BERBASIS BAGAS TEBU
2. Jumlah produksi aktual 30.000 kg dengan penerimaan aktual
Rp 30.000.000.000,00 telah melebihi titik impasnya, yaitu 2.682 kg dan Rp 2.682.448.009,00.
3. Kegiatan yang dilakukan dalam usaha memproduksi material separator berbasis bagas tebu telah menghasilkan nilai tambah sebesar Rp 469.709,44 atau 57,30%. Kenaikan upah tenaga kerja, bahan baku, dan sumbangan input lain sebesar 10% menghasilkan nilai tambah sebesar Rp 437.157,89/kg atau sebesar 53,33%.
Simpulan
1. Selulosa berhasil diisolasi dari ela sagu, bagas tebu, dan jerami padi. Tahap isolasi dipantau dengan teknik spektroskopi. Evaluasi keberhasilan juga ditunjukkan melalui nilai rendemen polisakarida, penurunan kadar lignin, dan peningkatan kadar selulosa alfa.
2. Rendemen hasil isolasi untuk ela sagu, bagas tebu, dan jerami padi berturut-turut adalah 5, 41, dan 11% dengan kandungan selulosa alfa 62,53; 72,80; dan 77,47%.
3. Delignifikasi dengan H2O2 5% pada pH 12, suhu 70 °C, dan waktu 3 jam dengan nisbah bobot contoh dan volume larutan H2O2 sebesar 1:25 mampu menghilangkan lignin sampai lebih dari 90%.
4. Derajat polimerisasi dan bobot molekul isolat selulosa dari ela sagu, bagas tebu, dan jerami padi berturut-turut adalah 194,7 dan 31.541,4 g/mol; 586,5 dan 95.013 g/mol, serta 67,6 dan 10.951,6 g/mol. Indeks kristalinitas isolat selulosa dari ela sagu, bagas tebu, dan jerami padi berturut-turut adalah 16,01; 16,69; dan 20,96%. Analisis termal menunjukkan semua isolat akan terdegradasi di atas suhu 197 °C.
5. Kondisi rekayasa dengan teknik kopolimerisasi cangkok dan taut silang yang menunjukkan swelling factor terkecil adalah kondisi pada jumlah penaut silang MBAm sebesar 1 g, rasio monomer:substrat 1:1, dan inisiator APS 250 mg.
6. Material separator potensial yang dievaluasi kinerjanya adalah material separator berbasis bagas tebu. Material separator menunjukkan kinerja yang baik dan mampu memisahkan komponen aktif dalam ekstrak temu lawak dengan resolusi pemisahan sebesar 6,44. Namun, efisiensi material separator masih perlu ditingkatkan.
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7. Material separator berbasis limbah bagas tebu berpotensi untuk dikembangkan dalam rangka mendukung teknologi separasi di Indonesia. Material separator ini memiliki nilai tambah sebesar Rp 469.709,44 per kg bahan baku.
Saran
1. Optimasi proses rekayasa perlu dilakukan. Variabel optimasi ditetapkan berdasarkan pengaruh variabel terhadap tujuan akhir yang ingin dicapai, yaitu pola pemisahan yang baik.
2. Kajian lanjut perlu dilakukan terkait dengan karakteristik selulosa sebagai polimer backbone dari material separator, seperti ukuran partikel, tingkat kemurnian, derajat polimerisasi, serta sebaran bobot molekul.
3. Uji coba material separator sebagai fasa stasioner pada instrumen HPLC perlu diidentifikasi.
4. Eksplorasi sumber-sumber polisakarida alami lain perlu dilakukan untuk memperoleh beragam karakteristik polimer backbone material separator
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7
Lampiran 1 Analisis proksimat, komponen kimia, rendemen hasil
a. Analisis proksimat dan komponen kimia
Parameter
Ampas Sagu Ampas Tebu Jerami Padi
Metode Acuan Bahan Baku Isolat Selulosa Bahan Baku Isolat Selulosa Bahan Baku Isolat Selulosa
Kadar air (%) 10,17 t.d 3,96 t.d 8,42 t.d SNI 01-2891-1992 (Gravimetri)
Kadar abu (%) 4,30 t.d 0,77 t.d 26,92 t.d SNI 01-2891-1992 (Gravimetri)
Kadar protein (%) 1,01 t.d 1,08 t.d 7,43 t.d IK LT-III-5.4.1.3-G (Titrimetri – Kjeldahl)
Kadar lemak (%) 0,30 t.d 0,15 t.d 0,58 t.d AOAC (2005) 989.05 (33.2.26)- Modified mojonier ether
extraction method
Kadar Karbohidrat (%) 80,66 t.d 95,45 t.d 57,04 t.d IK LT-III-5.4.1.3-F (Spektrometri)
α-selulosa (%) 22,45 72,80 43,06 77,47 34,19 62,53 TAPPI standard T 203 os-61 Holoselulosa (%) 33,63 90,87 69,27 98,41 71,26 92,27 TAPPI standard T 9 m-51
Hemiselulosa (%) 11,18 18,07 26,23 20,94 37,07 29,74 Selisih holoselulosa & α-selulosa
Lignin (%) 11,52 1,62 22,28 0,96 32,07 0,81 TAPPI standard T13 m-45
Lampiran 1 Analisis proksimat, komponen kimia, rendemen hasil
b. Rendemen hasil
Contoh Bobot Contoh (g)*) Rendemen
(%)
Bahan Awal Pulp bahan Selulosa
Ela Sagu 120 12 6 5
Bagas Tebu 120 54 49 41
Jerami Padi 120 25 12,5 11
*)Bobot basis kering
Contoh perhitungan: 5% 00% x1 120 6 (%) hasil Rendemen 100% x awal bahan Bobot akhir hasil Bobot (%) hasil Rendemen = = =
119
Lampiran 2 Serapan vibrasi FTIR ela sagu, pulp ela sagu, dan selulosa ela sagu
No Bilangan Gelombang (cm-1)
Gugus Fungsi Acuan Ela Sagu Pulp Ela
Sagu
Selulosa Ela Sagu
1 3320 3320 3321 O−H ulur Sun et al. (2004a); Sun et al. (2005); Zhang et al. (2010) 2 2890 2889 2893 C−H ulur Sun et al. (2004a); Sun et al. (2005);
Zhang et al. (2010)
3 1728 t.d* t.d*
ikatan ester dari gugus karboksil senyawa asam ferulat dan asam p-kumarat dari senyawa lignin dan/atau hemiselulosa
Sun et al. (2004b); Wang et al. (2009); Zhang et al. (2010) Gugus asetil dan ester uronat
dari senyawa hemiselulosa 4 1631 1598 1627 H2O terjerap
Sun et al. (2004a); Sun et al. (2005); Zhang et al. (2010) 5 1516 t.d* t.d* gugus guaiasil pada senyawa
lignin Sun et al. (2004b); Sun et al. (2005); Zhang et al. (2010) cincin aromatik senyawa
lignin
6 1454 t.d* t.d* gugus –CH3 pada cincin
aromatik senyawa lignin Wang et al. (2009) 7 1427 1427 1427 −CH2 tekuk Pushpamalar et al.
(2006) 8 1369 1369 1369 C−H asimetrik atau –OH
tekuk
Sun et al. (2005); Wang et al. (2009) 9 1319 1317 1315 C−C dan C−O Wang et al. (2009) 10 t.d* 1276 1265 −OH tekuk pada senyawa
selulosa Sun et al. (2004a) 11 t.d* 1238 1226 gugus samping -C-OH yang
terikat pada suatu cincin Wang et al. (2009) 12 t.d* 1200 1199 gugus samping -C-OH yang
terikat pada suatu cincin Wang et al. (2009) 13 1155 1155 1157 −CO antiasimetrik Sun et al. (2005) 14 1076 1056 1057 C−O−C dari suatu cincin
piranosa
Sun et al. (2004a); Sun et al. (2005)
15 898 898 894
Ikatan β-glikosida antar senyawa glukosa pada selulosa
Sun et al. (2004a); Sun et al. (2004b); Sun et al. (2005); Wang et al. (2009); 16 790 790 t.d* −OH tekuk dari gugus
siringil pada senyawa lignin Zhang et al. (2010)
Lampiran 3 Serapan vibrasi FTIR bagas tebu, pulp, dan selulosa bagas tebu
No
Bilangan Gelombang (cm-1)
Gugus Fungsi Acuan
Bagas Tebu Pulp Bagas Tebu Selulosa Bagas Tebu
1 3336 3307 3298 O−H ulur Sun et al. (2004a); Sun et al. (2005); Zhang et al. (2010) 2 2916 2893 2901 C−H ulur Sun et al. (2004a); Sun et al. (2005);
Zhang et al. (2010)
3 1732 t.d* t.d*
ikatan ester dari gugus
karboksil senyawa asam ferulat dan asam p-kumarat dari senyawa lignin dan/atau hemiselulosa
Sun et al. (2004b); Wang et al. (2009); Zhang et al. (2010) Gugus asetil dan ester uronat
dari senyawa hemiselulosa 4 1604 t.d* t.d* Cincin aromatik senyawa
lignin Zhang et al. (2010) 5 t.d* 1631 1635 H2O terjerap
Sun et al. (2004a); Sun et al. (2005); Zhang et al. (2010) 6 1512 t.d* t.d* gugus guaiasil pada senyawa
lignin
Sun et al. (2004a); Sun et al. (2005); Zhang et al. (2010) cincin aromatik senyawa lignin
7 1458 t.d* t.d* gugus –CH3 pada cincin