CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
B. Indonesian Adverb
In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia states that adverb (adverbia) means kata atau gabungan kata yang dipakai untuk memerikan adjektiva, verba, atau adverbia lain.21 (A word that used to explain adjective, verb, and another adverb)
Depdikbud states that “kata keterangan adalah kata yang memberi keterangan pada verba, adjectiva, nomina predicative, atau kalimat" 2i (Adverb is a word that explains verb, adjective, nomina predicative, or sentence)
2. Types of Adverb
In Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, there are many types of adverb.22 23 24 There are as following.
a. Adverbia kualitatif (adverbs of degree)
It is an adverb that says the quality, in what degree, of something. Examples:
1. Say a pal ins suka masakan Padang 2. Permainannya kurang sempurna b. Adverbia kuantitatif (adverbs o f quantitative)
It is an adverb that says the quantitative of something.
22 Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. 1999. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Page 9
23 Depdikbud. 1988. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Page 223 24 Depdikbud. Op Cit. Page 204
1. Lukanya banyak mengeluarkan darah 2. Raut wajahnya sedikit memerah c. Adverbia limitative (adverbs o f limitative)
It is an adverb that explains limitation of something. Examples:
1. Kami di rumah saja selama liburan ini
2. Obat itu hanya menghambat pertumbuhan penyakit d. Adverbia frequentative (adverbs of frequency)
It is an adverb that says how often something happens. Examples:
1. Kami selalu makan malam bersama-sama 2. Para siswa iaram terlambat masuk kelas e. Adverbia kewaktuan (adverbs o f time)
It is an adverb that says when something happens. Examples:
1. Ayah baru saja tiba dirumah
2. Kami akan segera menyelesaikan masalah itu f. Adverbia kecaraan (adverbs o f manner)
It is an adverb that explains how something happens. Examples:
1. Dia masuk ke rumah diam-diam 2. Anta berlari dengan cepat Examples:
g. Adverbia kontrastif (adverbs of contrastive)
It is an adverb that explains the contradiction of something. Examples:
1. Saya tidak pernah ke rumahnya, bahkan alamatnya pun saya tidak tahu
2. Siapa bilang dia kikir, justru dia yang menyumbang paling banyak
h. Adverbia keniscayaan (adverbs of certainty) It is an adverb that says the certainty of something. Examples:
1. Kami pasti akan menemukannya
2. Pemerintah tentu akan memperhatikan kepentingan rakyatnya
3. Function of Adverb
Abdul Chaer states that adverb has two functions.23 There are as follows.
a. Adverb that explains whole sentence.
The position of these adverbs could be in the front, middle, or end of the sentence.
Example:
1. Barangkali ia sakit hari ini. 2. Dia barangkali sakit hari ini. 25
3. Dia sakit hari ini barangkali
b. Adverb that explains element of sentence.
This adverb explains the element of sentence and it tied with the element of the sentence that explained.
Examples:
1. Nampaknya gadis itu cantik sekali. 2. Gadis itu cantik sekali nampaknya. 3. Cantik sekali nampaknya gadis itu.
The word sekali follows the word cantik because the word always has tied with the element of sentence that is cantik
4. Adverb of Frequency
a. Definition of Adverb of Frequency
In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia states that adverb (adverbia) means kata atau gabungan kata yang dipakai untuk memerikan adjektiva, verba, atau adverbia lain.26 27 (A word that used to explain adjective, verb, and another adverb)
Depdikbud states “kata keterangan adalah kata yang memberi keterangan pada verba, adjectiva, nomina predicative, atau kalim at"27 (Adverb is a word that explain verb, adjective, nomina predicative, or sentence)
26 Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Ibid
In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia states that frequency means kekerapan, jarang kerapnya28 So adverb of frequency means the word that used to explain how often something happens.
b. Function of Adverb of Frequency
1. Adverb that explain whole sentence.
This adverb can be put in the beginning, middle, or end of sentence.29
Examples:.
a. Sermekali Sandy terlambat masuk kelas. b. Selalu dia pergi pada pagi hari.
2. Adverb that explain element of sentence.
This adverb explains the element of sentence and it tied with the element of the sentence that explained.
Depdikbud states that the functions of adverb of frequency to explain elements of sentence as follows.30
a. To explains a verb Examples:
1. Sandy selalu tidur pukul 9 malam. 2. Ulil biasanya duduk di bangku itu
In the examples above selalu and biasanya are adverb and pulang and duduk are verb.
28 Keraf, Gorys. 1989. Tata Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta. Nusa Indah. Page 71 29 Chaer, Abdul. Ibid
b. To explains an adjective Examples:
1. Kakek itu kadane-kadane baik. 2. Mereka selalu gemb ira.
In the examples above kadang-kadang and selalu are adverb and baik and gembira are adjective.
c. To explains a nominal predicative Examples:
1. Yoan biasanya sendirian. 2. Mereka serins, berduaan.
In the example above biasanya and sering are adverb and sendirian and berduaan are nomina predicative.
c. Position of Adverb of Frequency
According to Depdikbud, adverbs of frequency can be put in beginning position, middle position, or end position.31
1. Beginning position
These adverbs put in beginning of a clause to explain whole sentence.
Examples:
a. Biasanya dia pergi ke pasar pada pagi hari. b. Kadans-kadans saya mengunjunginya.
2. Middle position
These adverbs can be put before or after the element of sentence. Examples:
a. Dia datang serins terlambat.
b. Kami Jarang pergi pada hari minggu. 3. End position
These adverbs put in the end of a clause to explain whole sentence.
Examples:.
a. Kakak membaca koran kadans-kadans. b. Uwi mengunjungi neneknya cukup serins.