BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
A. Kesimpulan
1. Phlorotannin dapat diisolasi dari Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh.
2. Kadar phlorotannin dalam fraksi etil asetat Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh yang terukur dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteau adalah 6,96 ± 0,17 mg PE/g fraksi.
B. Saran
1. Perlu dilakukan validasi penetapan kadar phlorotannin dengan metode Folin- Ciocalteau.
C. Keterbatasan
1. Phlorotannin yang diteliti meliputi phloroglucinol, phlorofucofuroeckol, dieckol, 8,8’-bieckol, dan phlorotannin golongan tetramer dalam fraksi etil asetat.
2. Proses penyarian dilakukan dengan metode soxhletasi selama kurang lebih 30 jam dengan suhu 120±200 C
3. pH dalam penelitian ini tidak dikendalikan sehingga menghasilkan dua bentuk kompleks molybdenum blue yaitu H5(PMo12O40) dan H7(PMo12O40).
49
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ahn, M.J., Yoon, K.D., Min, S.Y., Lee, J.K., Kim, J.H., Kim, T.G., et al., 2004, Inhibition of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Protease by Phlorotannin From The Brown Alga Ecklonia cava, Biol. Pharm. Bull, 27(4), 544- 547.
Anggadiredja J., Andyani R., Hayati, Muawanah, 1997, Antioxidant activity of Sargassum polycystum (Phaeophyta) and Laurencia obtusa (Rhodophyta) from Seribu Islands, J. App. Phycol., 9 (5) , 477-479(3). Anonim, 1986, Sediaan Galenik, 25-26, Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia, Jakarta.
Anonim, 1995, Farmakope Indonesia Ed. IV, 1157, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta
Anonim, 2001, The Merck Index : An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, thirteenth edition, 1299, Merck and Co., Inc., USA.
Anonim, 2002, Seaweed of the Central West Coast of India : Sargassum polycystum C.Agardh, Sargassum polycystum C.Agawww. nio. res. in/ Biology /seaweed/system_Sargassum%20polysystem.htm - 9k -, diakses tanggal 4 Februari 2008
Anonim, 2004, Guidelines for The Validation of Analytical Methods for Active Constituent, Agricultural, and Veterinary Chemical Products, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Kingston, http://www.apvma.gov.au, 3-5.
Anonim, 2006, Dietary Supplements Methods Executive Summary July 2006, AOAC International, www.aoac.org/dietsupp6/Dietary-Supplement-web- site/Jul2006.htm, diakses tanggal 13 November 2007.
Anwar, C., Purwono, B., Pranowo, H.D., Wahyuningsih, T.D., 1994, 15, Pengantar Praktikum Kimia Organik, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
Athukorala, Y., Kim, K.N., and Jeon, Y.L., 2006, Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Properties of an Enzymatic Hydrolysate from Browm Alga Ecklonia Cava, Food Chem. Toxicol., 44(7), 1065-1074.
Burtin, P., 2003, Nutrional Value of Seaweeds, Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 2(4), 498-503.
50
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
51
Butz, H.W. and Nobels, H.J., 1961, Instrumental Methods for the Analysis of Food Additievs, 109-123, Interscience Publishers, New York-London. Cairns, D., 2003, Essentials of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Second Edition, 60,
184-185, Pharmaceutical Press, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, London.
Christian, G.D., 2004, Analytical Chemistry, 6th edition, 65-66,483-484, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York
Cannel, Richard J.P., 1998, Natural Products Isolation, 376, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey.
Day, R.A. and Underwood, A.L., 1986, Quantitative Analysis, diterjemahkan oleh Aloysius Hadyana P., 388-390, Erlangga, Jakarta.
Evans, W.C., 2002, Trease and Evans: Pharmacognosy, 15th Ed., 98, W.B. Saunders, London.
Fong, H.H., Tinwu M., Farnsworth, N.R., 1992, Phytochemical Screening, Departemen of Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology, Colloge of Pharmacy, University of Illinois of the Medical Center, 803 Southwood, Stract Chicago, Illinois 60162, 32, 62.
Folin, Otto, Ciocalteau, Vintila, 1944, On Tyrosine and Tryptophane Determinations in Proteins, Jour.Bio.Chem., 73 : 627-650, 1927, in. Todd-Sanford, 10, 412.
Guiry, 2006, Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh J. Agardh http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/, diakses tanggal 7 November 2007.
Glombitza, K.and Gerstberger, G., 1985, Phytochemistry, 24, 543-551.
Harbone, J.B., 1987, Metode Fitokimia : Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan, diterjemahkan oleh Kosasih Padmawinata dan Iwang Soediro, 1-38, Penerbit ITB, Bandung.
Hernes, P.J., Benner, R., Cowie, G.L., Goni, M.A., Bergamasachi, B.A., Hedges, J.L., 2001, Tannin Diagenesis in Mangrove Leaves from a Tropical Estuary : A Novel Molecular Approach, Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65(18), 3109-3122
Houghton, Peter L., 2001, Laboratory Handbook for the Fractinatio of Natural Extracts, 54, St Edmundsbury Press, London.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
52
Jansoon, Ninna, 2005, The Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds in Green Tea,http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:Nj311vjKCdcJ:chemw.sc.mahid ol.ac.th/scess/scch108/2005_06_SCCH108Lab02.pdf+FolinCiocalteau+met hod+colorimetric&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=id, diakses tanggal 24 Oktober 2007.
Lestari, 1997, Telaah Fitokimia Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh, sargassaceaefa.lib.itb.ac.id/go.php?id=jbptitbfa-gdl-s1-1997-dwilestari- 575 - 23k - , diakses tanggal 3 Maret 2008.
Kadi, A., 2007, Beberapa Catatan Kehadiran Marga Sargassum di Perairan Indonesia, http://www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id/volxxxno.42.pdf., diakses tanggal 20 Februari 2007.
Kahn, R.L., 1916, The Folin and Denis Method of Nitrogen Determinations by Direct Nesslerization, and Its Application to Spinal Fluids, J. Biol. Chem., 26 , 473.
Kang K., Park, Y., Hwang, H.J., Kim, S.H., Lee, J.G., Shin, H.C., 2003, Antioxidative Properties of Brown Algae Polyphenolics and Their Prespective Agent Against Vascular Risk Factors, Arch Phem Res, 26(4), 286-293
Kang, K.A., Lee, K.H., Chae, S., Koh, Y.S., Yoo, B.S., Kim, J.H., et al., 2005a, Triphlorethol-A from Ecklonia cava Protects V-79-4 Lung Fibroblast Against Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Cell Damaged, Free Radic. Res., 39(8), 883-892.
Kang, K.A., Lee, K.H., Chae, S., Zhang, R., Jung, M.S., Ham, Y.M., et al., 2005b, Cytoprotective Effect of Floroglucinol on Oxidative Stress Induced Cell Damaged via Catalase Activation, J.Cell Biochem., 97(3), 609-620.
Kang, K.A., Zhang, R., Lee, K.H., Chae, S., Kim, B.J., Kwak, Y.S., et al., 2006, Protective Effect of Triphlorethol-A from Ecklonia cava Against Ionizing Radiation in Vitro, J.Radial.Res., 47(1), 61-68.
Khopkar, S.M., 1990, Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry, diterjemahkan oleh Saptohardjo, A., 193, 204, Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta. Mulja, M. dan Suharman, 1995, Analisis Instrumental, 26-28, Airlangga
University Press, Surabaya.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
53
Nagayama, K.,Iwamura, Y., Shibata, I., Hirayama, I., and Nakamura, T., 2002, Bactericidal Activity of Phlorotannins from The Brown Alga Ecklonia kurome, JAC, 50, 889-893.
Nakamura, T., Nagayama, K., Uchida, K., and Tanaka, R., 1996 , Antioxidant activity of phlorotannin isolated from the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis , Fisheries Sci., 62(6), 923-926.
Ohanessian., L. And Streeter, A.J., 2002, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Vol.117, 209, 210 Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, United State.
Putra, S.E., 2003, Alga Laut sebagai Biotarget Industri, http://www.chem-is- try.org/?sect=fokus&ext=24, diakses tanggal 7 November 2007.
Padda, M.S., 2006, Phenolic Composition And Antioxidant Activity of Sweetpotatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam], 15, Disertasi, Punjab Agricultural University.
Ragan, M.A., 1984, The High Weight Polyphloroglucinols of the Marine Brown Alga Fucus vesiculosus L. : Degradative Analysis, J.Chem, 63, 294 Robinson, Trevor., 1995, Kandungan Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi, 78, Ed. VI,
Penerbit ITB, Bandung.
Roleda, M.Y., Wiencke, C., and Luder, U.H., 2006, Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on Cell Structure, UV-absorbing Compounds, Photosynthesis, DNA Damage, and Germination in Zoospore of Arctic Saccorhiza dermatodea, J.Exp.Marine.Biol.Ecol., 57(14), 3847-3856.
Roth, H.J. and Blaschke, G., 1994, Pharmaceutival Analysis, diterjemahkan oleh Sarjoko Kisman dan Slamet Ibrahim, 359-361, 373, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
Shibata, T., Hama, Y., Miyasaki, T., Ito, M., Nakamura, T., 2006, Extracellular Secretion of Phenolic Substances from Living Brown Algae, J Appl Phycol, 18, 787-794
Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Murril, T. C., 1986, Spectrophotometric Identification of Organic Compounds, diterjemahkan oleh A. J. Hartono dan A.V. Purba, Edisi V, 306-309, Erlangga, Jakarta.
Singleton, V.L. and Rossi, J.A., 1965, Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolibdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagent, Am. J. Enol. Vitic, 16, 144-158.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
54
Skoog, D.A., Holler, F.J., and Nieman, T.A., 1998, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th Ed., 11-14, 140, H. Brace College, Philadelphia.
Svobodova, A., Psotova, J., and Walterova, D., 2003, Natural phenolics in prevention of UV-Induced Skin Damage (A Review), Biomed. Papers, 147(2), 137-145.
Sullivan, M., Thoma, S., Samac, D. and Hatfield, R., 2003, Cloning of Red Clover and Alfafa Polyphenol Oxydase Genes and Expression of Active Enzymes in Transgenic Alfafa, Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf, 190.
Trono, J.R.,G.C and Ganzon E.T., 1988, 327, Philippine Seaweeds, National Book Store. Inc., Philippine.
Ungson , J.R., 2003, Feeding of Abalone Juveniles with Two Species of Sargassum (Sargassum cristaefolium and Sargassum polycystum), Philip. Jour. Sci, 132 (1).
Vogel, A.I., 1978, A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Fourth edition, 728, The English Languange Book Society, Richard Clay Ltd., Bungay. Waterman, P.G. and Mole, S., 1994, Analysis of Phenolic Plant Metabolites:
Extraction and Chemical Quantification, Black. Sci. Pub., 66-69.
Williams, D.H., Fleming, I., 1980, Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, 2-3, McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) Limited, London.
Yagar, H. and Sagiroglu, A., 2000, Partially Purification and Characterization of Polyphenol Oxidase of Quince, Turk J. Chem., 26, 97-103
Yuan, Y.V., and Walsh, N.A., 2006, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Extract from a Variety of Edible Seaweeds, J.Fd.Chem.Toxicol., 44, 1144-1150.
Yun, 2002, Rumput Laut untuk Pasta Gigi hingga Pewarna Tekstil, http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0205/11/utama/rump01.htm,
diakses tanggal 7 November 2007.
Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Shen, J., Silva, A., Dennis, D.A., and Barrow, C.J., 2006, A Simple 96-well Microplate Method for Estimation of Total Polyphenol Content in Seaweeds, J. App. Phyco., 18, 445-450.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Surat Keterangan Hasil Determinasi Alga Coklat dari Laboratorium Taksonomi Tumbuhan, Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Gadjah Mada
55
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
56
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
57
Lampiran 2. Penetapan Kadar Air Serbuk Alga Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh