LAILEPNA LEH LAIMALPITE

SINNA XXI PIANZIA KAMMALTE

(PUNCTUATION AND CAPITAL LETTERS)

Lai lepna ih cih in, laigual (sentence) te leh, gamtatna om lo lammal lomte (phrase) genna ah, amun khenna leh ciaptehnate ahi hi.

Tuate in a naui a bang ahi hi.

1. Husanna……….. ,comma 2. Ngaklang……… ,semi-colon 3. Ngakna……… ,colon

4. Tawpna……… .fullstop, period 5. Dotna……….. ?question mark

6. Phawnna……….. !exclamation mark 7. Kam honna, kam khakna………….. “__”quotation mark 8. Neihsa la, tanglak……… ‘apostrophe

9. Thekna……… -hyphen 10. Git-phei……….. _dash 11. Git-awn………... /slash 12. Kual, umtuam……….. ( ) bracket

LAILEPNA (PUNCTUATION) 1. Husanna (Comma):

Kamvui ahi zongin, ataang taangin ahi zongin, na minte ahi zongin, gamtatnate ahi zongin, ih thugen bei nai loin kamvui khat sungah a tuamtuamte ih gawm ciangin, hosanna (comma) kikoih hi.

gtn.

Ni tum a, kha tang a, aksite hong kilang hi.

Lai a sim ciang, thu a ngaihsut ciang, a om mawk ciang nangawnin daai mahmah hi.

(a)Nambat (Ganan) mal gelhna-ah (taklam pan sim) mal thum ciangin hosanna khat ta ki koih hi.

gtn. 1,000;1,000,000.

(b) mikhat pauna bang tek a ih suah sak nop ciangin, kam honna koih madeuhin hosanna kikoih masa hi. A pauna a bei ciangin, kam khakna ma-ah, hosanna kikoih leuleu hi.

gtn. Siavuanpa in, cinapa kiangah, “Na dam ding hi,” a ci hi. ctd. Dotna leh phawnnate ah husanna kikoih ngei lo hi. (c) A kisam, mipa telgennaleh kilatsakna-ah husanna kizang hi.

gtn. Ciinno, an huan nai lo maw?

Thangmual, Zogam a mual sang pen nihna leh Television Reflec-tor Tower a omna in, Tedim gam sungah a om hi.

(d) A banban a kigelh minte deina-in huianna kizang hi.

gtn. Khuppi, Cingsan, Mangpu, Liankang leh Lambuahte unau ahi uh hi.

Lo lai-ah vaimim, taang, bal leh be pokhawrn hi. (e) Nimit gelhna-ah kizang hi.

gtn. January 6,1995. 6th January, 1995 (f) A kitomlak kammalte deina-in kizang hi.

gtn. M. A., M. R. E., D. D.

(g)’leh! kammal nungah kizang lo ding hi. gtn. Note khat leh khat na ki-it un.

ctd. Lai ih khet ciangin, husanna nungah laimal khatcia mun awngsak ding hi.

gtn. An na huan inla, -puankawt teng zong napho in.

(h) Hosanna pen zangkhial leng, a khiatna, kilehbulhsak thei hi. gtn.Kill him, not let him go. That in, suaktasak ken. Kill him not, let him go. That ken, suaktasak in. Buy not, too high. Lei ken, mansang lua.

Buy, not too high. Lei-inmansang lua kei.

I tell you the truth, today you will be with me in paradise. Ken aman takpi kong cih in, tu ni’n nang tawh Paradise ah ih ornkhawm ding hi.

I tell you the truth today, you will be with me in Paradise. Tu ni’n ken a man takpi kong cih in, nang tawh Paradise ah ih omkhawm ding hi.

2. Ngaklang (semi-colon):

Ngaklang (semi-colon) ciaptehna a om ciangin, husanna, sangin sauvei khawl zaw deuh hi. Laigual picing khat leh laigual picing adang khat zopna dingin, kammal zopna (conjunction) ahi, “Teh, in, a,….adt. “zang loin zopsuak theih lai nadingin kizang hi.

gtn. Na hehnepnakammalte hangin, ka lawmpa a lungdam hi; a lungsim nuamsak hi; a dahna zong beisak hi.

Hoih takina semin; tua hileh thaman kong pia ding hi.

3. Ngakna (colon):

Ngakna in Ngaklang sangin sauvei kikhawl zawdeuh hi. Hih in, ih kamvui pen beisiang nai loin, ih gennop thu tampi hi a, a thu teng a nuai-ah hong kigen lai ding cih lahna ahi hi.

gtn., Kong gennop a thu in: “Lam na kaan ciangin kidawm in. Lai na sim ciangin a hunhun in, tawlnga zelzel in. Nitakin lumbaih inla zingsangin tho baih in.”

Tangko un: “Man ngen lo akhawnkhong hong hon hi.” (lh taangko ding pen a thu hong pai lai ding hi, cihna ahi hi.)

(a) Lai Siangtho mun gelhna-ah a lian (chapter) ciapteh nadingin ngakna kikoih phot a, tua khit ciangin a neu nambat kigelh hi.

gtn. Matthew 5:3-10; Mark 2:12,13; Luke a lian 1 pan a lian 3 a neu 6 ciang ih cih nop leh Luke 1-3:6; ci-in kigelh hi.

(b) Nai gelhna-ah kizang hi.Huntehna pen sun laitak leh zan laitakin kikhen a, zan 12 pan sun 12 ciang pen Latinte a zui-in (ante meridiem) AM kici a., sun 12 pan zan 12 dong pen (post meridiem) PM kici hi. 7:30 AM 6:15 PM

(c) Laigual nihte lakah a mass laigual khiatna a kitelzawk semsem nadingin, a nihna laigualin a kilatsak nading khenna in kizang hi.

gtn. Taang in, mi muanhuai mahmah khat ahi hi: a sepna khempeuh ah citakin, bel mahmah hi.

(d) Thu tuamtuamte sazian (list) khat sungah hel nadingin kizang hi. gtn. Nuntakna sungah a thupi penpen nate in: tui, huih, an, inn leh lo, nikten puansilh to ahi hi.

4. Tawpna (fullstop, period):

Laigual khat vuicing khin a, a khawlsak ahi hi. Dotnate leh lamdang sakna a gen laigualte lobuang, a dang laigualte khempeuh a tawptaktak ciangin, tawpna (full stop, period) kizang hi.

gtn. Ih laigelhnzia kibang sak ni. Mikanglai ka thei nuam hi. Lai, ka hahkat mahmah ding hi.

(a) Kammla tom lakna (Abbreviation)ah kizang hi.

Gtn. B.A.,M.A.,U.S.A., U.K, Jan. Aug. Mon. Tang=Tg. Gentehna = gtn. Street=St. Ciapteh ding=ctd. Reverend=Rev.Mister=Mr. United Nations Organization=U.N.O. Doctor=Dr.

(b) Ni leh kha gelhna-ah kizang hi. Gtn. 6.11.1920

(d) Anuai a munte ah kizang lo ding hi. i. Lai thulu gelhna

gtn. Zolai Gelhzia

Minmai a kikoih kammal cingsate

Gtn. Siapi Gin Khaw Thang (Siapi. Hilo ding hi.) Major That Tung Nung. (Major. Hilo ding hi.) Tang Thang Lian Do (Tang. Hilo ding hi.)

ctd. Lai ih khet ciangin, tawpna nungah laimal khatciat mun awng ding hi.

gtn. Thu khat hong gen ning.-Limtak nangai-in.

5. Dotna (Question Mark):

Hih dotna (question mark) pen dotna a bawl laigual tawpna ah kizang hi.

gtn. Lawm, nang bang semsem na hia?

Dia? Hia? Diam? Hiam? Sim? Cihte hidiak hi. Tua lo mun khatkhat ah kikoih leh dotna mah hi veve hi.

gtn. Amah hong pai tam? Nang na pai dia?Hong ciah ding maw? Nong zui dia? Ut lo cih sim? Hong zui ding maw, zui lo ding? Paupu in hong zui ding, nang e leh? An ne zo maw? Ne nai lo?

6. Phawnna (Exclamation Mark):

Hih phawnna pen, kilat a, lamdang sakna genna laigual (ahk) Kammal nungah kizang hi.

gtn. Kalai! O!, E!, Oih! , Eh!, Maw!, Ai ve!, Haw!, Hi ding maw!, Hoih e leh!, Eh, himaw!, Hong zekai si cia!, Lamdang si!, Eh, Hong suikha ing ei!, Na heh kei ou, maw!, Tam lua!, Ekmawk!, Thei ou leh!, Zen hoh!, Lawmlawm!, Cih zawzen!, Tazen!, Zenzen!, Phial mawk!, Zen sam!, Heih!, Aw hoih!, Zumhuai si!, Nuamhuai si!, Nuam zen sing!.

7. Kam honna, kam khakna ( Quotation mark or Inverted Comma ) :

Hih kam honna leh kam khakna pen, mikhat kampau a genpa kammal bang tek tek a, ih gen kik ciangin, tua mipa pau lian teng kam honna leh kam khakna tawh kituam ciapteh hi Tua banga ih gelh ciangin a kammal tek kipat madeuh in, hosanna ( comma ) kikoih masa a, tua khit ciangin kam honna kikoih a, kamvui thak pat mah bangin, laimal gol tawh kipan hi. A pauna teng ih gen khit ciangin hosanna kikoih kik a, tua khit ciangin kam khakna kikoih pan hi. gtn. A pa in a ta kiangah, “Thu mango u,” a ci hi.

A hih hangin a cih kikna teng bek gelh kik napi-in,’ci hi’ a cih tuan loh ciangin husanna koih loin ngaklang ( colon ) kikoih a, kam honna leh kam khakna a ngeina bangin kikoih hi.

Paupu: “ Nang nong ngaihia?” Niangno: “Hong ngai lua.”

Pkd. Kam honna ih koih ding ciangin, ngaklang (ahk) husanna kikoih masa phot a, tua khit ih gelhnop teng aman ciangin kam khakna ih koih ma-in, husanna, tawpna, phawnna,dotna, cih a tuamtuamte koih masa teek ding a, tua khit ciangin, kam khakna a kikoih pan ding ahi hi.

gtn. Siapa in, sang naupangte kiangah, “Na lai uh hanciam un; hanciamna in, zawhna hi,” a ci hi.

Peter in, “Siavuanpa pen a hai hi, “a ci hi. “Siavuanpa pen, “ Pete in, “a hai hi,” a ci hi/ “Peter pen,” Siavuanpa in, “ a hai hi, “a ci hi.

Siavuanpa in, “Peter pen, a hai hi, “a ci hi.

Hih a tunga laigualte ih et ciangin, kam honna leh kam khakna ii a thupina hong phawksak hi. Kam honna, kam khakna koih khial leng, a khiatna kilebulh lian hi, cih ki mu thei hi. Peter in, “ Siavuanpa in, a hai hi, “ a ci hi.

“ Siavuanpa in, “ Peter in, “ a hai hi, “ a ci hi.

Hih laigual nihte akhiatna a kibang liana hi hi. Peter genna ah, Siavuanpa pen, a hai hi, ci hi ci a, a genna ahi hi. A genpa Peter hi a, a thuakpa pen Siavuanpa ahi hi.

Tua mah bangin,

Siavuanpa in, “ Peter in, a hai hi, “ a ci hi. ( leh ) “Peter in, “ Siavuanpa in, “ a hai hi,” a ci hi.

Hih laigual nihte I et ciangin, a khiatna a kibang lian mah ahi hi. Kam honna leh kam khakna koihna tungtawnin, a khiatna kilaih hi. Tua ahih manin, kam honna, kam khakna pen, limtak ngaihsun a, zat ding ahi hi.

8. Neihsa lak, tanglak ( Apostrophe ):

Apostrophe ih cih pen, neihsa genna –ah kizang ahih manin, neihsa lak, tanglak ki ci hi.

gtn. Kei-in Ken’n

Nangin Nan’g

Nadingin Na’ngin

Amahin Amah’n

Ka pa ii sum Ka pa’sum Kei ii laibu Kei’laibu Nang ii inn Nang’inn No ii khua No’khua Taang ii khedap Taang’khedap Lia ii nik Lia’nik

(a) Laimal tangin kizang hi.

gtn. Ka nu’n hong it hi. (‘I’ tanga kizang) Kei tang’Jesu si hi. (‘in’tanga kizang) (b) Awsang lahna-ah kizang lo ding hi.

gtn. Lianpu taisim a, a nu in tai’gawp hi. (x)

(c)‘g’tawh a tawp kammalte nung thuap ‘na’ tawh a kithuah ciangin ‘g’ tangin zat huai lo hi.

gtn. Siangtho-sian’thona, minthang-minthan’na, adt……….. (d) Kammal maimang tangin kizang hi.

gtn. Lakam bangah a kammal ciangtan om ahih manin kisam phadiak hi.

Hihte a kitel a a kigelh loh ciangin a la khiatna tuampi khat suak hi.

gtn.

La ing e = la’ng e, lah ing e = lah’ng e, sa ing e = sa’ng e, bia ing e = bia’ng e, ci ing e = ci’ng e, hi ing e = hi’ng e, kha ing e = kha’ng e, khia ing e = khia!ng e, khih ing e = khi’ng e, luah ing e = luah’ng e, mawh ing e = maw’ng e, nawh ing e = naw’ng e, nua-in e = nua’n e, pih ing e = pi’ng e, sia ing e = sia’ng e, thuah ing e = thua’ng e, zaw hiam aw = zaw’m aw, zaw ing e = zaw’ng e, adt... (e) Kammal pawl khat pen kitel khial khol lo ding ahih manin koih kut lo hi.

gtn. ahi hiam = ahiam, ahia, ding hia =dia?, ding hiam = diam? dinga dia, kei ing = keng, ko hong = kong, koi-ah = kawh, lehang = leeng, no hong = nong, tua-ah = tuah, n’a dingin = nangin adt....

9. Thekna (Hyphen):

Aw khat tuak kilo ding kammal khat sungah, awsuaksak (vowel) nih a kizom ciangin, aw dang tuak ahih nadingin, thekna (hyphen) kizang hi.

gtn. ci-in, nakpi-in, tua lai-ah, lai-in, ci-al, gi-ah, hi-in, ba-ah, bu-ah, pi-bu-ah, kii-bu-ah, ki-am, ki-at, ki-akgualkhen, ki-em, ki-it, ki-uap, ki-uitui, ma-in, lo-ah, pi-in, sa-ah, si-ah, si-in, tua-ah, to-in, tuili-ah, adt....

(a) Kammal kimat pawlkhat a kisim khialh loh nadingin, aw khenna in kizang hi.

gtn. ak-ek, an-awk, bil-ah, ek-awng, ik-ah, ak-awm, tal-ek, luang-el, vang-aw, adt...

(b) Kammal sau khat laigual mongah a tat loh ciangin, khenna in kizang hi. Tua bang ciangin a kammal lawhzia zui-in, amal khen ding ahi hi. Ih khen siam kei leh, a cih nopna kipelh thei hi.

gtn. Nong pai teh ka nu zong hong tonpih inla, van leng hong zui un.

Nong pai teh ka nu zong hong tonpih inla, vanleng hong zui un. (Hih bangin gelh lo ding)

Na kithuahpih dingin, Thang no mah muanhuai pen inteh. Na kithuahpih dingin,

Thang-ngno mah muanhuai pen inteh. (Hih bangin gelh lo ding). (c) Hun kikal, mun kikal lahna in, kizang hi.

gtn. 1994-95 sung Yangon ah sang ka kah hi. January 1-3, 1995 sung kikhoppi om ding hi.

10. Gitphei (Dash):

Hih pen, thekna, (hyphen) sangin sau zaw deuh a, kam honna leh kam khakna koih loin, tua tangin gitphei (dash) kizang hi. gtn. Amah hing lai hi leh - nuam zen sin teh

Na mite’n hong dawnna zahpihna ling lukhu Betlen khuapi sungah mi ading zumhuai thu

-11. Git-awn (Slash):

Hih git-awn pen, a kihuang na Ham nih deina in, kizang hi. (a) “Ahih kei leh’ cihna tangin, kizang hi.

(b) Zumlai nambat piakna ah kizang hi. gtn. MBCF/ 2000/ 15

12. Kual, Umtuam (Bracket):

Kammal khat a deihna a kicing zaw, kician zaw a, ih genbeh nop ciangin kizang hi.

gtn. Cingno (Thang Kap tanu) in, pasal nei hi. Sum Ks. 10,000 (Kyat tulsawm) kong khak hi.

(a)Zolai kammal khat minam dangte kammal khat tawh ih lah nop ciangin, kizang hi.

gtn. Laigelhzia (orthography) a kician ih neih kul ding hi. Ka tanu in zato siamah (nurse) sem hi.

(b) Nambat gelh ciangin, a kisam lopi-in, kual, umtuam zang lo ding hi. gtn. Pawlmi 15,000 ka pha uh hi. (Kual kisam lo hi.)

1995 kum in, tansawm ka ong hi. (Kual kisam lo hi.)

LAIMALPITE (CAPITAL LETTERS)

1. Thulu gelh ciangin laimalpi nam thum bangin kizang hi.

(a) Thulupi gelhna ah, laimal khempeuh laimalpi tawh kigelh hi. gtn. KHAMTUNG GAM THU

(b) Thululai gelhna-ah, kammal khat ciat laimalpi tawh kipan thei hi.

gtn. Tedim Sangpi Kingahna Thu

(d) gtn. Ka mangngilh theihloh ka siapipa

2. Aituam min ih gelh ciangin, laimal masa pen laimalpi tawh kigelh hi.

gtn. Kam Hau, Pau Cin Hau, Jerusalem, Kansauzang, adt... 3. Behmin, minam minte laimalpi tawh kipan hi.

gtn. Gualnam, Ngaihte, Kawlte, Sente, adt... 4. Nipi-kal nite laimalpi tawh kipan hi.

gtn. Nipini, Nilaini, Kiginni.

5. Khaminte zong laimalpi tawh kipan hi.

gtn. January, March, December, Tun kha, Phal kha, adt... 6. Laigual patcilna leh, laigual thakkhat a kipat sialsial in, laimalpi

tawh kipan den hi.

gtn. Na damdam uh hiam? Ko ka innkuan un damkim ung. 7. Thutom gelh ciangin, laimalpi kizang hi.

8. Kam honna, kam khakna sungah (quotation mark or inverted comma) a om kammal kipatna peuhpeuh ah, laimalpite zang hamtang ding hi.

gtn. Lia in, “Hih lesson kei adingin, haksa lua hi,” a ci hi. 9. A Huai a kammalte ah zong, laimalpite zang ding hi.

gtn. Oh! Pasian, U leh nau.

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SINNA XXXI

KAMMAL KIMAT LEH KIHAL GELHZIA

Dalam dokumen Zolai Grammar ( Zomi Nam) (Halaman 46-52)