Based Laboratory Practice in A Freshman Organic Chemistry Course”. Journal of Chemistry Education

Research and Practice. 8(2), 153-171. [Online]. Tersedia: http://www.rsc.org/images/Zoller%20paper %20final_ tcm18/85039.pdf. [30 Maret 2008].

Dokumen terkait