• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Data lama waktu matang, fekunditas, IGS, diameter telur, derajat tetas telur, ketahanan hidup larva dan larva abnormal dilakukan analisis sidik ragam dengan uji

V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

Kesimpulan

Dari hasil yang diperoleh maka dapat disimpulkan :

1. Kombinasi penambahan ascorbyl phosphate magnesium 1200 mg/kg

pada pakan dan implantasi dengan 250 μg/kg pada induk ikan

merupakan kombinasi yang terbaik karena mampu memberikan pengaruh tertinggi pada kecepatan pematangan gonad, indeks gonad somatik, daya tetas telur, ketahanan hidup larva, dan larva abnormal.

2. Kombinasi penambahan ascorbyl phosphate magnesium pada pakan

dan implantasi estradiol-17β pada ikan lele memperlihatkan respons

berbeda nyata dengan kontrol dan efektif untuk peningkatan kinerja penampilan reproduksi ikan lele.

3. Dengan semakin meningkatnya penambahan ascorbyl phosphate

magnesium pada pakan induk ikan diketahui dapat meningkatkan

kandungan vitamin C telur sehingga menghasilkan ketahanan hidup larva yang tinggi dan mengurangi larva abnormal.

Saran

Untuk menghasilkan kualitas telur dan larva yang baik serta pematangan gonad yang cepat diperlukan pemberian APM sebanyak 1200 mg/kg pakan dan

Agrawal NK, Mahajan CL. 1980. Comparative tissue ascorbic acid studies in fishes. J Fish Biol 17:135-141.

Ahmad MM, Nasim KM, Mahmood, MJ Javaid. 1990. The role of AA in

steroidogenesis during the reproductive cycle of fish Tilapia nilotica. Proc.

Pakistan Congr Zool 9: 25-29.

Ahmady K. 2001. Pengaruh kadar vitamin C dalam bentuk L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate magnesium dalam pakan terhadap kualitas telur ikan patin (Pangasius hypophthalmus) tesis . Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor

Aida K, Kobayasi M, Kaneko T. 1991. Endokrinologi. P. 167-121. Dalam: Hazawa, M. dan I. Hanyu (eds). Fisiologi ikan. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo.

Akiyama T, Shiraishi M, Yamamoto T, Hirose K. 1990. Variation of

administrated ascorbic acid levels during maturation and spawning period in sardine. Jpn Soc Fisheries Meeting, Oct. Abs:436.

Alava VR, Kanazawa A, Teshima S. 1993. Effect of dietary

L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate magnesium on gonadal maturation of Penaeus

japonicus.Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 59 :691-696.

Al Amaoudi MM, El-Nakadi AMN, El-Nouman BM. 1992. Evaluation of

dietary requirement of vitamin C for the growth of Orechromis spilirus

fingerling in water from the red sea. Aquaculture 105: 165-173.

Apriyantono A, Fardiaz D, Puspitasari NL, Sedarnawati, Budiantono S. 1989. Petunjuk Laboratorium Analisis Pangan IPB Press.

Azwar ZI. 1997. Pengaruh ascorbil fosfat magnesium sebagai sumber vitamin C

terhadap perkembangan ovarium dan penampilan larva ikan nila (Oreochromis

sp.) disertasi . Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor

Azwar ZI, Priyono A, Setiadarma T, Sutarmat T. 2001. Pengaruh suplemen ascorbil fosfat magnesium sebagai sumber vitamin C dalam ransum terhadap

perkembangan gonad dan mutu telur ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos Forskal).

Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia. 7 : 40–47.

Bagarino T. 1995. Biology of Milkfish. Training Course on Marine Fish Hatchery, 06 Juni-July 1995.

Bagenal TB. 1969. Relationship between egg size and fry survival in Brown trout (Salmo Trutta L). J Fish Biol 1: 349-353.

Baidya AR, Senoo S. 2002. Observations of oocyte final maturation and eggs on

African Catfish Clarias gariepinus under artificial rearing conditions.

Suisanzoshoku 50. 415-422

Blaxters HS. 1969. Development of egg and larvae. p: 184-190. In Hoar and Randall

(eds), Fish Physiology Vol III, Academic Press Inc.

Cerda JBG, Calman GJ, Lafleur Jr, Limesand S. 1996. Pattern of vitellogenesis and folicle maturational competence during the ovarian folicular cycle of

Fundulus heteroclitus. Gen. Comp Endocrinol 103: 24-35.

Chinabut S, Limsuwan LC, Kitsawat P. 1991. Histology of the walking catfish

Clarias batrachus. International Development Research Centre. Canada. Cho CY, Cowey CB, Watanabe T. 1985. Finfish Nutrition in Asia

Metodhological Approaches to Research and Development, Ottawa, Ont IDRC.

Dabrowski K. 1991. Comparative bioavailability of ascorbic acid and its stable form in rainbow trout. School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University Colombus: 344-356.

Dabrowski K. 2002. Ascorbic acid in aquatic organisms status and perspectives. CRC Press London.

Dabrowski K, Blom JH. 1994. Ascorbic acid deposition in rainbow trout

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs and survival of embryos. Comp Biochem. Physiol 109 A :129-135.

Djojosoebagio S. 1996. Fisiologi Nutrisi, edisi II. Jakarta.

Dushkina LA, 1975. Viability of Herring (Clupea) eggs and fertilizing capacity of

herring sperm stored under various conditions. J Ichthyology,15. 423-429. Effendie MI. 1997. Biologi Perikanan. Yayasan Dewi Sri, Bogor.

Efrizal 1995. Pengaruh penyuntikan 17α-hidroksi Progesteron dan hCG

terhadap ovulasi dan kualitas telur ikan lelel dumbo (Clarias gariepinus).

disertasi . Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor

Facon AGJ. 1987. Nutrition and Feeding of Farmed Fish and Shrimp. A training manual I. The essential nutrients. FAO. Brazil

Feller AG, Rudman D. 1988. Role of carnitine in human nutrition. J Nutrition. 188 : 541–547.

Flett PA, Leatherland JF. 1989. Dose related effect of 17β-estradiol on liver weight, plasma E2, protein, calcium, and thyroid hormone levels and measurement of finding of thyroid hormones to vitellogenin in rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). J Fish Biol 34:515-527.

Fostier A, Weil C, Terqui MB, Breton, Jalabert. 1978. Plasma estradiol-17β and

gonadotropin during ovulation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R). Ann

Biol Anim Boch Biophys 18: 929-936.

Guary MM, Coccaldi HJ, Kanasawa. 1975. Variation of ascorbic acid during

ovarian development and the moulting cycle Palaemon serratus (Crustace:

Decapoda). Mar Biol 32: 349-355.

Gomez KA, Gomez AA. 1995. Prosedur statistik untuk penelitian pertanian. Ed-2. Sjamsuddin E, Baharsjah JS, penerjemah. Jakarta: UI Press. Terjemahan dari:

Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research.

Goodman S. 1994. Vitamin C the master nutrient. Terjemahan oleh Muhilal. Komar. Gramedia. Jakarta.

Hjartarson SV, Bjornsson BTh, Moksness E, Norberg B. 1991. Induction of

vitellogenin synthesis in juvenile striped wolffish (Anarhichas lupus L). hlm

322 Proceedings of The Fourth International Symposium on The Reproductive Physiology of Fish. Univ of East Anglia Norwich UK 7-12 July 1991.

Halver J.E. 1985. Recent advances in vitamin nutrition and metabolism in fish. In : Cowey CB, Machie AM, Bill JG (eds). Nutrition and feeding in fish. Academic Press London 221–242.

Halver J.E. 1989. Fish nutrition. Academic Press Inc London.

Hassin SZ, Yaron, Zohar Y. 1991. Folicular steroidogenesis, steroid profiles and

oogenesis in the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). hlm 100.

Proceeding of the Fourth International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish. Univ of East Anglia,Norwich UK 7-12 July 1991.

Harder 1975. Anatomy of Fish. Schweizertbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung Stuttgart.

Heming IA, Budington RK. 1989. Yolk absorbtion in embryonic and larva fish. In : Hoar WS, Randall DJ. (Eds) Fish physiology IX. Academic Press Inc New York. 480 – 485

Hirose K, Machida Y, Donaldson EM. 1979. Induced ovulation of Japanesse

Flounder (Limanda yokohama) with HCG and Salmon gonadotropin, with

special reference to changes in the quality of egg retained in the ovarium cavity after ovulation. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fisheries 51: 1395-1 3 9 9 .

Horning DB, Glathaar, U Mosses. 1984. General aspects of ascorbic acids function and metabolism. Proceedings ascorbic acid domestic animals. Copenhagen. Royal Denish Agri Sci Soc 3–24.

Indriastuti. CE. 2000. Aktivasi sintesis vitelogenin pada proses rematurasi ikan

jambal siam (Pangasis hypohthalmus F.). tesis . Bogor. Program

Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor .

Ishibashi Y, Kato K, Ikeda S. 1994. Effect of dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on gonadal maturation in Japanese parrot fish. Suisanzoshoku 42: 279-285.

Isriansyah. 2005. Pengaruh penggunaan LHRH analog dan 17α

-metiltestosteron terhadap perkembangan gonad ikan baung (Hemibargrus nemurus Blkr.). tesis . Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor .

Kamler E. 1992. Early Life History of Fish. An Energetic Approach. Chapman and Hill. London.

Khoironi. 2002. Peranan kombinasi kolesterol dan vitamin E sebagai perangsang

pematangan gonad ikan lele (Clarias gariepinus). tesis . Bogor. Program

Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor .

King HR, Pankhurst NW. 2004. Ovarium growth and plasma sex steroid and

vitellogenin profiles during vitellogenesis in Tasmania female Atlantic Salmo

salar. Aquaculture 219: 797–813.

Kjorsvik E, Mangor A, Holmford I. 1990. Egg quality in fishes. Advances in Marine Biologiy 26: 71-113.

Kjorsvik E, Lonning S. 1984. Morphological, physiological and genetical

studies of egg quality in Cod fish (Gadus morhua L). In the Propagation of

Cod Gadus morhua L. Flodevigen rapport serie 1: 67–86

Kjorsvik E, Rutan HK, Rutan KL. 2003. Egg and larva quality criteria as

predictive measures for juvenil production in Turbot (Scophthalmus

maximus L). Aquaculture 227: 9–20.

Komatsu M, Hayasi S. 1997. Pharmacological dose of estradiol 17-β induces

vitelogenin synthesis in cultured hepatocytes of immature Eel (Anguilla

japonica ). Fisheries Sciences 63: 9 8 - 9 9 4 .

Kuo TJ, Nash CE, Shehadeh CH. 1974. A Procedural guide to induce spawning in

Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus). Aquaculture 3: 1-4.

Lagler KF, Bardach JE, Miller RR, Pasino DRM. 1977. Ichthiology. John Wiley and Sons Inc New York, London.

Lam TJ, Sharma R. 1985. Effects of salinity and thyroxine on growth and

development in the carp Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture 44 : 201-212

Laven SP, Sorgeloos R. 1991. Variation in egg and larva quality in various fish and crustacean. Larviculture Symposium. 1991 August 27-30 Belgium: 221- 222. Lee WK and Yang SW. 2001. Relationship between ovarian development and

serum levels of gonadal steroid hormones, and induction of oocyte maturation

and ovulation in the cultured female korean spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax

maculatus ) Aquaculture 207 : 169-183

Leray C, Nonnotte G, Roubaud P, Leger C. 1985. Incidence of (n-3) essential

fatty acid deficiency on trout reproductive processes. Reprod Nutr Develop 25

: 567 – 581

Linhart 0, Kudo S, Billard R, Slechta V, Mikodina EV. 1995. Morphology. composition and fertilization of carp eggs: A review. Aquaculture 129: 75-93.

Linder MC. 1992. Biokimia Nutrisi dan Metabolisme (Terjemahan) Universitas Indonesia.

Machlin LJ, 1990. Hand Book of Vitamin. Second Edition. Revised and Expanded

Makatutu D. 2002. Suplementasi vitamin C dalam pakan untuk memacu perkembangan gonad dan meningkatkan mutu telur ikan kerapu bebek (Epinephelus microdon). tesis . Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor

Masumoto TH, Hosokawa, Shimeno S. 1991. Ascorbic acid role in aquaculture nutrition. DN Akiyama, Tan RKH, (eds): Feed processing and nutrition workshop. Proceeding of the aquaculture 1991 September 19-25. Thailand-Indonesia. American Soybean Association, Republic of Singapore: 42-48. Matty AJ. 1985. Fish Endocrinology. Timber Press. Portland.

McEvoy LA. 1984. Ovulatory rhytim and over ripening of egg in cultivated turbot

Scophthalmus maximus L. J Fish Biol 24: 437-448.

Mokoginta I, 1991. Kebutuhan ikan lele (Clarias batrachus L.) akan asam lemak

essensial bagi perkembangan induk. Direktorat Pembinaan Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat, Fakultas Perikanan IPB.

Mokoginta I, Moeljohardjo DS, Takeuchi T, Sumawidjaja K, Fardiaz D. 1995.

Kebutuhan asam lemak esensial untuk perkembangan induk ikan lele (Clarias

batrachus). Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Perairan dan Perikanan Indonesia III: 41-50. Mokoginta I., Jusadi D, Setiawati M, Takeuchi T, Suprayudi MA. 2000.

catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus),. The Proceeding of The JSPS-DGHE International Symposium on Fisheries Science in Tropical Area. August 21-25, Bogor – Indonesia. hlm: 252-256

Mollah MFA and Tan ESP. 1983. HCG induced spawning of the Catfish,

Clarias macrocephalus Guntther. Aquaculture 35 : 239-247.

Miyasaki T, Sato M,. Yoshinaka R Sakaguchi M. 1995. Effect of vitamin C on lipid and carnitine metabolism rainbow trout. Fish Sci 61 : 501–506. Mylonas CC, Zohar Y. 2001. Endocrine regulations and artificial induction of

oocyte maturation and spermiation in basses of the genus morone. Aquaculture 202:205-220.

Nagahama Y. 1983. The Functional morphology of Teleost gonads. In. WS Hoar, Randall DJ, Donaldson EM (Eds.). Fish physiology IX B. Acad Press New York. hlm 223-275.

Nagahama Y,. Kyawa H, Young G. !982. Celluler source of sex steroids in teleost gonad. Can J Fish Aquaculture Sci. 39 : 56–64.

Nagahama Y. 1994. Endocrine regulation of gametogenesis in fish. Int J Dev Biol 38 : 217–229.

Nagahama Y, Yoshikuni M, Yamashita M, Tokumoto T, Katsu Y. 1995. Regulation of oosit growth and maturation in fish. In : Pedersen RA, Schatten GP editor. Current Topics in Developmental biology. Volum 30 New York. Academic Press. hlm 223–275.

NRC (National Research Council). 1977. Nutrient Requirement of Warm Water Fish and Shellfish (Revised Edition) National Academy Press Washington DC.

Piliang WG. 2000. Nutrisi Vitamin. Vol. 2. Penerbit Pertanian Bogor.

Priyono A, Sugama K, Azwar ZI, Setiadarma T. 1996. Pengaruh suplementasi askorbil fosfat magnesium dalam pakan terhadap reproduksi ikan

bandeng (Chanos-chanos). Laporan Proyek Penelitian Perikanan Pantai. Gondol.

Readding JM, Patino R. Reproductive Physiology In : Evans DH. Eds. The Physiology of fish. USA : CRC Press Inc 503 – 533.

Saeymour EA. 1981. Gonadal ascorbic acid and changes in level with

ovarian development in the crussian carp (Carassius carassius L). Comp

Biochem Physiol.70 :551-553.

Sandnes K. 1984. Some aspects of ascorbic acid on reproduction in fish. Proc. Ascorbic acid in domestic animals. Royal Danish Agricultural Soc. Copenhagen hlm 206-212.

Sandnes K, Braekkan OR, Utne F. 1984. The effect of ascorbic acid suplementation

in broodstock feed on reproduction of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Aquaculture, 43: 167-177.

Sandnes K and Braekkan OR. 1981. Ascorbic acid and reproductive cycle of

ovaries in cod (Godus morhua). Comp Biochem Physiol 70:543-546.

Sandnes K. 1991. Studies on Vitamin C in Fish Nutrition. Dept Fisheries and Marine Biology, Univ Bergen Norway.

Sakai K, Nomura M, Takashima. F 1985. Characteristics of naturally spawned eggs of red seabream. Bull Jap Soc Sci Fisheries 51: 1395-1399.

Sato M, Yoshinaka R, Ikeda S. 1982. Dietary ascorbic acid requirement

of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for growth and collagen

formation. Bull Jpn Soc Fish 44 : 1029–1035.

Sato M, Kondo T, Yoshinaka R, Ikeda S. 1982. Effect of dietary ascorbic acid levels in collagen formation in rainbow trout. (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Bull Jpn Soc Fish 48 : 553–556.

Schuep W, P Hofman and E Kock. 1994. The assay of ascorbic acid in tissue and analysis of ascorbate-2-polyphosphate in feed and its stability. Roche Seminar.

Singh PB, Singh TP. 1990. Seasonal correlation changes between sex steroid and

lipid level in the fresh water female catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) J Fish

Biol 37:793-802.

Soliman AK, Jauncey K, Robert RJ. 1986. The effect of dietary ascorbic acid suplementation on hatchability, survival rate and fry performance in Oreochromis mossambicus. Aquaculture 59:197-208.

Steel GD, Torrie JH. 2001. Principles and Procedure of Statistics. A Biometrical Approach, Mc Graw-Hill Inc. New York.

Sukendi 1995. Pengaruh kombinasi penyuntikan ovaprim dan prostagladin

terhadap daya rangsang ovulasi dan kualitas telur ikan lele dumbo (Clarias

gariepinus). tesis . Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Sullivan CV, Tao Y, Hodson RG, Hara A, Bennet, Woods LC. 1991.

Vitellogenin and vitellogenesis in Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). hlm

315-317. Proceedings of The Fourth International Symposium on The Reproductive Physiology of Fish. Univ East Anglia, Norwich, UK. 7-12 July 1991.

Sumawidjaja K, Eidman K, Sumantadinata K, Harris E, Darnas D. 1983. Laporan Pilot Proyek Peningkatan Kualitas dan Kuantitas Induk dan Benih

Ikan Air Tawar. Kerja Sama Dinas Perikanan Pemda Jawa barat dan Fakultas Perikanan IPB.

Sularto. 2002. Pengaruh implantasi LHRH dan estradiol-17β terhadap

perkembangan gonad ikan Pangasius djambal. tesis . Bogor. Program

Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Supriyadi. 2005. Efektivitas pemberian hCG dan 17α-metiltestosteron yang

dienkapsulasi di dalam emulsi terhadap perkembangan gonad ikan baung (Hemibagrus nemurus Blkr.). tesis . Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Suyanto SR. 1986. Budidaya Ikan Lele. Penebar Swadaya., Jakarta.

Syarizal. 1998. Kadar optimun vitamin E (α-tokoperol) dalam pakan induk ikan

lele (Clarias batrachus), tesis . Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut

Pertanian Bogor.

Tang UM dan R Affandi. 2000. Biologi Reproduksi Ikan. Bogor.

Takeuchi T. 1988. Laboratory work chemical evaluation of dietary nutrient, hlm 179-232. In T Watanabe ed. Fish Nutrition and Mariculture. Kanagawa Fisheries Training Centre; JICA Tokyo.

Tan-Fermin JD, Ijiri S, Ueda H, Adachi S, Yamauchi K. 1997. Ovarian development and serum steroid hormone profiles in Hatchery-bred female

Catfish Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) during an annual reproductive

Cycle. Fisheries Science 63:867-872.

Thakur NK. 1978. On the maturity and spawning of an air breathing catfish (Clarias batrachus). Matsya, 4: 59-66.

Tucker RW And Halver JE. 1984. Distribution of ascorbate-2-sulphate, half-life and turn over of ascorbit acid in rainbow trout. J Nutrition 114 : 991-1000.

Tyler C. 1991. Viteollogenesis in Salmonid. In Scott AP, Sumpter JP, Kime DE and Rolfe MS (Eds). Procedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish. University of East Anglia. Norwich. hlm 295-299.

Toelihere M. 1981. Fisiologi Reproduksi pada Ternak. Angkasa Bandung.

Watanabe T. 1988. Fish nutrition and mariculture. JICA. The General Aquaculture Course. Dept of Agriculture Bioscience. Tokyo University.

Waagbo RT, Thorson, Sandnes K. 1989. Role of dietary ascorbic acid in vitellogenesis in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 80:301-314.

Woynarovich E, Horvath L. 1980. The Artificial Propagation of Warm Water Finfish. FAO Fisheries technical Paper No. 201. FIR/T 201.

Yaron Z. 1995. Endocrine control of gametogenesis and spawning induction in the carp. Aquaculture 129: 49-73.

Yusuf NS. 2005. Efektivitas Hormon LHRHa dan Estradiol-17β melalui emulsi

W/O/W terhadap perkembangan gonad ikan baung (Hemibagrus nemurus

Blkr). tesis . Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Zairin M, Furukawa, Aida. 1992. Introduction of ovulation by hCG injection in tropical walking catfish Clarias batracus reared under 23–25º C. Nippon Suisan Gakkashi 58 : 1681–1685.

Zohar Y. 1991. Fish Reproduction: Its Physiology and artificial manipulation hlm 65-119. In S. Sshilo and S. Saring (Eds). Fish culture in warm water problems and trends. GRC Press.

Zohar Y, Mylonas CC. 2001. Endocrine menipulation of spawning in cultured fish : from hormones to genes. Aquacultue 197 : 99-136

Dokumen terkait