4.3 KEBIJ AKAN LUAR NEGERI REPUBLIK TURKI PEMERINTAHAN
RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN: ANALISIS KEBANGKITAN
IDENTITAS ISLAM SUFI DAN NEO-OTTOMAN
National self-image and Culture (Kultur dan Penciptaan Falsafah Negara) adalah akar dan sangat berkaitan erat pula dengan nasionalisme (Nationalism), nasionalisme menekankan pada pemerintahan yang diolah sendiri (self-government) dan menekankan nilai-nilai demokrasi. Oleh karena itu, national image sangat berkontribusi besar terhadap stabilitas demokrasi national self-image can contribute to stable governance.13
Dalam kasus Turki yang diambil adalah Aspirational constructivism yang berasal dari Self-image kejayaan bangsa di masa lampau dapat kembali
11
Laura Neack. The New Foreign Policy: power seeking in a globalized era. (United States of America : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.). 2008. Hal 90.
12 John Lem an. Fethullah Gülen & The Hizmet M ovement. (Catholic University of Leuven (K.U. Leuven). 2010. Hal 1-13
menselaraskan kehidupan berinstitusi yang baik dalam stabilitas negara dan perdamaian, keselarasan gerak serta kemajuan domokrasi negara.
Menteri luar negeri Republik Turki, Ahmet Davutoglu menjadikan ide/ajaran sufisme tersebut dibagi dan tertuang (strategic deepth) sebagai prinsip baru kebijakan luar negeri Republik Turki kedalam 6 (lima) bagian. Pertama, mengarah kegiatan berdiplomasi yang beretika, penyelesaian konflik yang jelas dan bermartabat (rhythmic diplomacy).
‘Turkish foreign policy is formulated with reference to a holistic understanding of historical trends and a sense of active agency. Rejecting a reactionary foreign policy approach, Turkey develops its positions on regional and international issues with careful consideration of its own conditions. More than anything else, Turkey’s stance reflects its historical depth, geographical positioning and rich legacy in international affairs.”14
Kedua, menjalin hubungan dengan berbagai bangsa, yang bersifat muti dimensional (multi-dimensional foreign policy) :
“Turkey achieved progress in establishing a stable and peaceful domestic order on which it can build a proactive foreign policy. In recent years, Turkey has struck a healthy balance between freedoms and security at home. When we embarked on this transformation process, we were motivated by the belief that stability cannot be built on the basis of force alone. Only those governments that enjoy political legitimacy and respect freedoms can achieve peace and stability.”15
14 Ahmet Davutoglu. Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007. Insight Turkey Vol. 10 / No. 1 / 2008. pp. 77-96. ; Ahmet Davutoglu. Principles of Turkish Foreign Policy and Regional Political Structuring. (SAM : Center for Strategic Reseach M inistry of Foreign Affair Turkey). No. 3. April 2012. Hal 1-14. ; Ahmet Davutoglu. Principles of Turkish Foreign Policy and Regional Political Structuring: Turkey Policy Brief Series 3rd Editions. (Istanbul: tepav). 2012. Hal 1-9.
15 Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2008. Hal 77-96. Ahmed Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(a). Hal 1-14. Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(b). Hal 1-9.
Ketiga, menjalin hubungan yang sangat baik, dekat dan ramah kepada negara sekitar Republik Turki (zero problems with neighbors).
“Turkey’s reintegration with its neighbors will be yet another asset for its foreign policy in this turbulent era. Whileit goes through a domestic transformation and reform processes, Turkey also has embarked on the parallel undertaking of moving to consolidate ties to its region. One strength of our foreign policy, thus, is the ongoing process of reconnecting with the people in our region with whom we shared a common history and are poised to have a common destiny.”16
Keempat, menjadikan Republik Turki sebagai media, aktor yang berinisiatif menyelesaikan masalah dalam kajian politik internasional (order instituting actor).
“Turkey will be better positioned to play its role as a responsible country at the global level. In this context, we have assumed responsibilities in several regional and international organizations and hosted events such as an international conference on Africa, UN Summit on Least Developed Countries and a UN Conference on mediation besides others.”17
Kelima, menjadikan Republik Turki sebagai negara yang tidak hanya mampu memfasilitasi, menghubungkan kaidah kerjasama internasional dengan negara-bangsa tetapi juga mampu menjalin baik kerjasama internasional (international cooperation).
16 Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2008. Hal 77-96. Ahmed Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(a). Hal 1-14. Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(b). Hal 1-9.
17 Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2008. Hal 77-96. Ahmed Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(a). Hal 1-14. Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(b). Hal 1-9.
“At the global level, we will aspire to build in a participatory manner a new international order that is inclusive of the international community at large. This global order will have three dimensions: a political order based on dialogue and multilateralism, an economic order based on justice and equality, and a cultural order based on inclusiveness and accommodation.”18
Keenam, ikut serta dalam kebijakan luar negeri yang proaktif, netral, dan menjunjung tinggi nilai fleksibilitas (proactive foreign policy).19
“we will pursue a vision-oriented foreign policy. The wise country role requires us to establish a healthy balance between crisis management and vision management. Today, the world is going through a major global economic crisis while our region is experiencing a troublesome political transformation.”20
Dalam pidatonya di Mesir pada tahun 2009. Davutoglu menjelaskan strategi Republik Turki adalah dalam rangka penyatuan kembali wilayah yang ada disekelilingnya yakni dunia Timur dan Barat secara bersama-sama dan melewati batas politik yang telah mengucilkan rakyat Arab yang satu dengan yang lainnya dalam kurun waktu yang cukup lama. Bukan sebagai perluasan/kembali ke masa lalu melainkan strategi ini dipakai oleh Republik Turki sebagai kemunculan situasi nasional negara yang merupakan suatu keharusan menuju percaturan kerjasama internasional yang damai dan menghargai semua pihak (our holistic approach to historical trends and sense of active agency, our stable and peaceful
18 Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2008. Hal 77-96. Ahmed Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(a). Hal 1-14. Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(b). Hal 1-9.
19 Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2008. Hal 77-96. Ahmed Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(a). Hal 1-14. Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(b). Hal 1-9.
20 Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2008. Hal 77-96. Ahmed Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(a). Hal 1-14. Ahmet Davutoglu. Ibid. 2012(b). Hal 1-9.
domestic order established around the balance between freedoms and security, and the process of reintegration with our neighbors).21
Faktor intern lain adalah Republik Turki saat ini menyadari bahwa posisi Turki sebagai jembatan benua (a new notion of Turkey emerged as a bridge country) dan perang dingin telah berakhir, tidak ada keberpihakan satu sama lain sehingga tidak menghalangi Republik Turki untuk menerima dan berinisiatif membuka kerjasama dengan pihak manapun yang saling menguntungkan.22
4.4 HASIL KEBIJ AKAN LUAR NEGERI DAN PERANAN NASIONAL