MONITORING APPLICATIONS
8.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Rural electricity generation has been one of the key policies for most countries, especially for developing countries such as Malaysia, to drive development in islands and inland areas (Sudiar, 2012). According to Lim et al (2018), examples of islands in Malaysia include Perhentian Island, Tioman Island, Redang Island, and Layang-layang Island. Some examples of inland areas are Kemar in Perak, Kalabakan in Sabah, Kampung Trail in Pahang and Kampung Opar in Sarawak. Most of the islands and inland Malaysia provide electricity to their communities using diesel generators (Mohamad et al., 2019). However, operating costs may be high due to rising fuel costs over a given period of time. In the context of rural and remote areas, fuel costs can reach up to four times as much as retail prices because of the high transportation costs of supplying fuel to specific destinations.
In a case study by Jamil et al (2019), there was a problem with electricity supply in FELDA Jengka 6, Bandar Tun Razak in Pahang state during the flood. Flood problems caused them to be placed in a safe area. The issue of electricity supply arises when the FELDA community is in dire need of electricity for certain uses. The use of diesel generators is used to meet the needs of the public as well as those who assist in managing temporary settlements. Negative effects arise when diesel generators produce noise that interferes with consumers (Nur et al., 2018). In addition, diesel generator combustion gases further enhance the odor and air pollution in the area (Danish et al., 2017). For this reason, it is important to introduce the capabilities of green energy systems to meet critical power needs during a flood, especially in the strategic direction needed.
The diesel generator system was originally used to supply side power in the event of an emergency. However, this system produces harmful smoke to the environment (Charfi et al., 2019). Areas that have problems accessing electricity have long been dependent on this system for daily use. Long-term use of diesel fuel results in excessive carbon dioxide emissions. This phenomenon will lead to negative effects in the future. Greenhouse gas emission levels will increase and cause environmental sustainability, if energy sources in Malaysia remain current. Among the sources of greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (76%), methane (16%), nitrous oxide (6%) and fluorinated gas (2%) (Manoj Kumar et al., 2019).
Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is a system that uses solar power to produce electricity (Mekhilef et al., 2012). Some remote areas have started using this system for power supplies. If users use this system alone without combining it with other power generation systems, there is an inevitable drawback that the generated energy can only be collected during the day (Khan et al., 2019). Even when cloudy and rainy weather can accumulate solar energy, the efficiency of the system will
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decrease and affect the users. Photovoltaic panels rely on the full presence of sunlight to effectively collect solar energy (Sharip et al., 2019). Therefore, if the weather is cloudy and the rain persists for several days, the electricity supply will only be supplied using a pre-charged energy storage or battery system and wait for the photovoltaic panel to recharge (Zhao et al., 2014). In fact, it should be kept in mind that energy storage systems will not last long if this weather situation persists. On the other hand if your water heating system works at night or during winter, thermodynamic panels are a viable alternative (Islam et al., 2019)
Research Objective
The objective of this study to:
i. Designing a Mobile Power Generator Hybrid System and Monitoring Application Energy usage.
ii. Develop a Mobile Power Generator Hybrid System and Monitoring Application Energy usage.
iii. Evaluate the functionality of the Mobile Power Generator Hybrid System and Monitoring Application Energy usages.
Purpose of Study
The purpose of the project is to focus on the control system only and to use two input sources solar and hydro. Products are prototype and have the ability to work in real situations. Projects that work can only turn on the most basic home systems. The control system involves electronic and electrical systems.
8.3 METHODOLOGY
The design for this product is based on the Engineering Design Process (EDP) model.
EDP is a process that designs a system, components and equipment that meets current needs (Haik & Shahin, 2011). The model covers five main phases namely the analysis phase, design phase, development and implementation phase, testing phase, and evaluation phase. Through the systematic procedures found in the EDP model, it helps students and professionals to know the start and end points before developing a product (Haik & Shahin, 2011). In addition, it is also a systematic method that develops creativity and provides technical problem-solving skills that result in satisfactory results (Haik & Shahin, 2011).
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Figure 1: Adaptation of EDP Model
Figure 2: Block Diagram of project 8.4 RESULTS
A 10A solar charger control model and 10W photovoltaic panel were developed to test the levels of sunlight. Voltage readings are taken from 8am to 7pm and record a period of 12V reading per week. The panel is flat on the ground. The results are shown in table 4.1.
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Table 1: Experimental on duration getting sunlight in UTHM
DAYS CLIMATE
CONDITION
HOURS OF 12V READING RECORDDED
MONDAY GOOD 4
TUESDAY GOOD 3
WEDNESDAY GOOD 4
THURSDAY GOOD 3
FRIDAY GOOD 5
SATURDAY GOOD 4
SUNDAY GOOD 4
Overall, the weather during the week is good and it does not rain. Valuable reading value due to clouds protecting sunlight. The average time it takes to get sunlight when laid flat is around 3 to 5 hours a day. Therefore, the turbine microwave is needed to help generate energy when the photovoltaic panels do not generate energy.
Figure 3: Model of the product and wiring diagram 8.5 DISCUSSION
The major limitation in the production of this product is that the generator can only supply a small amount of energy if it is only dependent on the storage battery and is carried away from the charging source. The cost of expensive batteries, charge controllers and inverter cause the products to be manufactured only on low energy loads. The cost for solar panels is not very expensive as various studies have been done and panel materials have been economically saved. The Covid-19 pandemic also affects the physical phase of product development. If the photovoltaic panel is only installed in a permanent position, it will only produce energy in the sun position at 90
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degrees. Therefore, it is necessary to apply studies to automatically change the position of the panel using a servo motor based on the position of the sunlight to take maximum power generation opportunities over the longer term. Turbine microwave installation also needs to be planned as it requires areas with continuous drainage.
Some improvements can be made from the limitations stated. For example, replacing the PWM solar charger controller with the MPPT because the MPPT can produce more charging power and less power than PWM. Loss of power when charging lowers, the efficiency of energy production. Larger and better-quality battery usage is recommended to save more energy and use more of this product. Especially a Li-on type battery at 120AH is recommended because the type battery has more discharge capacity than the AGM battery.
Furthermore, the production of turbine microbes from used materials such as ceiling fans can help reduce the cost of buying existing markets. The concept of objectives. The first objective is to design the product. At the analytical level we have encountered some problems in obtaining energy supplies in an emergency or in areas outside of the grid we want to solve. The use of gasoline and diesel generators is often used during emergencies. The resulting pollution and maintenance costs are also expensive due to the price of gasoline and diesel. Green technology is seen as exciting to innovate to produce generators from photovoltaic and microwave turbines. The results of the development of this product are seen to solve the problem. Based on previous studies some important information was obtained to make this product successful.
During the design phase, the final design was completed based on the initial sketch improvement. Various wiring methods for photovoltaic control systems have been studied to produce simple and safe installation. The physical development phase of the product could not be developed due to the Covid-19 pandemic problem. This makes it difficult to obtain materials and access FPTV workshops. Simulated analysis is performed to replace physical products. The results of the simulation and analysis showed that the power generation system was able to produce the results as planned.
The objective of developing a simulated product is achieved.
Implementation of a mobile hybrid power generation method is impossible because in the future, the trend of using photovoltaic panels will become so widespread that every building will be installed. At present, there has also been a solar-powered electric car charging facility at the Malaysian petrol station. Using this product, it is able to charge anywhere until full and return wherever needed.
This product is capable of generating 1000W of power on 48AH power storage batteries. Some 12VDC and 240VAC output sockets make it easy to use various DC or AC appliances. The mobile power usage monitoring system also helps users monitor remote sensing. In addition, the generator can easily turn on an 18W lamp, gadget and fan. The small size can be stored in a small store or area and is available for emergency use.
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