SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR 2013
RINGKASAN
ISRAWATI HARAHAP. Struktur Komunitas Cendawan Saprob Berspora Asal Serasah Meranti (Shorea spp.) di Hutan Penelitian Dramaga, Bogor. Dibimbing oleh GAYUH RAHAYU dan IMAN HIDAYAT.
Hutan hujan tropis Indonesia didominasi oleh Dipterocarpaceae. Salah satu spesies dari Dipterocarpaceae yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi adalah meranti (Shorea spp). Indonesia merupakan daerah endemik meranti dan beberapa spesies meranti sudah mulai dibudidayakan. Di hutan alaminya, meranti memiliki peranan yang penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem karena menghasilkan serasah yang melimpah sebagai sumber nutrisi bagi kelangsungan hidup mikroorganisme termasuk cendawan saprob. Beberapa cendawan saprob merupakan dekomposer kayu dan daun serta berperan penting dalam siklus nutrien pada areal pertanaman meranti, karena mampu mendegradasi lignoselulosa menjadi senyawa yang lebih sederhana.
Komunitas cendawan saprob pada serasah meranti di Indonesia belum pernah dilaporkan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan agar informasi tentang ragam dan populasi cendawan yang mengkolonisasi serasah meranti diketahui. Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan utama yaitu (1) mengetahui struktur komunitas cendawan saprob pada serasah daun dan ranting meranti yang meliputi keanekaragaman, kekayaan dan kemerataan spesies cendawan; (2) mengetahui spesies-spesies cendawan saprob yang melimpah dan dominan pada serasah meranti.
Sampel berupa serasah daun dan ranting meranti dikumpulkan dari Hutan Penelitian Dramaga. Sampel diambil dari 13 titik dalam area seluas 50 m x 50 m. Sampel diletakkan dalam kantong plastik zip lock disegel dan diberi label. Sampel kemudian dibawa ke laboratorium dan diberi kertas tisu yang telah dilembapkan. Sampel diperiksa di bawah mikroskop untuk melihat adanya tubuh buah cendawan dan mengamati ciri mikroskopis. Cendawan diidentifikasi berdasarkan ciri morfologi. Spora diisolasi menggunakan teknik isolasi spora tunggal dan dipelihara sebagai biakan spora tunggal. Biakan diidentifikasi secara morfologi dan secara molekuler berdasarkan daerah ITS ribosomal DNAnya.
Sebanyak 260 sampel serasah meranti, 54.7% serasah daun dan 45.3% serasah ranting menunjukkan adanya spora atau tubuh buah cendawan. Sebanyak 29 spesies cendawan terdiri dari 7 askomiset (24.1%) dan 22 spesies cendawan anamorf yang terdiri dari 12 soelomiset (41.4%) dan 10 hifomiset (34.5%) telah diidentifikasi. Askomiset terdiri dari Annulohypoxylon purpureonitens, Diatrype chlorosarca, Didymosphaeria epidermidis, Lophiostoma sp., Lophodermium sp.,
Pemphidium sp., Valsa sp., Soelomiset terdiri dari Coniella musaiaensis,
Coryneum betulinum, Hendersoniopsis thelebola, Lasiodiplodia theobromae,
Lasmeniella guaranitica, Leptodothiorella sp., Massariothea themedae,Pestalotia guepinii, Pestalotiopsis sp., Pseudolachnea hispidula, Septoriella sp., dan Soelomiset sp. 1, sedangkan hifomiset terdiri dari Beltraniella portoricensis,
Cryptophialoidea fasciculata, Hermatomyces sphaericus, Kiliophora ubiensis,
Minimidochium setosum, Monodisma fragilis, Nodulisporium sp., Stilbella fimetaria, Virgatospora echinofibrosa dan Hifomiset sp. 1. Diantara 29 spesies itu, lima spesies dapat diisolasi yaitu Annulohypoxylon purpureonitens, Beltraniella
portoricensis, Cryptophialoidea fasciculata, Kiliophora ubiensis dan Hifomiset sp. 1. Beltraniella portoricensis dan Pemphidium sp. termasuk kategori cendawan yang sangat sering ditemukan pada serasah daun meranti, sedangkan
Cryptophialoidea fasciculata dan Lasiodiplodia theobromae adalah spesies yang sering ditemukan pada serasah ranting meranti.
Komunitas cendawan bersifat spesifik substrat. Komunitas cendawan pada serasah ranting lebih beragam dibandingkan pada serasah daun. Rasio C/N pada substrat serasah diduga berkaitan erat dengan struktur komunitas cendawan tersebut.
SUMMARY
ISRAWATI HARAHAP. Community structure of sporulating fungi on decaying litter of Shorea spp at Dramaga Research Forest, Bogor. Supervised by GAYUH RAHAYU and IMAN HIDAYAT
Indonesian tropical rain forests are dominated by the Dipterocarpaceae.
One of the most valuable Dipterocarpaceae is Shorea. Indonesia is a centre of endemic of Dipterocarpaceae and this tree is now being cultivated. In natural forests, Shorea spp. has an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem because they produce abundant lignocellulosic rich substrates as a source of nutrients for the survival of microorganisms including saprobic fungi. Fungi have been known as the major wood and leaf decomposer organisms and they play an important role in the nutrient cycle in Shorea spp. plantation because they degrade lignocellulosic materials into a more simple compound.
A few study on the community structure of litter degrading fungi on Shorea
spp. has been done, but none from Indonesia. With highly diversity of Shorea spp. in Indonesia, survey on the fungal diversity on Shorea spp. litter is necessary in order to enrich the information regarding fungal community inhabiting Shorea spp. litter. Therefore, this study has two main objectives, as follows: (1) unreaveling the community structure of sporulating fungi on leaf and branch litter of Shorea
that includes diversity, species richness and evenness of fungi; (2) to know the most abundant and dominant species of fungi in Shorea spp. litter.
Leaf and branch litter samples were collected in 50 m x 50 m area at Dramaga Research Forest. Samples were placed in a zip lock plastic bag, sealed and labeled. Samples were then brought to the laboratory and moistened by placing wet tissue into these plastic bags. Samples were examined under microscopes to find fruiting bodies, and the microscopic features of the fungi were observed and noted. The fungi were mainly identified morphologically and those that can be isolated were identified further using molecular approach on the bases of the sequence of their ITS region.
Of 260 samples, about 54.7% leaf litters and 45.3% branch litters were infested by the fungi and detected either in the form of spores or fruiting bodies. About 29 fungal species composed of 7 ascomycetes (24.1%) and 22 anamorphs that comprised of 12 coelomycetes (41.4%) and 10 hyphomycetes (34.5%) were identified. The ascomycetes are Annulohypoxylon purpureonitens, Diatrype chlorosarca, Didymosphaeria epidermidis, Lophiostoma sp., Lophodermium sp.,
Pemphidium sp., Valsa sp., The coelomycetes are Coniella musaiaensis,
Coryneum betulinum, Hendersoniopsis thelebola, Lasiodiplodia theobromae,
Lasmeniella guaranitica, Leptodothiorella sp., Massariothea themedae,Pestalotia guepinii, Pestalotiopsis sp., Pseudolachnea hispidula, Septoriella sp., Coelomycete sp 1., and the hyphomycetes are Beltraniella portoricensis,
Cryptophialoidea fasciculata, Hermatomyces sphaericus, Kiliophora ubiensis,
Minimidochium setosum, Monodisma fragilis, Nodulisporium sp., Stilbella fimetaria, Virgatospora echinofibrosa and Hyphomycete sp. 1. Of those species, 5 species can be isolated that were Annulohypoxylon purpureonitens, Beltraniella portoricensis, Cryptophialoidea fasciculata, Kiliophora ubiensis and Hyphomycete sp 1. Beltraniella portoricensis and Pemphidium sp. were the most
frequent species found on leaf litter, while those of branch litter were
Cryptophialoidea fasciculata and Lasiodiplodia theobromae.
The fungal community was subtrate specific. The community on decaying branch litter was more diverse than those on leaf litter. C/N ratio of the substrate were closely related to the fungal community structure.