CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
A. Theoretical Review 1. Reading
7. Narrative Text
10) Hortatory Exposition. It is a text to persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case.
11) Explanation. It is a text to explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena.
12) Discussion. It is a text to present (at least) two points of view about an issue.
13) Reviews. It is a text to critique an art work or event for a public audience.
(Gerot & Wignell: 1994, p.192)
It can be concluded from that description that there are thirteen different sorts of text. The function of a text type is to specify how, when, and why a reader or writer might utilize it. The text type is crucial for any work that involves summarizing it. Some text kinds make it simpler to pick out the key points, and a document's function, organization, and linguistic characteristics.
order in the story. She also stated that the text could be written or spoken and shows its function as a reconstructing experience. Similarly with Pardiyono (2007, p.94) defines the narrative is a text to tell activity in the past which increase problematic experience and solution to amuse and give a moral value for the reader the narrative can be given as a written or spoke text that tells a story. Whether the narrator is one of the characters in the story is said to be told in the first person while the person outside of the story is referred to as the third since every type of genre has its social function.
Gerot and Wignell (1995, p.204) argue that “the social function of narrative is to amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways.” Narratives deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution. According to Barbara as cited in Khusnul (2017), the purposes of narrative text are to entertain, to express the feelings, to inform and to persuade the readers. It also has another function that is about to deal with actual or various experiences in different ways. On the other hand, Mark and Anderson (in Sari, 2015) state that the narrative text is constructed to appeal to our emoticon and imagination that can make us laugh or cry think about our life or consider our benefit. If the students understand about the content of narrative text, they will feel the situation of the story.
b. Kinds of Narrative Text
Students in senior high school should be familiar with several narrative text forms because they were frequently told legends, fairy tales, folktales, and fables in kindergarten and elementary school.
Narrative writings are divided into two kinds by Joyce and Feez (as cited in Parasian (2020, p.2) as below:
1) Nonfiction is a kind of narrative writing that tells the true story. It is often used to recount a person‟s life story, important historical event, or new stories. This is really a combination of narrative and informational writing.
2) Fiction is a kind of narrative that tells the untrue story. The story made up by the writer such as short story, comics, novels, etc. The main purpose of this fiction is to amuse, or sometimes to teach moral lessons.
Furtheremore, there are a number of various kinds of narrative text, as stated by Nuning as referenced in Khusnul (2017), including the following:
1) Legend
A legend is a narrative of human actions that are perceived by the readers to take place within human story. Typically, a legend is a short, traditional and historicized narrative performed in a conventional model, for instances:
The Legend of Lake Toba
Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He liked fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could talk. The fish begged him to set it free.
Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt in love with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara Guru had to keep the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and promised that he would never tell anybody about it.
They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the word of fish to his daughters. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and talked her about it.
The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake.
Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth formed a very big hole.
People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake is known as Toba lake.
Sangkuriang
Once upon a time in West Java, Indonesia, lived a princess named Dayang Sumbi. She was beautiful and kind-hearted. Her hobby was weaving cloth. But sometimes she could be very lazy. One day her weaving tool fell but she was too lazy to get it herself. She shouted out, “Can anybody help me get my tool? If you are a female, I will take you as my sister. If you are a male, I will marry you!”
A male creature came, but it was a dog. His name was Tumang. He happily brought her the tool to her. Dayang Sumbi was very surprised but she kept her promise. She married the dog. Tumang was actually a man who had been cursed by a witch to become a dog. But at certain times Tumang could turn back to be a normal man. Their only son, Sangkuriang, was soon born, and he grew up to be a handsome and healthy boy. He always played with his very loyal dog, Tumang. He did not know that he was actually his father, because Dayang Sumbi hid the secret from him.
Sangkuriang liked to hunt in the woods, of course with Tumang.
One day Dayang Sumbi asked him to bring home a deer‟s heart.
But, after hunting for several, he could not find any deer in the wood. He did not want to disappoint his mother and was thinking hard how to bring home a deer‟s heart. Suddenly he had a very bad
idea. He killed Tumang! Then he brought his heart home and gave it to Dayang Sumbi.
Sangkuring could not cheat her. She knew it was Tumang‟s heart.
So, she got very angry and hit Sangkuriang‟s forehead with a piece of wood and told him to leave. With a bad wound on his forehead, Sangkuriang left the village.
Many years later, Sangkuriang grew up to be a powerful man. One day he went back to his village. He met a beautiful young woman there, and he felt in love with her at the first sight. It was Dayang Sumbi! She never got older because she had been granted eternal youth by the gods. Sangkuriang did not know that she was his mother, so she came to her and proposed to marry her.
When he walked closer to her, Dayang Sumbi got very surprised.
She saw the scar in Sangkuriang‟s forehead, and soon she knew that he was her son, who left her a long time ago. She told him the truth and tried hard to explain it to him, but he did not believe her.
She did not want to break his heart, so she accepted his proposal but gave him an impossible thing to do. She wanted him to build a lake and a boat in just one night!
Sangkuriang agreed, because he knew that he could make it with the help of his genies. By midnight he finished the lake and then started making the boat. Dayang Sumbi was thinking hard to find a way to fail him. Before dawn, she asked the people in the village to
burn the woods in the East, and the light made all the cocks crow.
Thinking that the night would be over soon, the genies ran fast and left Sangkuriang before the boat was finished. Sangkuriang realized that Dayang Sumbi had cheated him. He got very angry and he kicked the boat upside down. It gradually became a mountain and it is now known as Mt. Tangkuban Perahu.
2) Fable
A fable is a short allegorical narrative that has animal as characters who speak like act human beings. For examples:
The Lion and The Mouse
When he was awakened by a tiny Mouse running across his body, a mighty Lion was sleeping in his lair. The lion then grabbed the frightened mouse with his huge paws and opened his mouth to swallow him directly. “Please, King,” begged the Mouse, “Spare me this time and of course I will never forget your kindness.
Someday I may be able to repay you. “The Lion thought that it was such an amusing idea that he let the poor creature go.
Sometimes later the Lion was caught in a net laid by some hunters.
Despite his great strength, the Lion could not break free. Soon the forest echoed with angry load roars.
The Little Mouse heard the Lion and ran to see what was wrong.
As soon as he succeeded to make the Lion free “There!” said the
Mouse proudly, ” You laughed at me when I promised to repay your kindness, but now you know that even a tiny Mouse can help a mighty Lion.”
The Ants and Grasshopper
One summer day, there was a grasshopper who chirped and sang about its heart content. Then, an ant passed by, bearing along with great toil an ear of corn he was taking to the nest.
“Why don‟t you come and sing with me instead of moiling and toiling away?” The grasshopper said. “I am preparing the foods for the winter. You have to do the same.” the ant replied.
“Why? I don‟t have any worries about winter. I have got plenty of foods.” said the grasshopper.
But the ant left the grasshopper and continued its toil. Then, the winter came, the grasshopper found there was no food left to eat. It was so hungry. The grasshopper remembered when it saw the ants collecting the foods in summer for the stock in winter.
Then the grasshopper knew he was so wrong didn‟t follow the ant in collecting the foods.
3) Fairy tale
A fairy tale typically features like folkloric characteristics as
fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, dwarves, giants or gnomes and usually magic or enchantments. For instances:
Snow White
Once upon a time there lived a little, named Snow White. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her parents were died.
One day she heard her aunt and uncle talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they wanted to go to America and they didn‟t have enough money to take Snow White with them.
Snow White didn‟t want her uncle and aunt to do this. So she decided to run away. The next morning she run away from home when her aunt and uncle were having breakfast, she run away into the wood.
In the wood she felt very tired and hungry. Then she saw this cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and felt asleep.
Meanwhile seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There, they found Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said; “What is your name?”. Snow White said;
“My name is Snow White”. One of the dwarfs said; “If you wish, you may live here with us”. Snow White told the whole story about her. Then Snow white ad the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after.
Cinderella
Once upon a time, there lived a beautiful girl with two step sisters and stepmother. Since her biological father died, she was treated like a maid. Forced to comply with the requests of her stepmother and her two step sisters. Even so, Cinderella was a kind girl, she still loved her step sisters and stepmother.
One day a kingdom hold a dance party. Invitations were spread all the way to the villages. The dance party would be hold in the kingdom palace. This dance party was aimed to find a girl who would be the prince‟s wife. Hearing about the good news, Cinderella‟s half sisters were very happy. “Mother, please buy me the most beautiful dress to attend a dance party at the palace tonight” said the eldest sister. “Me too, Mom, buy me a new dress.
I do not want dissapoint the prince when dancing with me” said the second sister. Hearing her daughter chattering happily, the mother replied “of course, I will buy a nice and beautiful dress for each of you”. Cinderella who was sweeping looked very happy, in her heart she also wanted to go to a dance party at the palace, she said to her stepmother “Mother, please allow me to go to the dance, I do not need a new dress. Just allow me to go”. Cinderella‟s step mother and her two step sisters were very upset. The mother said
“You can not. You have to clean the house and do the laundry.”
Hearing that, Cinderella was silent. Her wish to meet the prince
failed. Nevertheless she wanted to go no matter what her step mother and steps sister had said.
The day of the dance party was came. Cinderella‟s step mother and her two half-sisters were preparing to go to the palace.
They wear the best dresses with beautiful shoes and make-up. And for Cinderella, the mother had made a list of things that Cinderella had to do until they returned from the party. Cinderella was sad, because she knew the tasks were too many and she could not finish them all that night. When her step mother and her step sisters were gone to the party, Cinderella sat next to the fireplace and her cried.
When Cinderella was crying, she heard voice.
“Cinderella, calmed down. Don‟t be sad. You‟re going to join this dance party tonight. Do not worry, I‟ll help you.” The voice said.
Cinderella surprised, “who are you?”.
“I am a fairy. I come here to help you. You have suffer enough, dear.” Said the voice again.
Cinderella was looking around to find the source of the voice. And when she looked at the window, she saw a fair fairy.
With a charming smile, the fairy twirled her wand. All the works that the mother had asked Cinderella to do to were done. The fairy also changed Cinderella‟s old dress to a beautiful dress like a royal princess. She wore a nice dress, gold crown, beautiful face, and a
pair of glass shoes. Cinderella was so beautiful that night. And moreever, she was so happy.
“Thank you fairy. But how do I get to the palace? I don‟t have any horse or cart to go to the palace.” Cinderella said.
“Don‟t worry, dear.” Said the fairy.
The fairy twirled her wand again and turned the pumpkin in the table to be a coach and turned the mice to be horses.
“You‟ll ride with this coach, dear.” Said the fairy. “Thank you.” Said Cinderella.
“But, you should come back before the midnight. After the midnight, the spell will be vanish.” Said the fairy.
“Ok, I will come back before the midnight. I promise.”
Cinderella nodded.
Without wasting time, Cinderella went to the palace. At the palace, all people were stunned to see the beauty of Cinderella.
Even her step mother and her step sisters did not recognize she was Cinderella. The prince was in love with Cinderella. He invited Cinderella to dance. They danced so beautifully. And that time, the prince knew that Cinderella was the one he wanted to be his wife.
They both were very happy. Suddenly the midnight bell rang. And Cinderella knew she had to go back before all the spells vanished.
“I have to go now, prince” Cinderella said.
“Wait princess, what is your name?” Asked the prince.
Cinderella did not answer it and ran stright to the coach and came back to home. When she ran, unintentionally, one of Cinderella‟s glass shoes was slipped out on the terrace of the palace. The prince took it. He had made a promise to find the owner of the glass shoe.
The next day, the prince and his bodyguard went all the way to the country, but found no girl fit the glass shoe. Until the prince came to Cinderella‟s house. Her stepsisters were very excited to hear the prince‟s arrival.
“It belongs to me, my dear prince. Let me try it.” Said the sisters. However, it turned out that the glass shoe did not fit them.
Suddenly Cinderella said “let me try it, my prince”.
The Prince replied “please, my lady”.
And when Cinderella tried the shoe, it perfectly fit. That time, the prince knew that it was Cinderella shoe. That time also, the prince asked Cinderella to go to the palace and live with him as his wife. Cinderella said yes and then they married. They lived happy after.
4) Science fiction
Science fiction is fiction based upon some imagined development
of science, or upon the extrapolation of a tendency in society.
Science fiction uses a setting involving science and technology.
For examples: To the Moon from Earth by Jules Verne and Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke.
Based on the explanation above, in the case of this research, the researcher used all types of narrative texts above, fiction and even nonfiction.
c. Generic Structure of Narrative Text
The generic structure of narrative text involves the character with define personalities/identifies, and creates images in reader‟s mind and enhances the story. It also focused on a text on a series of action (Rodearta Purba: 2018, p.29). Generally, there are four steps for constructing a narrative text, such as:
1) Orientation. It is about the opening paragraph where the sets, the scene and the characters of the story are introduced. It consists answer of Who, When, Where questions.
2) Complication. It is a series of complication or where the problems happened and developed.
3) Resolution. Where the problems are solved, it means the characters finally short out the complication.
4) Reorientation. It is the ending of the story. It may be happy or sad ending
Moreover, Anderson and Anderson (2003, p.8) state that there are five parts of generic structure of narrative. They are:
1) Orientation (can be a paragraph, a picture or opening chapter) in which the narrators tells the audience about who is in the story, when the story is taking place and where the action is happening.
2) Complication that sets off a chain of events that influences what will happen in the story.
3) Sequence of events where the characters react to the complication.
4) Resolution in which the characters finally sort out the complication.
5) Coda that provides a comment or moral based on what has been learned from the story (an optional step).
Meanwhile, Derewianka (1990, p.32) states that the generic structure of narrative are:
1) Orientation, the author tells the audience who the characters in the story are, where and when the story happened.
2) Complication, the story is driven by a series of events, during this period; we usually hope that some kind of complexity or problem arises. If there were no accidents, it would not be so interesting.
This complexity will involve the main characters and will often (temporarily) target them to teach their goals. The narrative reflects the complex situations we encounter in our lives and tends to convince us that they can be solved.
3) Resolution, in the satisfactory narrative, the complications were resolved.The quality of the complications can be resolved, but it is