Kesimpulan
Proses pembungaan tanaman manggis secara visual diawali dengan inisiasi tunas bakal bunga, pecah tunas bakal bunga, pembentukan kuncup, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kuncup, dan anthesis. Perkembangan buah manggis yang merupakan buah apomiksis pada dasarnya sama dengan perkembangan buah-buah non apomiksis, meliputi pertambahan ukuran, perubahan warna, peningkatan kadar gula total, PTT, vitamin C dan kadar air, serta penurunan kadar asam dan kadar auksin.
Pertumbuhan buah manggis membentuk kurva sigmoid yang ditunjukkan dengan pertambahan diameter buah, bobot basah maupun bobot kering buah sejak anthesis hingga 115 HSA. Tingkat pendewasaan buah manggis ditandai dengan penurunan kandungan auksin dan klorofil, peningkatan bobot buah, diameter buah, PTT, kadar gula total dan vitamin C, sedangkan ATT membentuk kurva parabola. Bobot kering yang sudah cenderung konstan, kandungan gula total, vitamin C, dan PTT yang tinggi serta kandungan ATT yang rendah dapat dijadikan standar penentuan umur panen buah manggis.
Saran
Pemanenan buah manggis sebaiknya tidak hanya berdasarkan pada perubahan warna kulit, tetapi juga harus memperhatikan perubahan-perubahan fisiologis yang terjadi selama pertumbuhan dan pematangan buah, yang umur petiknya disesuaikan dengan kondisi tempat tumbuhnya dan tujuan pasar.
Alique R, Oliveira GS. 1994. Changes and organic acids in cherimoya (Aninona cherimola, Mill) fruit under controlled atmosphere storage. J Agric Food Chem 42:799-803.
Apriyantono A, Fardiaz D, Puspitasari NL, Sedarnawati, Budiyanto S. 1994. Petunjuk Laboratorium Analisis Pangan. Bogor: Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Archbold DD. 1999. Carbohydrate availability modifies sorbitol dehydrogenase activity of apple fruit. Physiol Plant 105:391-395.
Arriola MC, Calzada, Menchu JF, Rola C, Garcia R. 1980. Papaya. P.316-329. In S. Nagy, Shaw PE (Eds). Tropical and Subtropical Fruits Composition, Properties and Uses. AVI Publ. Westport Connecticut.
Asker SE, Jerling L. 1992. Apomixis in plants. CRC Press. London. 297 pp. Bernier GB, Kinet JM, Sachs RM. 1985. Transition to reproductive growth. The
Physiology of flowering. Volume II. Florida: CRC Press. Inc. hlm. 1–90 Cox JEK. 1988. Garcinia mangostana – Mangosteen. p. 361–375. Di dalam:
Gardner, RJ and SA. Chaudori, editor. The Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees. FAO and CAB, England.
Davenport TL. R, Nunez-Elisea. 1997. Reproductive physiology. p.147-173. In Litz RE (ed.). Mango, Botany, Production and Uses. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 587p.
Daryono M, Sosrodiharjo S. 1986. Cara praktis penentuan saat pemanenan buah manggis dan sifat-sifatnya selama penyimpanan. Bul Penel Hort 14(2): 39–42.
Departemen Pertanian. 2009. Ekspor komoditas utama subsektor hortikultura. Pusat Data dan Informasi Pertanian. http//www/deptan.go.id. [8 Mei 2009].
Domínguez M, Vendrell M. 1993. Ethylene biosíntesis in banana fruit: evolution or EFE activity and ACC level in peel and pulp during ripening. J Hort Sci 68(1): 63–70.
Gardner FP, Pearce RB, Mitchell RL. 1991. Fisiologi Tanaman Budidaya. Universitas Indonesia Press. Jakarta.
Gunawan E. 2007. Hubungan agroklimat dengan fenofisiologi fanaman dan kualitas buah manggis di lima sentra produksi di pulau Jawa [tesis]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Hall WC, Morgan PW. 1964. Auxin ethylene interrelationships. Regulateurs Narurels de la Croissance Vegetable, Centre National de la Recherche Schientifique, p.727.
49
Harborne JB. 1987. Metode Fitokimia. ITB Bandung.
Hempel FD, Welch DR, Feldman LJ. 2000. Floral induction and determination:Where is flowering controlled?. Trends in Plant Science 5(1): 17–21.
Hidayat R. 2002. Kajian ritme pertumbuhan tanaman manggis (Garcinia mangostana L) dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi [disertasi]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Horn, CL. 1940. Existence of only one variety of cultivated mangosteen explained by asecually formed seed. J. Science 92:237-238.
Juanasri. 2004. Pengaruh umur petik, pemberian giberelin dan spermdin terhadap kualitas buah mangis [thesis]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Kader AA. 1992. Postharvest biology and technology:An overvier, p.15-20. In A.A. Kader (Ed) Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Second Edition. Barkeley: University of California.
Kader AA. 2004. Mangosteen. Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality.http://rics.ucdavis.edu/postharvest2/Produce/ProduceFacts/Fruit/ mangosteen.shtml. [2 Mei 2008].
Kays SJ. 1991. Postharvest Physiology of Perisable Plant Product. New York:The AVI Publ. Company Inc.
Krishnmurthy S, Jain GV, Bhatia NL. 1960. Changes in the phisico-chemical composition of mangoes during ripening after picking. J. Food Sci. 9: 277 Krishnamurthy S, Rao VNM. 1964. A Note in the flowers and floral biology in
mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L). South Indian Hortic. 12(34): 99- 101.
Kitigawa H, Tarutani T. 1972. Studies on the colouring of Satsuma mandarin. III. The ralation of method of ethylene treatment and degreening. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 40:190.
Leopold AC, Kriedmann PE. 1975. Plant Growth and Development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lim AL. 1984. The Embryologi of Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusicaeae). Garden Bulletin. Singapore. 37:93-103.
Lodh SB, Selvaraj Y. 1972. Paper chromatographic studies of anthocyanins in grape variety “Bangalore Blue”. Ind. J. Hort.
Lodh SB, Pastastico ErB. 1993. Perubahan-perubahan Fisikokimiawi selama pertumbuhan organ-organ penimbun. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.
Marriott JM, Robinson M, Karikari K. 1981. Starch and sugar transformation during the ripening of plantains and bananas. J Sci Food Agric 32: 1022–1026.
Marschner H. 1986. Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants. Second edition. London: Academic Press Inc. p 201-254.
Miller EV, Winston JR, Schomer HA. 1940, Physiological studies of plastid pigments on rinds of matruring orange. J. Agric. Res. 60:259.
Moore TC. 1979. Biochemistry and physiology of plant hormones. New York:Springer-Verlag Inc. 274 hlm.
Muchtadi TR, Sugiyono. 1992. Ilmu Pengetahuan Bahan Pangan. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Naksone HY, Paull RE. 1998. Tropical Fruits. CAB International. New York, USA, p.359-369.
Nitsch JP. 1951. In Plant Phisiology: A Treatise, Editor FC Steward. New York. Academic Press.
Nugroho LH, Purnomo, Sumardi I. 2006. Struktur dan Perkembangan Tumbuhan. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
Osman, Milan AR. 2006. Mangosteen–Garcinia mangostana. Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops, University Of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Pantastico ErB. 1993. Fisiologi Pasca Panen: Penanganan dan Pemanfaatan Buah-buahan dan Sayur-sayuran Tropika dan Subtropika. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.
Patern Cl, Glick BR. 2002. Role of Pseudomonas putide indole acetic acid in development of the plant root system. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 3795– 3801.
Poonachit U, Salakpetch S, Chandraparnik S, Hiranpradit H. 1997. Phenological development and plant vigour affected mangosteen production. Preceedings: International conference on tropical fruits, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 23-26 Juli 1997.
Popenoe W. 1974. Manual of tropical and Sub Tropical Fruits. 2ndbok. Hafner Press. New York, 474p.
Poerwanto R. 2000. Teknologi Budidaya Manggis. Makalah disampaikan pada Diskusi Nasional Bisnis dan Teknologi Manggis. Kerjasama Pusat Kajian Buah-buahan Tropika LP-IPB dengan Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura dan Aneka Tanaman Departemen Pertanian. 11 p.
Rai IN. 2004. Fisiologi pertumbuhan dan pembungaan tanaman manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) asal biji dan sambungan [disertasi]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
51
Rai IN. 2006. Perubahan kandungan Giberelin dan Gula total pada fase-fase perkembangan bunga manggis. Jurnal Hayati 13(3): 101-106.
Ramlan MF, Mahmud TMM, Hasan BM, Karim MZ. 1992. Studies on photosynthesis on young mangosteen plants grown under several growth conditions, Act Hort 321: 482 – 489.
Reid MS. 1985. Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. Cooperative Extension, University California. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, California.
Richards AJ. 1990. Studies on Garcinia, dioecious tropical forest trees: the origin of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Bot Jour Linn Soc 103: 301–308.
Ryugo K. 1988. Fruit Culture: Its Science and Art. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Canada.
Salunkhe, Desai DK BB. 1984. Postharvest Biotecnology of Vegetables. New York: Inc. Boca Rafon.
Samson JA. 1989. Tropical Fruits–Longman Scientific and Technical. London. 335 p.
Sandra 2007. Pengembangan pemutuan buah manggis untuk ekspor secara non destruktif dengan jaringan syaraf tiruan [disertasi]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Sedgley M, Griffin AR. 1989. Sexual Reproduction of Tree Crops. New York: Academic Press.
Selvaraj Y, Kohli RR. 1972. Biochemicalchanges associated withgrowth and development of Dwarf Cavendish banana. Ind. J Hort 28: 28.
Setiawan E. 2005. Produktivitas dan kualitas buah manggis pada berbagai posisi cabang dalam tajuk [tesis]. Bogor: Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Soule. 1985. Glossary for Horticultural Crops. John Willey and Sons, New York.
Stopar M, Resmik M, Pongrac VZ. 2001. Non structural carbohydrate status and CO2 exchange rate of apple fruitset at the time of abscission
influenced by shade, NAA or IBA. Hort Sci 87: 65-76.
Sims DA, Gamon JA 2002. Relationship between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages. Remote Sensing of environment 81: 337–354. Sobir, Poerwanto R. 2007. Mangosteen genetics and improvement. International
Journal of Plant Breeding 1(2): 105–111.
Srivastava, LM. 2001. Plant Growth and Development. Academic Press. London.
Sudarmadji, Haryono SB, Suhardi. 1984. Prosedur Analisa Untuk Bahan Makanan dan Pertanian. Liberty. Yogyakarta. 138 hal.
Suyanti, Roosmani ABST, Syaifullah. 1999. Pengaruh tingkat ketuaan terhadap mutu pascapanen buah manggis selama penyimpanan. J Hort 9(1): 51-58. Thomas SC. 1997. Geographic parthenogenesis in a tropicl forest tree. American
Journal of Botany 84, 1012-1015.
Unyanyar S, Topcouglu SF, Unyanyar A. 1996. A modified method for extraction and identification of indole-3-Actic Acid (IAA), Giberelic Acid (GA), Absisic Acid (ABA) and Zeatin produced by Phannochaeta crysosporium. ME 446. Bulg J Plant phisiol 22: 105–110.
Van Stenis CGGJ. 2006. Flora . PT. Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta.
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE. 1992. Edible fruits and nuts [editorial]. Prosea 2: 177–181.
Von Loesecke, Von HW. 1949. Bananas: Chemistry, Phyusiology, and Technology. Interescience Publ. Inc., New York. 189p.
Wattimena GA. 1988. Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Tanaman. PAU-IPB dan LSI IPB. Bogor.
Wible J, Chackol JE, Downtoqn US. 1992. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) A Potential crop for tropical Northern Australia. Acta Hort 321: 132– 137.
Wills RHH, Lee TH, Graham D, Glasson WB Mc, Hall EG. 1989. Postharvest, an introduction to the physiology and handling of fruits and vegetables. The AVI Publ. Co. Inc Conecticut. 150p.
Wright CJ. 1985. Interactions between vegetative and reproductive growth. In Wright CJ (Eds). Manipulation of fruiting. London.
Yaacob O, Tindall HD. 1995. Mangosten Cultivation. FAO. Plant protection paper 129. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 100 pp.