• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

3.1. Persamaan Kebijakan Luar Negeri AS Terhadap Irak – Iran ... 91

3.1.1. Pengaruh Kelompok Neokonservative Terhadap Kebijakan Luar

Negeri AS Terhadap Irak – Iran ... 91 3.1.2. Rasionalitas Kebijakan Luar Negeri AS Represif Terhadap Irak –

Iran ... 98 3.2. Perbedaan Kebijakan Luar Negeri AS Terhadap Irak – Iran ... 99

3.2.1. Pengaruh Dukungan Elite Politik Pemerintahan Bush dalam

Perumusan Kebijakan Luar Negeri AS Terhadap Irak-Iran ... 99 3.2.1.1. Iran Bukan Seperti Negara Lain Yang Mudah Dihancurkan .. 105 3.2.1.2. Pendudukan Atas Iran Akan Memperburuk Kondisi Amerika

Serikat ... 112 3.2.1.3. Kondisi Militer Amerika Serikat Rapuh Untuk Melakukan

Agresi Militer Terhadap Iran ... 119 3.3. Krisis Ekonomi Menjerat Amerika Serikat Tahun 2008... 126 3.4. Hasil Laporan Intelligence (NIE/ National Intelligence Estimate) Dalam

Pengambilan Kebijakan Luar Negeri AS Terhadap Irak – Iran ... 130 3.5. Prespektif Elite Politik Dalam Pengambilan Kebijakan Luar Negeri

xix 3.6. Dukungan Public Terhadap Kebijakan Luar Negeri AS Terkait

Intervensi Militer Ke Irak - Iran ... 135 BAB IV ANALISIS PERBEDAAN KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI

AMERIKA SERIKAT TERHADAP IRAK – IRAN ... 140 4.1. Analisis ... 140

BAB V PENUTUP

5.1. Kesimpulan ... 147 5.2. Saran ... 148

xx DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1. Pengambilan Kebijakan Luar Negeri Menurut William D. Coplin 14 Tabel 2.1. Ringkasan Ketentuan Resolusi Tentang Program Nuklir Iran

1969, 1737, 1747, dan 1803 ... 69 Tabel 2.2. Perbedaan hasil Laporan Intelligence Community 2005 Dengan

National Intelligence Estimate Terkait Dengan program Nuklir

Iran ... 81 Tabel 3.1. Persebaran Kelompok Neokonservatis di Lingkaran Dalam

Pemerintahan Bush periode pertama ... 93 Tabel 3.2. Persebaran Kelompok Neokons di Dalam Pemerintahan Bush

periode Kedua ... 133 Tabel 3.3.Perbandingan Kebijakan Luar Ngeri Amerika Serikat

Terhadap Irak – Iran dalam Penyelesaian Dugaan Kepemilikan Senjata Pemusnah Massal pada Masa

xxi DAFTAR GRAFIK

Grafik 3.1. Kenaikan Jumlah Tentara Amerika Serikat Bunuh Diri ... 122 Grafik 3.2. Jumlah Perceraian Tentara Wanita Amerika Serikat Angkatan

xxii DAFTAR GAMBAR

DAFTARPUSTAKA

Buku :

Al Mudarris, Alauddin. 2004.“Huru –Hara Irak: Isyarat Akhir Zaman”. Yogyakarta : Cahaya Hikmah

Banyu Perwita, Anak Agung dan Yani, Mochmmad.“Pengantar ilmu Hubungan Internasional.” Bandung : PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.

Coplin , William D. 1992. Pengantar Politik Internasional,terj. Bandung : Sinar Baru.

Hasniyah , Mia. 2012. Perbandingan Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia dengan FilipinaTerkait Isu Terorisme 2001 2004. Malang : FISIP

UMM.

Ikenberry, G. John.1996. American Foreign Policy Theoretical Essays. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.

Kuncahyono, Trias. 2005. “Irak Korban Ambisi Hawkish.” Jakarta : Kompas.

Macridis , Roy C. 1976. “Foreign Policy In World Politics.” 5thEdition”, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs.

Mas‟oed, Mohtar. “Studi Hubungan Internasional: tingkat Analisa dan

Teorasi.” Yogyakarta : Pusat Antar Universitas – Studi Sosial Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Purnomo Putri, Inggried Chrishiansen D. 2009. “ Pengaruh Tuntutan Publik

Islam di Tingkat Domestik Pada Masa Pemerintahan SBY (2004 - 2009) Terhadap Perubahan Kebijakan Indonesia Dari Resolusi DK

PBB No. 1747 Ke Resolusi No. 1803”. Malang : FISIP – UMM. Rahman , Musthafa Abd. 2003. Geliat Irak Menuju Era Pasca Saddam

(Laporan dari Lapangan). Jakarta : Penerbit Buku Kompas.

Rahman, Musthafa Abd. 2003.” Laporan dari Lapangan: Geliat Irak Menuju

Era Pasca Saddam Husein.” Jakarta :Kompas

Silalahi, Ulber. 2009. Metode Penelitian Sosial.”Bandung : Refika Adhitama,

Surat Kabar :

“Abdul, Andrea. Sebuah Analisa, Jika AS Menyelenggarakan Perang Ke Iran,

Kompasiana, 2 Oktober 2012.

“AS Kalah Perang Di Irak”, Detik News, 28 Juli 2012.

Bush Akui Perang Irak Keras dan Rakyat AS Letih, Harian Umum PELITA, 2 Oktober 2012.

“Kasus Bunuh Diri Tentara AS Semakin Meningkat”, Hidayatullah, 28 Juli 2012.

Khamenei : Energi Nuklir Buat Semua, Bukan Untuk Senjata, Republika, 28 Juli 2012.

Kubu Republik Kalah, Gates Gantikan Rumsfeld, Detik News, 28 September 2012.

Mayoritas Warga AS Tolak Serangan Ke Iran, Skala News.com, 01 Oktober 2012.

Oposisi Irak Tak Mau Akrab dengan AS”, Suara Merdeka, 28 Juli 2012.

“Penyebab Konflik antar Kelompok di Irak”, Kompasnia, 29 Juli 2012.

“Setelah Invasi AS-Korban Tewas di Irak Capai 162.000 Jiwa”, Harian Seputar Indonesia, 3 Agustus 2012.

“Tak Setuju Perang Dengan Iran, Laksamana Faroll Mundur atau Dimundurkan?”, Eramuslim, 21 juli 2012.

Internet :

___________ . “Panglima Komando Sentral Amerika Serikat Mundur”, www.muslimdaily.net/berita/home/panglima-komando-sentral-amerika-serikat-mundur.html, 28 Juli 2012.

____________ . “Carrots and sticks: remarks from Undersecretary of State R. Nicholas Burns at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library”, Boston Review, www.bostonreview.net/BR32.3/burns.php, 21 April 2012.

____________ . “Kasus Bunuh Diri Prajurit AD Amerika Serikat Pasca Invasi

Irak”,

www.voa-islam.com/news/world- world/2012/03/08/18067/kasus-bunuh-diri-prajurit-ad-amerika-naik-80-persen-pasca-invasi-irak/, 28 Juli 2012.

____________ . Implementation of the NPT safeguards agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, www.isisnucleariran.org/assets/pdf/iaea-iranreport-022706.pdf, 28 April 2012.

____________. “11 september 2001 : Serangan Teroris Hancurkan Gedung WTC”, www.indonesiamedia.com/2012/09/11/11-september-2001-serangan-teroris-hancurkan-gedung-wtc/, 28 Juli 2012.

_____________ . “Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and

relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran”, www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2008/gov2008-15.pdf, 28 April 2012.

_____________ . “President Bush Declares "War on Terror"

____________ . “William J. Burns, Under Secretary for Political Affairs U.S. Department of State”,

www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/bur070908.pdf, 12 Juni 2012. ____________. Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and

Relevant Provisions of Security Council Resolution 1737 (2006) in the Islamic Republic of Iran,

www.isisnucleariran.org/assets/pdf/iaea-iranreport-022207.pdf, 28 April 2012.

____________. “Analisis Pertahana AS: Iran Bisa Tenggelamkan Kapal Induk Amerika”, www.indonesian.irib.ir/hidden-2/- /asset_publisher/yzR7/content/analis-pertahanan-as-iran-bisa- tenggelamkan-kapal-induk- amerika?redirect=http%3A%2F%2Findonesian.irib.ir%2Fhidden-2%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_yzR7%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%2 6p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dc olumn-2%26p_p_col_count%3D1, 29 Juli 2012.

____________ . Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, report by the Director General,

www.isisnucleariran.org/assets/pdf/iaea-iranreport-111504.pdf, 28 April 2012.

____________. Implementation of the NPT SafeguardsAagreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran,

http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2005/gov2005-87.pdf, 28 April 2012.

____________ . “Dependence on Middle East Energy and Its Impact on Global Security”,

www.iags.org/luft_dependence_on_middle_east_energy.pdf, 15 Juni 2012.

_____________ . 2012. “Iran Sulit Dikalahkan di Selat Hormuz”,

www.wartakota.co.id/detil/berita/70490/Iran-Sulit-Dikalahkan-di-Selat-Hormuz, 28 Juli 2012.

_____________ . Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, report by the Director General,

www.isisnucleariran.org/assets/pdf/iaea-iranreport-060603.pdf, 28 April 2012

_____________. Pidato George W Bush . “Strategi Baru untuk Menyelesaikan Konflik Iran”,

www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/01/200702110-7.html, 22 Mei 2012.

______________. “Menhan Gates: Kebijakan Luar Negeri Iran Ancaman Bagi

AS”,

www.merdeka.com/politik/internasional/menhan-gates-kebijakan-luar-negeri-iran-ancaman-terhadap-as-yudzv6j.html, 28 Juli 2012.

________________. Ketegangan Selat Hormuz, Harga Minyak Bisa Tembus USD150-175”,

www.inaplas.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2 41:ketegangan-selat-hormuz-harga-minyak-bisa-tembus-usd150-175&catid=31:energy&Itemid=26, 28 Juli 2012.

______________ . “Report: No WMD Stockpiles In Iraq”,

www.articles.cnn.com/2004-10-06/world/iraq.wmd.report_1_nuclear-weapons-charles-duelfer-iraq-s-wmd?_s=PM:WORLD, 03 April 2012.

_______________. Secretary Of Defense Robert M. Gates Submitted

Statement Senate Armed Service Committee”,

www.armed-services.senate.gov/statemnt/2009/January/Gates%2001-27-09.pdf, 20 Juni 2012.

______________ . 2002. “The National Security Strategy Of The United State of America”,

www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_ strategy.pdf, 17 Maret 2012.

______________ .“Program Rekonstrusi Irak Pasca Invasi”, www.portal- hi.net/index.php/asia-selatan-dan-tengah/92-program-rekonstruksi-irak-pasca-invasi.htm, 29 Juli 2012.

______________ . “United States Issues New National Security Document,

Reaffirms Possible Preemptive Use of Force”, Source: The American Journal of International Law, vol.100 No.3 (July 2006)

www.jstor.org/stable/4091378, 28 Mei 2012. ______________ , “The Iraq WMD Intelligence Deception”,

www.decidingthevote.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/iraq-wmd.pdf, 20 Juni 2012.

________________.“MilitaryInstruments: Small War”,

www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/hip/us/hip_us_pearsonhighered/sam plechapter/0205791220.pdf, 12 Juni 2012.

________________, Malam Tahun Baru bisa menjadi Malam di AS "tebing Fiskal", http://indonesian.newsbom.com/business/300526.html, 2 Januari 2013.

Addis, Casey L. Etc. “Iran: Regional Prespective and US Policy”. www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R40849.pdf, 20 April 2012.

Aghazadeh, Reza. 2003. “Statement To The Forty-Seventh Reguler Session Of

The General Conference Of The International Atomic Energy

Agency”, www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC47/Statements/iran.pdf, 28 Juni 2012.

Barringer, Felicity. 2003.” U.N. Split Widens as Allies Dismiss Deadline on

Iraq”,

www.nytimes.com/2003/03/07/international/middleeast/07CND-IRAQ.html?ex=1075352400&en=35756793e3b71e73&ei=5070, 22 Juni 2012.

Belasco, Amy. The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on

Terror Operations Since 9/11”.

http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf, 28 juni 2012 Bowman, Steve. 2007. “Iraq: U.S. Military Opertaion”, CRS Report for

Cordesman, Anthony H. dan Seitz, Adam. “Iran‟s Nuclear Weapons Programs : Work In Progress?”,

www.csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081106_iranwmdnuclear.pdf, 21 Juni 2012.

Curtis, Charles B. 2008. “Preventing Nuclear Terrorism: Our Highest Priority –Isn’t”,

www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/terrorism/PDFs/speech_curtis_NDU_052108.pdf, 20 Juni 2012.

Harisson, Todd. “Impact of the War in Iraq and Afghanistan on The US Military‟s Plans, Programs, and Budgets”, CSBA,

www.csbaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/.../08.12.2009-Impact-of-Wars.pdf, 28 Juli 2012.

Judis, John B. dan Ackerman, Spencer. The Selling of the Iraq War: The First Casualty. www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168-general/37699.html, 28 Juni 2012.

Kellner, Douglas. “Preemptive Strikes and the War on Iraq: A Critique of Bush

Administration Unilateralism and Militaris”,

www.pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/preemptivestrikesoni raq.pdf, 10 Juni 2012.

Kutchesfahani, Sara. 2006. “ Iran‟s nuclear challenge and European

diplomacy”,www.kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/.../EPC_Is sue_Paper_46.pdf, 21 April 2012.

LM FEUI, Biro Riset. Analisis Ekonomi Beberapa Negara Asia dan AS: Periode 2005-2009”,

www.lmfeui.com/data/Kondisi%20Ekonomi%20Asia%20dan%20AS. pdf, 2 Agustus 2012.

Lowenberg , Anton Lowenberg dan Mathews, Timothy. 2005. “Why Iraq?”, www.pubchoicesoc.org/papers2005/lowenberg_mathews.pdf, 20 Juni 2012.

Morrison, David. 2006. „ Iraq Was US ally in the “war on terror”, www.david-morrison.org.uk/iraq/iraq-was-ally.pdf, 15 Juni 2012.

Oren, Ido. “Why has the United States not bombed Iran? The domestic politics of America's response to Iran's nuclear programme”, Univesity florida, www.web.clas.ufl.edu/users/oren/CRIA%20Article.pdf, 18 April 2012.

Richelson, Jeffrey. 2004. Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction,

www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB80/#2, 2 April 2012. Risen, James. 2002. ”Terror Acts by Baghdad Have Waned, U.S. Aides Say”,

www.embargos.de/irak/post1109/english/terror_acts_waned.htm, 18 juni 2012.

Rusdiyanto, dan Fajri, Fadhillah. “Neokonservatisme dan Politik luar Negeri AS Terhadap Politik Islam”,

Sadaei, Sam. “Iran and the contemporary U.S. foreign polic”, www.samsedaei.com/USIranPolicy.pdf, 28 April 2012.

Sagala, Hasan Basri. Kebijakan George Walker Bush tentang isu senjata pemusnah massal Irak: analisis ekonomi politik terhadap invasi Amerika Serikat ke Irak (2002-2004)”,

www.repository.ui.ac.id/contents/koleksi/16/99d9d8ca90e92007af15b 883d61c141d9bb74da6.pdf, 2 Juli 2012.

Smith, Ben. “Is Iran Developing A Nuclear Weapon?”,

www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN06222.pdf, 12 Juni 2012 Squassoni, Sharon A. 2003.” Iraq: U.N. Inspections for Weapons of Mass

Destruction,” CRS Report for Congress

www.fas.org/man/crs/RL31671.pdf, 3 April 2012.

Williamsol , Vanessa dan Mulhall, Erin. “Invesible Wounds : Psyichological and neurological Injuries Confront a New Generation of Veteran Iraq And Afghanistan Veteras of America”,

www.iava.org/files/IAVA_invisible_wounds_0.pdf , 28 juli 2012. Waller, Christopher J.”What is Really New About The „New‟ U.S. Economy?.

Dokumen terkait