5.1Kesimpulan
Karakteristik PAH di perairan dan sedimen menunjukkan PAH pirogenik dan petrogenik. PAH pirogenik berasal dari emisi kendaraan bermotor, pembangkit listrik PLN, incenerator dari TPAS, emisi dari pabrik kayu yang terdapat di bagian selatan dan utara Kota Tarakan serta fasilitas pembakaran sisa pengolahan gas oleh PT. PERTAMINA. PAH petrogenik berasal dari petroleum residu dari kegiatan pelabuhan, buangan minyak dari daratan yang dibuang langsung melalui sungai dan mengarah ke laut. Kegiatan-kegiatan migas diduga berpotensi sebagai sumber PAH petrogenik seperti kegiatan bongkar muat minyak dari kapal ke tangki dan sebaliknya, pengolahan limbah minyak dari pit yang tidak sempurna, buangan air balast dan buangan bahan bakar dari mesin kapal.Selain itu proses adsorpsi dan dinamika perairan juga berpengaruh terhadap keberadaan PAH di perairan.
Jenis PAH yang ditemukan di air ada 2 jenis yaitu fenantrena dan fluorantena dengan konsentrasi berkisar 6-248 µg/l. Pada sedimen terdapat 5 jenis senyawa PAH yaitu fluorantena, fenantrena, naftalena-C2, fenantrena-C1 dan antrasena-C1 dengan konsentrasi berkisar antara 7-69 ng/g. Perbedaan keberadaan dan konsentrasi PAH di air dan sedimen disebabkan oleh beberapa hal yaitu sifat fisik dan kimiawinya.
Hasil analisis komponen PAH pada daging ikan Nomei teridentifkasi 10 jenis PAH yaitu fluorena, fenantrena, antrasena, fluorantena, pirena, naftalena-C1, naftalena-C2, fenantrena-C1, bifenil dan asenaftena. Kandungan PAH total pada daging ikan Nomei kecil adalah 1067 ng/g, daging sedang 605 ng/g, dan daging besar 1025 ng/g. Pada hati ikan Nomei teridentifikasi 6 jenis senyawa PAH yaitu fenantrena, fluorantena, naftalena, naftalena-C1, naftalena-C2 dan bifenil dengan kandungan PAH total pada hati kecil adalah 1679 ng/g, hati sedang 977 ng/g, dan hati besar 1445 ng/g dengan tingkat kontaminasi sangat tinggi. Perbedaan jenis dan konsentrasi PAH di daging dan hati mungkin di pengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti kapasitas asimilasi usus, biotransformasi, sistem enzimatik dan
metabolisme PAH oleh ikan Nomei. Lingkungan perairan baik air, sedimen dan biota khususnya ikan Nomei telah terkontaminasi PAH.
5.2Saran
Beberapa saran dalam penelitian ini adalah perlunya penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai konsentrasi dan jenis PAH di udara untuk mengetahui besar konsentrasi yang terbawa masuk ke perairan laut melalui hujan. Perlu dilakukan uji toksisitas konsentrasi kronis dan letal serta uji histologi untuk mengetahui dampak PAH terhadap ikan Nomei.
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LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Bagan alir ekstraksi PAH dalam air laut menurut Yu et al. 2009 yang telah dimodifikasi.
2 liter cuplikan air
Ekstraksi dengan 3 x 30 ml dicloromethan, ambil lapisan bawah homogenkan
Dimurnikan dengan glass column yang diisi dengan alumina/silica (1:2) 150 gr dan anhydromus sodium
sulfate 5 gr diatasnya
Fraksi 1 yang merupakan alifatik hydrocarbon dibilas dengan 20 ml hexane
Fraksi 2 (PAH) dibilas dengan 70 ml
dicloromethan/hexane (3:7). Evaporasi sampai 0.5 ml
Supernatan dikeringkan dengan nitrogen. Sebelum di injek ke GC-MS supernatant dilarutkan dengan
`Lampiran 2 Bagan alir ekstraksi PAH pada sedimen, daging dan hati ikan
Horpodon nehereus menurut Liu et al. 2007 yang telah
dimodifikasi.
40 gr freezed dried sedimen 10 gr daging ikan
Cuplikan diektraksi dengan soxhlet ±16 jam dengan pelarut Hexane/Acetone (1:1) 150 ml
Evaporasi sampai 2-3 ml kemudian tambahkan hexane 50 ml evaporasi sampai 2 ml
Dimurnikan dengan glass coulum silica gel/Alumina (1:2) 10 gr Pada bagian atas coulum diberi anhydromus sodium sulfate 5 gr
Fraksi 1 (alifatik) dibilas dengan 40 ml hexane
Fraksi 2 (PAH) dibilas dengan 80 ml Dicloromethan/hexane (3:7) untuk membilas
komponen PAH. Kemudian di evaporator
Cuplikan sedimen Cuplikan daging dan hati
Dimurnikan dengan glass coulum silica gel/Alumina (1:2) 10 gr Pada bagian atas coulum diberi anhydromus sodium sulfate 5 gr
Supernatan dikeringkan dengan nitrogen. Sebelum di injek ke GC-MS supernatant
Lampiran 3 Prosedur SEAMIC IMFJ (Southeast Asian Medical Information
Center International Medical Foundation of Japan) Tahun 1985.
Daging Nomei dihancurkan, timbang 5 g
Tambahkan Na2SO4 10 g, aduk sampai rata
Masukkan dalam oven 105°C selama 2 jam, beberapa kali di aduk. Dinginkan 1 jam dalam desikator
Cuplikan diekstraksi dengan soxhlet dengan pelarut dietil eter 300 ml
Supernatan diuapkan dengan rotary evaporator sampai ± 10 ml
Supernatant dipindahkan ke beaker glass yang sudah diketahui beratnya, kemudian
Lampiran 4 Spektrum fenantrena
Lampiran 5 Spektrum pirena
Lampiran 7 Spektrum 1,6 dimetilnaftalena
Lampiran 8 Spektrum 3-metilbifenil
Lampiran 10 Spektrum 4-metilfenantrena
Lampiran 11 Spektrum 9-metilantrasena
Lampiran 13 Spektrum 1,3-dimetilnaftalena
Lampiran 14 Spektrum 1,7 dimetilnaftalena
Lampiran 16 Spektrum 1,4-dimetilnaftalena
Lampiran 17 Spektrum 2,6-dimetilnaftalena
Lampiran 18 Spektrum 1,2,3,4-tetrahidro-1,6dimetil -4-(1-metil etil) (1S-cis) naftalena
Lampiran 19 Spektrum 9-metilantrasena
Lampiran 20 Spektrum 4-metilbipenil
Lampiran 22 Spektrum 2-metilfenantrena
Lampiran 23 Spektrum 1,6-dimetil -4-(1-metil etil)-naftalena
Lampiran 25 Spektrum difenilmethan
RATNO ACHYANI. Karakteristik Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) di Air dan Sedimen Serta Akumulasinya pada Tubuh Ikan Nomei (Horpodon nehereus) Di Kota Tarakan. Dibimbing oleh TRI PRARTONO, ETTY RIANI.
Kegiatan-kegiatan pembangunan yang berasal dari daratan berpotensi mempengaruhi perairan di sekitarnya. Pembangunan yang cukup signifikan di Kota Tarakan Propinsi Kalimantan Timur yang wilayahnya berupa pulau saat ini dapat menjadi sumber pencemar perairan di sekitarnya. Salah satu yang akhir- akhir ini menjadi perhatian adalah pencemar PAH. PAH masuk ke lingkungan khususnya di perairan laut melalui hujan, buangan industri, tumpahan minyak dan aliran permukaan. Keberadaan senyawa ini di lingkungan menjadi penting karena bersifat karsinogenik dan mutagenik. Tujuan utama penelitian ini menentukan komponen PAH dan konsentrasinya yang ada di air laut, sedimen dan