CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
P erpustakaan
STAIN Salatiga
iiiiiin iiiin
07 T D 3 0 1 0 9 2 2 .0 1
T H E S IS
Submited in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree
Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I)
Oleh:
INDHI DWI SETIYANINGSIH NIM. 113 01 049
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN)
D E P A R T E M E N A G A M A RI
S E K O L A H T I N G G I A G A M A IS L A M N E G E R I (S T A IN ) S A L A T IG A
J l Stadion 03 Telp. (0298) 323706,323433 Salatiga 50721
Website : www.stainsalatiga.ac.id E-m ail: administrasi@stainsalatiga.ac.id
Salatiga. 27 July 2006
Ham mam, M. Pd.
The Lecturer of Educational Faculty
State Islamic Studies Institute of Salatiga
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES
Case . Indhi Dwi Setiyaningsih’s Thesis
Dear
The Head of State Islamic
Studies Institute of Salatiga
Assalamu 'alaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading and correcting Indhi Dwi Setiyaningsih’s thesis entitled
“CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY”.
I have decided and would like to propose that i t could be accepted by educational
faculty I hope it would be examined as soon as possible.
Wassalamu 'alaikum Wr. Wb.
Consultant,
Hammam, M. Pd.
NIP. 150 301 298
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS STATE ISLAM IC STUDIES INSTITUTE
(STAIN) SALATIGA
Jl. Stadion 03 Phone. 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721 Webs.ie : www.stainsalatiga.ac.id E -m ail: administrasi@stainsalatiga.ac.id
STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN
ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
IN PH I DWI SET1YANIINGS1H N IM . 113 01 049
Has been brought to the board of examiners in August, 05lh 2006 M / Rajab, 11th 1427 H, and hereby considered to completely fullfillment of the
requirement fertile degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.l) in The English and Educational Faculty.
MOTTO
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu 'alaikum Wr. Wb.
Alhamdulillahi rabbil ‘alamin, in the name of Allah the Lord of Universe,
because of Him, the writer could complete this thesis as one o f the requirements for
getting Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S. Pd. I) In English Department Faculty of State
Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga 2006.
However, this success would not be achieved without support, guidance and
encouragement from individuals and institutions, therefore let her to say thanks to:
■ Drs. Imam Sutomo, M. Ag., as the Head of STAIN Salatiga.
■ Hammam, M. Pd., thanks for your time, support, attention, motivation
advices, suggestion, and recommendation from the beginning until the end.
■ Mrs. Nuryanti and Nana, thanks for lending me the books and all your input.
■ Sandy for giving me support and helping me searching the books.
■ For all English Department teachers. Thank you very much for sharing me
your knowledge.
Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.
Salatiga, 31 July 2006
The writer
SPECIALLY D ED ICA TED T O
I d e d ic a t e t h i s t h e s i s f o r t h e s e follow ing o u ts ta n d in g p e o p le t h a t
given t h e i r love, s u p p o r t, m o tiv a tio n , fr ie n d s h ip , a n d c a rin g in my life.
■ My e n o rm o u s p a r e n ts , B apak S a rin d i a n d I b u S u ta r n i. How n ice it
is t o h a v e tw o p e o p le a s s w e e t a s th o u g h tf u l f o r my p a r e n ts . You've
given m e t h e m o st g e n e ro u s g i f t o f all... y o u r tim e... a p a r t o f y o u r
life .
■ My s i s t e r s , M b a I i n a n d W u ri. And my b r o t h e r W a h y u . I w a n t
rem in d you how m u ch I re a lly c a r e a n d th a n k you f o r all t h a t you've
b e e n t o me.
■ My b e s t f r ie n d V ina, th a n k s f o r alw ays listen in g m e, love, y o u r
c a rin g , an d b ein g a p la c e t o s h a r e . I love you.
■ S a n d y A n ta rik s a , I am so g lad and th a n k fu l t h a t Allah p u t you in
H is plan f o r m e. I could n e v e r a s k f o r , w a n t, o r n e e d a b e t t e r m an,
b e c a u s e I h a v e t h e b e s t in you.
■ N a n a a n d N o v i. My G irls, th a n k s f o r s h a r e m e y o u r love an d
w o n d e rfu l frie n d s h ip .
■ Bang B lack, A ry 'S o lik in ', S u n tu r , A gus, A ris 'P ak G u ru ', A ndik,
W a s k ito . I g e t a lo t o f m e m o ra b le tim e a n d fr ie n d s h ip w ith you.
T h an k s guys!!
* M as E d y , M as H im i, M as D idik, a n d M b ak D e fy . T h a n k s f o r
y o u r a d v ic e , an d y o u r love, p a tie n t a n d c arin g . T h a n k s f o r building
my c h a r a c t e r and b ein g my b e lo v e d s i s t a s an d b ro s .
■ M b a Luluk, K h o tm a, N u ru l, I v a . 'M o le n ', T in a .T W , J a d d i a n d
■ Bpk a n d I b u M u n ja en i, Bpk. S la m e t B a d ro n i, Bpk. S u r o to , Bpk.
S u r a tu n , Bpk. S u tik n o , Bu Y an a, Bu D arm i, Bu Mu r , Bu S o p , Bu
A m b a r. T h an k s f o r y o u r k in d n e ss, c arin g a n d ad v ice.
■ I p a n , my f ig h tin g -m a te . T h an k s b r o f o r y o u r su p p o rt.
■ My f r i e n d s in HAM. T h a n k s f o r y o u r s u p p o r t guys!!
* All t h e p e o p le t h a t I c a n 't m e n tio n o n e b y o n e ..
S o th a n k fu l t o b e a b le t o s h a r e my t h e s i s w ith e a c h o f you...!!!
J u ly '0 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITTLE PAGE... i
ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTE... ii
CERTIFICATION PAGE... iii
MOTTO... iv
ACKNOLEDGMENT... v
DEDICATION... ... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION... 1
A. Background of the Study... 1
B. Review of the Previous Research... 4
C. Identification of the Problem... 5
D. Statement of the Problem V... 5
E. Objective of the Problem... 6
F. Benefits of the Study... 6
G. Thesis Out Line... 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE... 8
A. English Adverb... 8
a. Definition of Adverb... 8
b. Types of Adverb... 9
c. Function of Adverb... 11
d. Adverb of Frequency... 13
3. Position of Adverb of Frequency... 15
B. Indonesian Adverb... 19
a. Definition of Adverb... 19
b. Types of Adverb... 19
c. Function of Adverb... 21
d. Adverb of Frequency... 22
1. Definition of Adverb of Frequency... 22
2. Function of Adverb of Frequency... 23
3. Position of Adverb of Frequency... 24
C. Contrastive Analysis... 25
D. Hypothesis o f Contrastive Analysis... 26
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY... 29
A. Method Used in the Research... 29
B. D ata... 30
C. Source of Data... 30
D. Method of Collecting Data... 31
E. Method of Analyzing Data... 32
CHAPTER IY THE RESULT OF THE STUDY... 36
A. Data Presentation... 36
B. Data Analysis... 39
CHAPTER V CLOSURE... 45
A. Conclusion... 45
B. Suggestion... 46
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
One of the giving of God to human being is language. It is very
important as a means of communication. There are many different languages,
in the earth. Two of them are Indonesian and English.
It is well known that English is as an international language. It is
used as a means of communication in most of the countries in the world.
Without language, human cannot communicate with other people. English is
also used to write many kinds of scientific books.
In fact, learning English is not easy, because there are many kinds
differences between their native and target language. The function of
language is for communication among human beings. In learning English as
a foreign language, Indonesian learners are often confused to comprehend it
because there are differences between English and Indonesian language
systems. It happen because the Indonesian learners are influenced by
Indonesian structure in learning.
Every year millions o f people begin learning a foreign language but
only very few succeed in mastering it. The most obvious reason is that the
learners of foreign language have had experiences which vary from person
to person.1
If the native language habit is transferred when learning a foreign
language, problems will arise. So by comparing the foreign language
systems with the native language systems, the teacher will know the
potential learning problems. Obviously learning English as a foreign
language is more difficult than learning the first language. The basic
problem arising is not only out of essential difficulties in the features of the
second language themselves but also from the first language.
Based on the assumption that the learners tend to transfer the nat've
language systems into the foreign language, the teacher in teaching a foreign
language must compare the native language and foreign language in order to
be able to find the differences and to avoid errors. The errors are often
influenced by the native language, as learners tend to transfer the structure of
native language into the foreign language. Therefore, the learners learning a
foreign language have to master the form and the meaning to avoid making
errors.
Generally, to master English, there are four skills learned by students
such as writing, reading, listening, and speaking. From the skills above, the
students will be able to make a good sentence. In addition, the students
should learn about grammar. Grammar is the rules in a language for
changing form of words and joining them into sentences.2
The common problem faced by foreign language learners when
reading material written in English is because they do not master
vocabulary.
Grammar is very important in learning English. One of grammar
elements is adverb. Adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.3 According to Alter, there are many kinds of
adverb. They are adverb of manner, adverb of place, adverb of time, adverbs
of degree and adverb of frequency.4 In Indonesian, there are many kinds of
adverb too. They are adverbia kualitatif (adverb of quality), adverbia
kuantitative (adverb of quantitative), adverbia lim itatif (adverb of
limitative), adverbia frekuentative (adverb of frequency), adverbia
kewaktuan (adverb of time), adverbia kecaraan (adverb of manner),
adverbia kontrastif (adverb of contrastive), and adverbia keniscayaan
(adverb of certainty).5 In this thesis the writer will try to explore adverb of
frequency in both languages, English and Indonesian.
From the explanation above, the writer would like to study adverb of
frequency. The writer wants to compare English and Indonesian adverb of
*
frequency to get the differences and similarities of them, so the writer wants
to analyse both of them to give contribution.
3 http://netgrammar. altec.org/Support/a 101 b5_101000 html
B. Review of the Previous Research
There are three previous researcher used by the writer as bones of
literature thesis. Those are:
1. Based on the thesis of Gunari entitled An Error Analysis in the Use o f
Adverbs in Written English (The Case o f the Second Year Students o f
Islamic Senior High School MAN Purwodadi in the Academy Year o f
2001/2002), states that interlingual (influence of native language system)
and intralingual caused the learners difficult to learn English adverbs.
2. According to Asyik Junaidi, in his thesis A Contrastive Analysis between
English and Indonesian Sentence Patterns, states that by making a
contrastive between two languages in order to find out the similar and
different elements can used to predict the learning problems.
3. According to Muhammad Mutaqiin in his thesis An error Analysis o f
Using Adverbs in Reported Speech (a Case Study o f the Second Year
Students o f SMU Sudirman Andong Boyolali in the Academic Year o f
2003 - 2004), states that the intralingual errors can find out the dominant
error, the students usually ignore of the rule restriction.
By comparing the two languages, learners will be able to identify the
differences elements, which usually form stumbling blocks for them. Thus
they can make a contrastive analysis between the two languages in order to
find out the similar and the different elements.6
The linguistic system deals with the systematic comparison and
contrasting of the native and target (or second) language system, commonly
knows as contrastive analysis.7 By comparing both languages, English and
Indonesian, then find the differences elements, the learners could avoid error
in learning adverbs of frequency.
C. Identification of the Problem
In order to understand the topic easier, the writer will identify about
the problem in the following:
1. The similarities between English and Indonesian adverbs of frequency.
2. The differences between English and Indonesian adverbs o f frequency.
D. Statement of the Problem
The writer will present a study to a specific aspect of the problems
that are:
1. What are the similarities between English and Indonesian adverb of
frequency?
2. What are the differences between English and Indonesian adverb of
frequency?
■
E. Objective of the Problem
In writing this thesis, the writer has objectives as follows:
1. To describe the similarities between English and Indonesian adverb of
frequency.
2. To describe the differences between English and Indonesian adverb of
frequency.
F. Benefits of the Study
Theoretically, this thesis will add finding the similarities and
differences between English and Indonesian adverbs of frequency, so that
the teacher could find out the answer of the problems about adverb of
frequency. For the students, it can use as one of literature reviews in their
study.
Practically, the study will give additional contribution to the learners
to improve their understanding about grammar especially in adverb of
frequency, and it can help the teacher in presenting English adverb of
frequency easier.
G. Thesis Out Line
I
This thesis is divided into five chapters. In order to get a tidy
presentation, the writer will convey the kind of the thesis in the following:
Chapter I is Introduction, which contains the background of the
statement of the problem, objective of the study, benefits of the study,
clarification of key terms, research methodology, and thesis out line.
Chapter II is Review of the Related Literature. The chapter deals with
detailed discussion on English and Indonesian Adverbs of frequency. It
consists of definition of adverb, kind and position of adverb, function of
adverb, the notion of contrastive analysis and the hypothesis of contrastive
analysis.
Chapter III is Data Presentation. It consists of the meaning of
research method, the object of the research, the method of collecting tne
data, the method of analysing the data, and the procedure of the research.
Chapter IV is Data Analysis. This chapter describes the similarities
and differences between English and Indonesian adverbs of frequency.
Chapter V is Conclusion and Suggestion. In this chapter, the writer
gives some conclusion of the study described in the previous chapter and
CHAPTER n
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter the writer goes to talk about the underlying theory to
support the subject of this research, that is adverb. To clarify about the adverb,
the writer will give some explanations about the definition of adverb, kinds of
adverbs, position and function adverb of frequency in English and Indonesian,
contrastive analysis and hypothesis of contrastive analysis.
A. ENGLISH ADVERB
To explain English adverb, she formulates it as follows:
1. Definition of Adverb
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary states that adverb is a
word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause or
degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase, or another adverb.1
Warner’s English Grammar and Composition states that an
adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.1 2 3
They answer the question “how?”, “when?”, “where?”, “how often?”,
1 Hornby, A S . 2000 Oxford A dm nced Learner's Dictionary o f Current English. London: Oxford University Press. Page 19
2 Warriner, John. E. 1982. Warriner’s English Grammar and Composition. USA. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Page 63
An adverb is defined as a word that modifies a verb, adjective,
another adverb or a whole clause or sentence 4 To modify means to
change a little. Adverb change sentences by adding to the meaning of the
word they modify.
2. Types of Adverb
There are many types of adverb, common types include adverb of
manner, adverb of time, adverb of frequency, adverb of place, and adverb
of degree.
a. Adverb of Manner
It is an adverb that answers the question “how?”.5 This adverb
explains how, in what way, something happens or is done. Adverb of
manner most often occupy the end position of a clause.6 For instance,
adverb of manner is such as bravely, happily, quickly, patiently,
slowly, carefully, beautifully, quietly, sharply, loudly, fast, well, etc.
The writer will present two examples in the form of sentences below:
1. She sings the song beautifully.
2. He swims fast.
b. Adverb of Time
It is an adverb that says when something happen. In this
adverb indicates the time of action when. Adverb of time usually
occupy either the beginning position or the end position of a clause.7
For instance, adverb of time is such as now, soon, still, then, today,
yet, tomorrow, recently, afterwards, eventually, etc. The writer will
present two examples in the form of sentences below:
1. Eventually he came.
2. Sandy hasn’t finished his breakfast yet.
c. Adverb of Frequency
It is an adverb that says how often something happens.
Stannard Allan said that these adverbs usually answering the question
how often?8 For instance, adverb of frequency is such as always,
never, occasionally, often, seldom, rarely, once, twice, sometimes,
ever, hardly ever, usually, etc. The writer will present two examples
in the form of sentences below:
1. I always do my homework on Sunday.
2. Nana hardly ever wears earrings.
d. Adverb o f Place
It is an adverb that tells where something happens or an
activity is taking place. It indicates place. Adverb of place most often
occupy the end of position.9 For instance, adverb of place is such as
here, there, by, near, away, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere,
upstairs, downstairs, in, on, etc. The writer will present two examples
in the form of sentences below:.
7 http://interlinepublishing.com/chapter_7.htm
1. The girl is th ere.
2. Anta is upstairs.
e. Adverb of Degree
It is an adverb that says how completely something happens.
It shows the quantity how much, or in what degree or to what extent.10 11
For instance, adverb of degree is such as hardly, rather, quite, too,
very, almost, so, even, clearly, just, completely, enough, really, fully,
etc. The writer will present two examples in the form of sentences
below:
1. She is absolutely right.
2. Miss. Uwi explained about the topic clearly.
3. Function of Adverb
According to Marcella Frank, an adverb modifies a verb,
adjective, adverb or entire sentence.11 She then will convey to each
function below:
a. Adverb as modifier of a verb
She will directly present some examples and explain them.
1. Anta speaks loudly.
The adverb of manner loudly modify the verb speak. It explains
the way Anta speaks.
10 www.interlinepublishing.com Ibid
2. She never smokes.
The adverb of frequency never modify the verb smoke. It explains
how often she smokes.
3. Nana sings beautifully.
The adverb of place locally modify the verb live. It explains where
Nana lives.
b. Adverb as modifier of an adjective
She will directly present some examples and explain them.
1. He is really handsome.
The adverb of degree really modify the adjective handsome.
2. You are very tall.
The adverb of degree very modify the adjective tall. It explains
how tall is the person.
3. He drove a very fast car.
The adverb o f degree very modify the adjective fast. It explains
how fast was his car.
c. Adverb as modifier of other adverb
She will directly present some examples and explain them.
1. She drives incredibly slowly.
The adverb of manner slowly modify the adverb of degree
incredibly
2. He walks quite often.
3. We study very hard.
The adverb of manner hard modify the adverb o f degree very.
d. Adverb as modifier of an entire sentence
She will directly present some examples and explain them.
1. Honestly, Anta didn’t get the money.
The adverb honestly explains the sentence Anta didn 't get the
money
2. Luckily, she won the competition.
The adverb luckily explains the sentence she won the competition
3. He is obviously intelligent.
The adverb obviously explains the sentence he is intelegent
4. Adverb of Frequency
a. Definition of Adverb of Frequency
From the previous explanation, an adverb is defined as a word
that modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a whole clause or
sentence.12 Frequency means the rate at which something happens or
is repeated or the fact of something happening often.13
Adverb o f frequency is an adverb that tells how often an
action occurs. Adverb of frequency range in meaning from all o f time
to none of the time.14
www. angelfire.com ibid
13 Hornby, A.S. Op Cit Page 514
So, an adverb of frequency is a word that used to explain how
often something happens. For instance, adverb of frequency is such as
always, ever, frequently, generally, never, often, rarely, seldom,
sometimes, usually, normally, hardly ever, occasionally, commonly,
etc.
b. Function of Adverb of Frequency
There are three functions o f adverbs of frequency as follows.15
1. To modify a verb
She will directly present some examples and explain them.
a. Vina always walks fast.
b. Yoan usually goes to school by bike.
In these examples, always modifies the verb walk and usually
modifies the verb go. It means Vina walks fast every time, and
Yoan goes to school by bike almost every day.
2. To modify an adjective
She will directly present an example and explain it.
a. She is always happy.
In this example, always modifis the adjective happy. It means she
feels happy all the time.
3. To modify another adverb
She will directly present some examples and explain them.
a. He never works seriously.
b. I visit him quite often.
In these examples, never modifies another adverb seriously and
quite modifies another adverb often. It means that he works
seriously not at any time, and I visit him many times.
4. To modify whole clause or sentence
She will directly present some examples and explain them.
a. Never walk home alone at night.
b. Sometimes we go to school by bus.
In these examples, never modifies the sentence walk home alone
at night means suggestion not to walk home at night alone.
Sometimes modifies the sentence we go to school by bus. It means
we go to school by bus at particular occasions but not all the time.
c. Position of Adverb of Frequency
An adverb which modifies a verb may occupy one of the three
main positions in a clause. These positions may be referred to as the
beginning position, the middle position, and the end position. Adverb
of frequency may occupy any of these positions.16 According to
Geoffrey Leech, there are three position of adverb of frequency. They
are as follows.17
www.fortunecitv.com ibid
1. Front Position
An adverb in front position is located at the beginning of a
clause. The use of this position tends to emphasize the adverb.18
Imperative beginning with never and always can be used this
position.
These adverbs of frequently such as sometimes, often,
usually, occasionally, frequently, generally and normally can be
used in this position.
Examples:.
a. Always Ao your best!
b. Never forget this rule!
c. Normally I wake up late.
d. Sometimes it rains for a week in West Java.
2. Middle Position
Adverbs of frequency in the middle position occupy the
location indicated below:
a. Affirmative sentences
Adverbs of frequency (but not ever) can be used in this
position immediately after modal auxiliary verbs or first
auxiliary verbs.19
18 www. fortunecitv. com ibid
1. Vina and I will always be close friends
2. You should never leave a baby alone
3. Iam usually working at weekends
4. I have never read that book before
Adverbs of frequency placed before main verbs
Examples:
1. Sandy occasionally visits me on Sundays
2. He usually goes to work by car
3. She sometimes visits the library
4. I frequently watch the news before unner
b. Negative sentences
Negative sentences indicated with the word not.20
Examples:
1. They don’t often go to the cinema
2. Wuri isn’t usually late
3. I don’t always go to the library on weekend
4. I don’t often go to the shop
c. Interrogative sentences
Adverb of frequency placed after subject of the sentences and
the answer placed after subject and before auxiliary. Examples:
1. Do you often go to the cinema?
Yes, I often do
2. Is she usually on time?
Yes, she usually is
3. Did Sandy ever play basketball?
No, he never did
4. Has Wuri ever been to Singapore?
No, she never has
3. End Position
An adverb in the end position is located at the end of a
clause. The use of this position tends to emphasize the adverb. An
adverb in the end position occurs after an intransitive verb or after
the direct object of a transitive verb. More than one adverb at a
time can occupy the end position of a clause.21
Examples:
a. He speaks seldom
b. I visit her frequently
c. We go to school by bus sometimes
d. I visit him quite often Examples:
B. INDONESIAN ADVERB
1. Definition of Adverb
In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia states that adverb (adverbia)
means kata atau gabungan kata yang dipakai untuk memerikan
adjektiva, verba, atau adverbia lain.21 (A word that used to explain
adjective, verb, and another adverb)
Depdikbud states that “kata keterangan adalah kata yang
memberi keterangan pada verba, adjectiva, nomina predicative, atau
kalimat" 2i (Adverb is a word that explains verb, adjective, nomina
predicative, or sentence)
2. Types of Adverb
In Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, there are many types of
adverb.22 23 24 There are as following.
a. Adverbia kualitatif (adverbs of degree)
It is an adverb that says the quality, in what degree, of something.
Examples:
1. Say a pal ins suka masakan Padang
2. Permainannya kurang sempurna
b. Adverbia kuantitatif (adverbs o f quantitative)
It is an adverb that says the quantitative of something.
22 Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. 1999. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Page 9
1. Lukanya banyak mengeluarkan darah
2. Raut wajahnya sedikit memerah
c. Adverbia limitative (adverbs o f limitative)
It is an adverb that explains limitation of something.
Examples:
1. Kami di rumah saja selama liburan ini
2. Obat itu hanya menghambat pertumbuhan penyakit
d. Adverbia frequentative (adverbs of frequency)
It is an adverb that says how often something happens.
Examples:
1. Kami selalu makan malam bersama-sama
2. Para siswa iaram terlambat masuk kelas
e. Adverbia kewaktuan (adverbs o f time)
It is an adverb that says when something happens.
Examples:
1. Ayah baru saja tiba dirumah
2. Kami akan segera menyelesaikan masalah itu
f. Adverbia kecaraan (adverbs o f manner)
It is an adverb that explains how something happens.
Examples:
1. Dia masuk ke rumah diam-diam
g. Adverbia kontrastif (adverbs of contrastive)
It is an adverb that explains the contradiction of something.
Examples:
1. Saya tidak pernah ke rumahnya, bahkan alamatnya pun saya
tidak tahu
2. Siapa bilang dia kikir, justru dia yang menyumbang paling
banyak
h. Adverbia keniscayaan (adverbs of certainty)
It is an adverb that says the certainty of something.
Examples:
1. Kami pasti akan menemukannya
2. Pemerintah tentu akan memperhatikan kepentingan rakyatnya
3. Function of Adverb
Abdul Chaer states that adverb has two functions.23 There are as
follows.
a. Adverb that explains whole sentence.
The position of these adverbs could be in the front, middle, or
end of the sentence.
Example:
1. Barangkali ia sakit hari ini.
2. Dia barangkali sakit hari ini. 25
3. Dia sakit hari ini barangkali
b. Adverb that explains element of sentence.
This adverb explains the element of sentence and it tied with
the element of the sentence that explained.
Examples:
1. Nampaknya gadis itu cantik sekali.
2. Gadis itu cantik sekali nampaknya.
3. Cantik sekali nampaknya gadis itu.
The word sekali follows the word cantik because the word always
has tied with the element of sentence that is cantik
4. Adverb of Frequency
a. Definition of Adverb of Frequency
In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia states that adverb
(adverbia) means kata atau gabungan kata yang dipakai untuk
memerikan adjektiva, verba, atau adverbia lain.26 27 (A word that used
to explain adjective, verb, and another adverb)
Depdikbud states “kata keterangan adalah kata yang memberi
keterangan pada verba, adjectiva, nomina predicative, atau
kalim at"27 (Adverb is a word that explain verb, adjective, nomina
predicative, or sentence)
26 Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Ibid
In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia states that frequency
means kekerapan, jarang kerapnya28 So adverb of frequency means
the word that used to explain how often something happens.
b. Function of Adverb of Frequency
1. Adverb that explain whole sentence.
This adverb can be put in the beginning, middle, or end of
sentence.29
Examples:.
a. Sermekali Sandy terlambat masuk kelas.
b. Selalu dia pergi pada pagi hari.
2. Adverb that explain element of sentence.
This adverb explains the element of sentence and it tied with the
element of the sentence that explained.
Depdikbud states that the functions of adverb of frequency to
explain elements of sentence as follows.30
a. To explains a verb
Examples:
1. Sandy selalu tidur pukul 9 malam.
2. Ulil biasanya duduk di bangku itu
In the examples above selalu and biasanya are adverb and
pulang and duduk are verb.
28 Keraf, Gorys. 1989. Tata Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta. Nusa Indah. Page 71 29 Chaer, Abdul. Ibid
b. To explains an adjective
Examples:
1. Kakek itu kadane-kadane baik.
2. Mereka selalu gemb ira.
In the examples above kadang-kadang and selalu are adverb
and baik and gembira are adjective.
c. To explains a nominal predicative
Examples:
1. Yoan biasanya sendirian.
2. Mereka serins, berduaan.
In the example above biasanya and sering are adverb and
sendirian and berduaan are nomina predicative.
c. Position of Adverb of Frequency
According to Depdikbud, adverbs of frequency can be put in
beginning position, middle position, or end position.31
1. Beginning position
These adverbs put in beginning of a clause to explain whole
sentence.
Examples:
a. Biasanya dia pergi ke pasar pada pagi hari.
b. Kadans-kadans saya mengunjunginya.
2. Middle position
These adverbs can be put before or after the element of sentence.
Examples:
a. Dia datang serins terlambat.
b. Kami Jarang pergi pada hari minggu.
3. End position
These adverbs put in the end of a clause to explain whole
sentence.
Examples:.
a. Kakak membaca koran kadans-kadans.
b. Uwi mengunjungi neneknya cukup serins.
C. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
Contrastive analysis is a procedure that is comparing the structure of
the native and foreign language, predicting the difficulties and the errors in
learning process, arranging the teaching material and also preparing the
method in giving the subjects to the learners. Henry Guntur Tarigan said
that” Analisis kontrastif adalah kegiatan yang mencoba membandingkan
struktur B I dan B2 untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan diantara kedua
bahasa?2 (Contrastive analysis is an activity that tries to compare structure
of first language and the second language to identify the differences between
both languages).
Robert Lado introduces contrastive analysis as the comparison of the
structure of two languages to determine the points where they differ and the
difference is the source of difficulty in learning target language.33
From the definition above, it can be known that the contrastive
analysis compares two things concerning with linguistic points. According to
Sri Hastuti, Contrastive analysis as “Cabang ilmu yang membandingkan dua
bahasa dari segala komponennya secara sinkronik sehingga ditemukan
perbedaan-perbedaan dan kemiripan yang ada ”.34 (Branch of science that
compares two languages and the elements synchronize to find the differences
and the similarities).
D. HYPOTHESIS OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS
Contrastive analysis is stated in a well known as analytical activities
with contrastive analysis term. In accordance with learning language
someone makes mistakes frequently in expressing a sentence due to an effect
of sentence construction to his/her language. Further more as developed by
Charles Fries in 1945 and Robert Lado in 1957, errors are made by some
divergences between the language and another language.33
In recent years researchers and teachers have come more and more to
understand that second language learning is a creative process of
constructing a system in which the learner is consciously testing hypothesis
33 Lado, Robert. 1962. Linguistic Across Culture, A pplied linguistic fo r Language
7eacher. Michigan: Ann. Arbor University Press. Page 21.
34 Sri Hastuti. 1989. Sekitar Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Indonesia. Yogyakarta. PT. Mitra Gama Widya. Page 45.
about the target language from a number of knowledge: limited knowledge
of the target language itself; knowledge about the communicative function of
language, knowledge in general, and knowledge about life, human being and
universe.
Contrastive analysis took the position that the learner’s first language
“interferes” with his or her acquisition of a second language, and that is
therefore compares the major obstacle to successful mastery of the new
language. The contrastive analysis hypothesis held that where the structure
in the LI is different from those in L2, errors tfyat reflect the structure of the
LI would be produced. Those differences will become the basis to predict
some points that caused by difficulties that will be faces by the students.
At the level of process, there are two versions of contrastive analysis
hypothesis. They are ‘strong form’ and ‘weak form’.36 Strong form
hypothesis states that the L2 errors can be predicted by identifying the
differences between LI and L2, which are learned by learners. Weak form
hypothesis states that contrastive analysis has diagnostic characteristic.
Therefore, contrastive analysis and errors analysis must be mutually
completable. Error analysis identifies the errors done by the learners and
contrastive analysis determines which error is caused by the differences of
both languages.
Henry Guntur Tarigan, states the hypothesis of contrastive analysis as
follows.37
1. That the prime cause or the single cause of default and error in
foreign language learning is interference coming from the learner’s
native language.
2. The greater of differences between LI and L2 is, the more difficult
learning foreign language will be.
3. This difficulty is caused by the differences between LI and L2.
4. That the result of comparison between the two languages is needed to
predict the difficulties and errors in learning foreign language.
5. Teaching material can be determined exactly by comparing both
languages, than it is decreased with part which is similar. So what the
students must learn are the sums of the differences compared based
on contrastive analysis.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the writer would like to explain the methodology of the
research used. It consists of method used in the research, the data, source of
data, method of collecting data, and method of analyzing data.
A. Method Used in the Research
Research is an investigation undertaken in order to discover new
facts or get additional information.1 Suharsimi Arikunto states that there are
three kinds of research. They are descriptive, correlative, and comparative.1 2
Hornby states that method is a way of doing something. The meaning of
method is different from doing something. It is a procedure in carrying out
the research dealing with the technique of collecting and analyzing the data. 3
This study belongs to comparative research. Comparative research is
used to know the differences and the similarities of things, people, ideas or
procedures.4 Robert Lado introduces contrastive analysis as the comparison
of the structure of the two languages to ‘determine the points where they
differ and the difference is the source of difficulty in learning target
1 Homby, AS. 1988. Guide to Pattern and Usage in English.London Oxford University Press. Page 20
2 Arikunto, Suharsimi. 1993. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Petidekatan Praktis. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Page 191
language.3 The purpose of this study is to find out the differences and the
similarities of two languages, English and Indonesian. In this research the
writer limits only the adverbs of frequency.
While, Guntur Tarigan defines that contrastive analysis refers to an
activity that tries to compare between English and Indonesian language, to
identify the differences between both languages and their similarities.
Contrastive analysis is a work of procedure of language activities by
comparing the structure of LI and L2 or any languages and identifying their
differences from the two languages.6
Concerning with the method, the writer uses Contrastive Analysis
Method to do this research.
B. Data
The writer takes some sentences consisting of adverb of frequency
taken from books and internet related with the purpose of this research.
C. Source of Data
*
The source of the data refers to the subject from which the data are
obtained. They are considered as a material of the research. This research
compares English and Indonesian adverbs of frequency. There are two types
of data sources.
5 Lado, Robert. 1962. Linguistic Across Culture. A pplied Linguistic fo r Language Teacher.
Michigan; Ann Arbor University Press. Page 21
The primary data are:
1. A Practical English Grammar by AJ. Thomson and AV Martinet
2. Modem English: A Practical Reference Guide by Marcella Frank
3. Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia by Abdul Chaer
4. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia by Alwi Hasan, Soenjono
Dardjowidjojo, Hans Lapoliwa, Anton M. Moeliono
The secondary data are:
1. Warriner’s English Grammar and Composition by John E. Warriner
2. Kamus Lengkap Tata Bahasa Inggris bv Geoffrey Lench
3. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia by Depdikbud
4. www.angelfire.com/wi3/englishcomer/grammar/rules/advfreQ.html
5. http://fortunecitv.com/ballv/durrus/153/gramch24.html
D, Method of Collecting Data
Collecting data is very important work in this research. So the writer
determines the method used to collect the data. There are six methods of
collecting data according to Suharsimi Arikunto. They are questionnaire,
observation, interview, rating scale, test and documentation.7
The writer uses non-statistical analysis method (Qualitative Method).
It is analysis done by reading and collecting data.8 In this thesis, the writer
uses a qualitative method because it is a library research. The writer uses the
7 Arikunto, Suharsimi. ibid
easy way by reading and collecting data from some books which are related
to the study.
E. Method of Analyzing Data
1. Descriptive Method
Descriptive method means the thinking of every ideology and
philosophy described clearly and completely, so the similarities and
differences can be treated clearly too. Using this description it will be
known the description of language.9
2. Technique of Contrastive Analysis
The writer uses contrastive analysis method in this study because
it is used to analyse between two languages. In this research, the writer
works on the data in three steps:
a. The writer classifying the data into English and Indonesian adverbs
of frequency. She uses the English adverbs of frequency and then she
takes Indonesian adverbs of frequency as comparison.
b. Analysing the data by using contrastive analysis.
c. The writer draws some conclusions and presents some suggestion.
Example of analysis
1. Front Position
English Indonesian
Sometimes I wake up late Kadang-kadang saya bangun
kesiangan
Both English and Indonesian adverbs of frequency in the beginning
position to emphasize the adverb. It place in front of a clause. The
adverb sometimes explains the sentence I wake up late. And the
adverb terkadang explains the sentence saya bangun kesiangan.
2. Middle position
English Indonesian
Vina and I will always be close
friends
Vina dan saya akan selalu
bersahabat
I have never read that book
before
Saya belum pernah membaca
buku itu sebelumnya
Sandy usually comes late Dia sering datang terlambat
Dia datang sering terlambat
English adverbs of frequency placed after modal auxiliary or first
In the first example, the adverb always placed after modal auxiliary
verb will.
The second example, the adverb never placed after first auxiliary
verb have.
And the third example, the adverb usually placed before the main
verb visit.
Indonesian adverbs of frequency placed after the word explained or
before the word explained.
In the first, second, and third examples, the adverbs selalu, belum
pernah, and sering placed before the words bersahabat, membaca,
and datang.
The fourth example, the adverb sering placed after the word
explained datang.
3. End position
English Indonesian
He speaks seldom Saya bangun kesiangan
kadang-kadang
I visit her frequently
I visit him quite often
Both English and Indonesian adverbs of frequency in the end
clause.English adverbs of frequency in the end position placed after
an intransitive verb, or after the direct object of a transitive verb.
In the first example, the adverb seldom placed after an intransitive
verb speak.
The second and third examples, the adverbs frequently and often
placed after the direct object of transitive verb her and him.
«
More than one adverb at a time can occupy the end position in a
cleuse.
CHAPTER IV
THE RESULT OF THE STUDY
A. Data Presentation
In order to make research more practical and more understanable
easily, the writer classified the data based on their position such as in front,
middle or end position.
1. Adverb of frequency in front position
a. Always
b. Normally
c. Occasionally
d. Often
e. Sometimes
f. Biasanya
g. Kadang-kadang
h. Sekali
i. Sekali-sekali
j. Seringkah
k. Sesekali
2. Adverb of frequency in the middle position
a. Always
b. Constantly
d. Ever
e. Frequently
f. Generally
g. Hardly ever
h. Never
i. Normally
j. Occasionally
L Often
l. Rarely
m. Seldom
n. Sometimes
o. Usually
p. Biasanya
q. Jarang
r. Sekali
s. Sekali-kali
t. Sekali-sekali
u. Selalu
v. Sering
w. Seringkah
3. Adverb of frequency in the end position
a. Annually
b. Daily
c. Frequently
d. Monthly
e. Occasionally
f. Often
g. Once
h. Regulary
i. Seldom
j. Sometimes
k. Usually
l. Biasanya
4. Adverb of frequency in front, middle, and end position
a. Occasionally
b. Often
c. Sometimes
B. Data Analysis
1. Adverb of frequency in front position.
English Indonesian
Always do your best!1 Biasanva dia pulang pukul lima7 8 9.
'S
Normally I wake up late. Kadang-kadang sava terkejut
Occasionally John missed lesson.1 2 3 melihat inisiatifnya.o
Often the wind blows less strongly Seringkali sampah beterbangan
at night.4 dari bak yang tidak tertutup
Sometimes it rains for months in .. 9
itu .
Africa.5 Sesekali kalau kebetulan ke
Never walk home alone at night.6 Jakarta, saya mampir juga ke
rumahnya.10 11
Sekali baca sava sudah mengerti
isinya.11
1 www.angelfire.com/wi
2 http://www.e-mesh.eom/members/leamercentre/grammar/lc_j:ram_adv_freq.html
3 Leech, Geoffrey. 2005. Kamus Lengkap Tata Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc. Page 24 4 http://www.fortunecity.eom/bally/durms/l53/gramch24.html
5 w w w . e-mesh, com ibid
6 w w w , e-mesh, com ibid
7 Depdikbud. 1988. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Page 225 8 Alwi, Hasan. Soenjono Dardjowidjojo. Hans Lapoliwa. Anton M. Moeliono. 1999. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Page 205
9 Depdikbud. 1995. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. Page 529
The adverbs of frequency always, normally, occasionally, often,
sometimes, never, biasanya, kadang-kadang, seri nakal i, sesekali, and
sekali placed in the beginning of a clause or sentence.
They emphasize the adverb.
Adverb of frequency always placed in the beginning of a clause to make
imperative sentence.
2. Adverb of frequency in the middle position
English Indonesian
He is always at home on Dia biasanya pul any pukul lima.26
Sunday's.12 Dia me many iarany mandi.27
He is constantly coming to work Kopor yang berat itu terbawa
late.13 denaan sekali angkat.2*
I don’t ever download music from Kamu sekali-kali ianyan datana
the Internet.14 kesinif9
Buses run frequently between the Kami sekali-sekali /uaa pergi ke
city and the airport.13 * disko20
John had generally been a good Kami selalu makan malam
team player.16 bersama-sama.'? 1
www.angelfire.com ibid
13 www.e-mesh.com ibid
14 www.angelfire.com ibid
15 Hornby, A.S. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary o f Current English. New York: Oxford University Press. Page 514
I hardly ever travel abroad.1' Mereka serins, mensabaikan
I have never read that book tanggung jawabnya.32
before.17 18 Dia serinskali tidak masuk
The bus will normally come on sekolah.33
time.19 Kami sesekali /usa ziarah ke
John occasionally missed lesson."0 kuburan beliaud4
She is often ill in winter.21 22
t i. T')
He rarely makes a mistake.
I seldom have a chance to go to the
theatre.23
We sometimes visit him on
Sundays.24 20 33 32 31 3 359 28 2 *6 24
The side effect usually go away
after a few hours.20
17 Depdikbud. 1988. ibid
18 Chaer, Abdul. Op Cit.Page 173 19 Depdikbud. 1995. Op Cit. Page 891 20 Chaer, Abdul. Op Cit.Page 167
28 www. leamingenglish. org. ibid
29 www. interlinepublishing. com/chapter_7. litni 30 www.angelfire.com ibid
31 Alwi, Hasan. Ibid
32 Alwi, Hasan. Ibid
33 Chaer, Abdul. Ibid
The adverb of frequency always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever,
never, normally, occasionally, often, rarely,seldom, sometimes, usually,
biasanya, jarang, sekali, sekali-kali, sekali-sekali, selalu, sering,
seringkah ,and sesekali placed in the middle of a clause or sentence.
They modify verb, adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence.
3. Adverb of frequency in the end position
English Indonesian
The book is published annually
She clean her room daily,36
I visit him frequently/
The meeting takes place monthly. '''
John missed lesson occasionally:'<J
I warned you often.4"
He came once.4 1
He visits his mother regulary,42
He speaks seldom43
It rains for months in Africa
sometimes.44
1 wake up late usually4'
Dia pulang pukul lima biasanya4".
*
The adverbs of frequency annually, daily, frequently, montly,
occasionally, often, once, regulary, seldom, sometimes, usually, and
biasanya placed in the end of a clause or sentence. The emphasize the
adverb.
4. Adverb of frequency in front, middle and end position
English Indonesian
Occasionally John missed lesson.4' Biasanya dia pul ami pukul lim a/6
John occasionally missed lesson.4'' Dia biasanya pulang pukul lim a /7
John missed lesson occasionally3 49 * *6 45 44 43 42 41 40 49 3 *7 36 Dia pulang pukul lima biasanya,'lS
37 www.fortunecity.com . ibid
’s Leech, Geoffrey. Ibid
39 Leech, Geoffrey. Ibid
40 www.interlinepublishing.com. Ibid
46 Depdikbud. 1988. ibid
41 Leech, Geoffrey. Ibid
4S Leech, Geoffrey. Ibid
49 Leech, Geoffrey. Ibid
50 www.fortunecitv.com. Ibid
31 www.fortunecity.com. Ibid
' Sometimes it rains for months in
Africa.33
We sometimes visit him on
Sundays.34
n
P fgMTIt rains for months in Africa
sometimes
The adverbs of frequency occasionally, often, sometimes, and bias any a
could be placed in the beginning, middle, or end of a clause or sentence.
They commonly emphasize the adverb.
From the data analysis, the writer knew that English adverbs of
frequency commonly in the middle of the sentence. And Indonesian
adverbs of frequency commonly in front and middle of a sentence.
53 www.e-mesh.com Ibid
54 www e-mesh.com. Ibid
55 w w w . e-mesh. com. Ibid
5<> Depdikbud. 1988. ibid
57 Depdikbud. 1988. ibid
CHAPTER V
CLOSURE
In this chapter, the writer presents conclusions of the research and the
suggestion.
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the data of the research by using contrastive analysis,
the writer can make some conclusions as follows.
1. The similarities between English and Indonesian adverb of
frequency.
a. English and Indonesian adverbs of frequency explain how
often something happens.
b. Based on their position, both Indonesian and English adverb
of frequency can be placed in the beginning, in the middle,
or in the end of a sentence.
c. Based on their function, both English and Indonesian adverb
of frequency are used to:
1. To explain a verb
2. To explain an adjective
3. To explain the other adverb
d. Based on types of adverbs, both English and Indonesian
adverbs have adverbs of time, adverbs of degree, adverbs of
manner, and adverbs of frequency.
2. The differences between English and Indonesian adverb of
frequency.
a. Based on their position, English adverbs of frequency have
some rules which is quite complex than Indonesian adverbs
of frequency.
b. Based on their types, Indonesian adverbs are more complex
than English adverbs.
B . Suggestion
Based on the conclusion above, the writer would like to give
some suggestion for both the teachers and the learners of English,
especially in teaching and learning English adverbs of frequency.
1. For the teachers.
The teacher should give a clear explanation about the rules
of usage and examples o f English adverbs of frequency. They
should also be able to predict the difficulties about adverbs of
frequency that faced by the students. The teachers can also explain
English adverbs of frequency clearly based on their similarities with
2. For the learners.
a.
b.
c.
Learning by heart is one way to avoid errors or difficulties in
learning the target language, in this case the adverbs of
frequency.
To avoid errors the learners must pay attention to the rules of
adverbs of frequency.
To solve the problem in learning adverbs of frequency the
learners have to do many exercises in order that they can use
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allen, W. Stannard. 1975. Living English Structure. London: Longman.
Alter, J. B. 1991. Essential English Usage and Grammar. Jakarta. Bina Rupa
Aksara.
Alwi, Hasan. Soenjono Dardjowidjojo. Hans Lapoliwa. Anton M. Moeliono.
1999. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Arikunto, Suharsimi. 1993. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktis.
Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Bekker, Anton. And M'. Charis Zubair. 1998. Metodologi Penelitian Filsafat.
Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Brown, Douglas. 1980. Prinsiples o f Language Learning and Teaching. New'
Jersey: Pretice Hall.
Chaer, Abdul. 2000. Tata Bahasa Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka
Cipta.
Depdikbud. 1988. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Depdikbud. 1995. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English: A Practical Refernce Guide. London:
*
Prentice Hall.
Hornby, AS. 1988. Guide to Pattern and Usage in English.London: Oxford
University Press.
Hornby, A S. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary o f Current English.
New York: Oxford University Press.
http:// netgrammar. altec. org/S upport/a 101b5 101000. html
http://www.e-mesh.com/members/leamercentre/grammar/Ic_gram_adv_freq.html
http://www.foetunecity.com/bally/durrus/153/gramch24.html
Keraf, Gorys. 1989. Tata Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Nusa Indah.
Lado, Robert. 1962. Linguistic Across Culture, Applied linguistic fo r Language
Teacher.Michigan: Ann. Arbor University Press.
Leech, Geoffrey. 2005. Kamus Lengkap Tata Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Kesaint
Blanc.
Nurhadi. 1995. Tata Bahasa Pendidikan. Semarang: IKIP Semarang Press.
Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. 1999. Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Ramelan. 1984. Introduction to Linguistic. Semarang: IKIP Semarang Press.
Sri Hastuti. 1989. Sekitar Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Indonesia.Yogyakarta:
PT. Mitra Gama Widya.
Sujoko. 1987. Error Analysis. Surakarta : UNS.
Tarigan, Henry' Guntur. 1988. Pengajaran Analysis Kesalahan Bahasa.
Bandung: Angkasa.
*
Warriner, John. E. 1982. Warriner’s English Grammar and Composition. USA:
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Warsio, Hermawan. 1993. Pengantar M etode Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
www.angelfire.com/\vi3/englishcomer/grammar/rules/advfreq.html
www. grammarstation. com/KindsOfAdverbs. ht m 1
D E PA R T E M E N A G A M A
SEK O LA H TIN G G I A G A M A ISLA M N E G E R I (ST A IN ) SA L A T IG A
Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Telp.(0298) 323706,323433 Fax323433 Salatiga 50721 Website : www.stainsalatiaa.ac.id E-mail : administTasi@9tainsalatiga.ac.id
Nomor: ST.27/K-1/PP.00.9/M 3.089/2006 31 Mei 2006
Lamp. : Proposal Skripsi
Dalam rangka penulisan Skripsi Mahasiswa Program Sarjana (S i). Saudara ditunjuk sebagai Dosen Pembimbing / Asisten Pembimbing Skripsi mahasiswa :
N a m a
CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN ADVERB OF'FREQUENCY
Apabila dipandang perlu Saudara diminta mengoreksi tema Skripsi di atas.
Demikian untuk diketahui dan dilaksanakan.
Wassalamualalkum m», k».
DEPARTEMEN AGAMA
SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI (STAIN) SALATIGA
JL Tentara Pelajar 02 Telp.(0298) 323706,323433 Fax323433 Salatiga 50721
Website : www.stainsalatiga.ac.id E-mail: odmmistrasi@stainsalatiga.ac.id
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DAFTAR NILAI SKK
Nama : INDHI DWI S Jurusan : Tarbiyah
NIM : 113 01 049 Progdi : PBI
No Jenis Kegiatan Tanggal Jabatap Nilai
1 ORMASS 2001 27-30 Agustus 2001 Peserta 3
2 PDP Kopma Fatawa 5-6 Oktober 2001 Peserta 2
3 Diskusi Kewanitaan HMJ Syariah 22 Oktober 2001 Peserta 2
4 English Friendship Camp (CEC) 19-21 Oktober 2001 Peserta 2
5 Seminar Hukum HMJ Syariah 14 November 2001 Peserta 2
6 Diskusi Panel HMJ Syariah 29 November 2001 Peserta 2
7 PDP Kopma Fatawa 14-15 September 2002 Panitia 3
8 English Festival (CEC) 22 September 2002 Peserta 2
9 Konser Musik Amal (SMC) 30 September 2002 Peserta 2
10 LK 1 HMI Kom. Ganesa 4-6 Oktober 2002 Peserta 2
11 Penerimaan Anggota Baru (SSC) 7 Oktober 2002 Peserta 2
12 12 th Anniversary of LPM Dinamika 1-26 Oktober 2002 Peserta 2
13 Seminar FSI "Refleksi" 17 November 2002 Peserta 2
14 Seminar Hukum Regional HMJ
Syariah
19 November 2002 Peserta 4
15 English Friendship Camp (CEC) 11-13 Oktober 2002 Panitia 3
16 Discussion and Break Fasting 25 November 2002 Panitia 3
17 Diskusi Ramadhan HMJ Tarbiyah 27 November 2002 Peserta 2
18 Seminar Sosial Politik (KAMMI) 16 Maret 2003 Peserta 2
19 Comparative Study By
20 English Friendship Camp (CEC) 10-12 Oktober 2003 Panitia 3
21 Break Fasting CEC 5 November 2003 Panitia 3
22 Seminar Hukum HMJ Syariah 24 Desember 2003 Peserta 2
I
No Jenis Kegiatan Tanggal Jabatan Nilai
24 English Festival (CEC) 10-11 April 2004 Panitia 3
25 PDP Kopma Fatawa 12-13 April 2004 Panitia 3
26 Seminar LDK Darul Amal 5 Mei 2004 Peserta . 2
27 English Friendship Camp (CEC) 15 Oktober 2004 Panitia 3
28 Break Fasting CEC 29 Oktober 2004 Panitia 3
29 Gardika LDK Darul Amal 30 Oktober 2004 Peserta 2
30 Communicative English Club 2003-2004 pengurus 5
Jumlah 75
29 Juli 2006 III
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name
Place and Date of Birth
Address
Education
: Indhi Dwi Setiyaningsih
: Semarang, December 19Ul 1982
: Jl. Nanggulan Blok H3 Rt. 02/1X Salatiga
50742
SD Gendongan 111
Graduated in 1995
SMP Negeri II Salatiga
Graduated in 1998
- SMU 1 Tengaran
Graduated in 2001
State Islamic Studies Institute Salatiga
