Delinquent or deviant behaviour is a very interesting case study for sciences such as psychology, which with the aid of theoretical approaches give various interpretations on the causalities of these type of phenomena. Psychology, attempting to explain delinquency, uses various terms such as: delinquency, aggression, deviant behav-iour. The main points on which psychology relies on in trying to decode the phenomenon of delinquency and its forms, concern the relationship between envi-ronmental conditions and learning by copying other behaviours (Ryan 1993;
Moufakkiv2005). The science of psychology stresses the importance of psycholog-ical factors in the genesis of crime and offense; whilst being especially interested mental health, as well as the reactions to the various challenges of the social environment (conflict between individual desires and societal requirements can not the person to balance and so driven crime-offense). Unpleasant memories or impres-sions from childhood, guilt, beliefs, etc. cause severe internal conflicts in person, who is very likely to break or seek redemption through criminal or delinquent behaviour. There is even the concept of certain individuals being attracted towards crime because of emotional disability or due to various childhood traumas (Gould et al.2002).
Specifically, psychology approaches crime in two main ways: psychoanalytic psychology and the behaviour psychology. The main difference between the two ways is the importance given to each of the innate factors in their role in shaping personality. “The psychoanalytic psychology argues that the behaviour of person
emanates from the space of the unconscious, whose impulses just controlled by the conscious or subconscious part of the personality, according with the requirements of the moral principles of good and evil. The psychology of behavioural supports, that the soul of man at birth is an unwritten plate, upon which, with the mechanism procedure stimulus reaction, scored and formed as learning the different products ideas, intentions and experiences that ultimately compose the behaviour of a person (Moira et al.2012).
3 Discussion: The Case of Kavos
The area of Kavos is very famous as a tourist destination in abroad—principally and perhaps particularly in the UK. It has the reputation of an area where the visitor can have fun because there are plenty of clubs, bars, etc. Over the last decade, this destination is going through downturn because it has been‘stigmatised’ as a region predominantly for only young British tourists who create problems. Local govern-ment insists on ineffective measures and action proposals, with the consequence that there is no substantial recovery in the region. If there is a potential for a touristic recovery,first all facilities and infrastructure in the area need to be upgraded. The large, UK-based tour operators are selling Kavos as a holiday package. Kavos carries the classic image of many Mediterranean resorts which offer the 3S (i.e. sun, sea and sand), but with an important difference: it addresses only young Brits who are keen on nightlife, without time constraints, loud music and large quantities of alcohol. All these are advertised by the tour-operators and are offered in extremely affordable packages. It is also important to underline that the only image of the area projected abroad is the one provided by the large tour-operators. The suggested target group is the between the ages 18 and 30. The main attractions of the destination are cheap drinks and all-night entertainment (this can be ascertained by a quick review of the brochures of major tour-operators).
This negative image formation is also the result of a chronically deficient local tourism development policy and lack of organised action, which are a common issue for many resorts. The tourism development of the resort was anarchic and unplanned; with dominant tour-operators determining demand. The area of Kavos began to grow rapidly with mass tourism in the early 80s, when tourist arrivals in Corfu were constantly growing and the traditional resorts of British youth tour-operators in other regions of the island (e.g. Benitses) were at their height. As they showed signs of saturation, low-cost accommodation capacities started to be devel-oped in Kavos, betting on the potential of its long, sandy beach. Due to a favourable political and economic environment at the time, many farmers and land-owners in Kavos, built rooms with holiday homes without permission, and leased them (fixed amount per bed covers the entire season) to British tour-operators in exchange for prepayments, which in turnfinanced the construction of new rooms. Throughout the course of the 80s, and until 1992, the growth rate of arrivals, and bed-nights offered in the region was impressive. 1993 was thefirst year of decline. The British market
monopolised the Cape and even created a kind of ‘ghetto’ with practically full sovereignty and lively young British tourists (so-called ‘lager louts’, meaning
‘beer mob’). This prevented the coexistence of other tourist nationalities. Tourism seasonality in Corfu inevitably is determined by the operation of charterflights from Britain to Corfu, since the predominant form of tourism on the island is packaged tourism.
It has become commonly acceptable to the society of Kavos that it is about mass tourism and that the rampage and binge drinking night life for young adults, is part of that. The large British travel agencies, have their own excursion offices, staff hotels with own representatives and promote their own restaurants and entertainment venues. The particular target market is not particularly interested in visiting museums, churches, and/or natural attractions. In order to generate excursion income, the so-called ‘pub crawl’ was invented. It is worth mentioning that the main concern of several bar owners is to secure customers consuming in their businesses, and are therefore forced bribe representatives and agents to ensure the customerflow. Also great are the concerns of the accommodation-owners regarding the destruction and damages caused the drunken tourists. With the existing seasonal competition, combined with difficult years in the tour-operator market, selling at low prices (almost below cost, to at least cover charter seat costs) have become com-monplace. The aim is not to attract normal prices, but to gain additional revenue through alcohol sales. The tour-operators, who claim that they themselves do not want problems, pilot, promote holiday packages at a destination, only as long benefit from it. When there is no benefit, they leave behind their ‘scorched earth’ and pressure the local prices and tax income even lower. Such tactics and such condi-tions, come at the expense of control and policing, which unfortunately does not exist to the extent that it should. Kavos is, for the last three decades, a tourist destination for young British tourists, who want to enjoy the sun and the sea, combined with low priced drinks, 24-hour fun, countless clubs and bars. This attracts
‘passive tourists’, who come exclusively and only for resting, without any interest for the cultural or historical aspects of the location, or even an exploration of the wider area. It is no accident fact that the Cape is dominated by British cultural elements (food, shop names, drinks, employees).
One of the key issues of this resort are the numerous rapes and assaults reported to local authorities and the subsequent claims made to insurancefirms. Just to give an idea, the local authorities in 2013 reported 30 rape incidents involving British tourists. When such cases were investigated by insurancefirms, it turned out that many of them were fraudulent and that although sex was consensual, rape charges were made for personal profit. Overall, the use of alcohol encourages many young-sters to violent behaviour, which may also include rape. The opportunity to make money by insurance claims is especially attractive to the poorer young tourists.
There are also the cases where agents are also involved on this type of fraud.
Insurancefirms are currently scanning claim applications more thoroughly, includ-ing detailed examination of each case’s specifics, but also the backgrounds of the persons involved.
4 Conclusions
The paper has examined the case of the fraud related with sex crimes. The insurance market is a market which deals with threats, risks and moral hazards. One sector where the insurance industry is vulnerable on cases of fraud is the tourist sector.
Indeed, in many cases tourists are attempting to profit from their insurance by making fake claims for damages due of rape or other violent actions. The paper examined the case of Kavos in Corfu where there have been many cases of insurance frauds related with rape. Despite the fact that the insurancefirms are not able to always correctly identify frauds, they are increasingly becoming more vigilant and thorough regarding holiday-related insurances claims. The implications of this type of fraudulent behaviour lends itself for highly relevant research; not only from the economic and insurance perspective, but also from a psychological and sociological perspective. The impact of such claims on destination image and reputation, as well as the implications for tourist health and safety-related research remain massively under-researched.
References
Abbring, J., Chiappori, P. A., & Zavadil, T. (2008). Better safe than sorry? Ex ante and ex post moral hazard in dynamic insurance data. Discussion Paper 2008-77, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
Alleyne, D., & Boxill, I. (2003). The impact of crime on tourist arrivals in Jamaica. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, 381–391.
Arnott, R. (1992). Moral hazard and competitive insurance markets. In G. Dionne (Ed.), Contri-butions to insurance economics (pp. 325–358). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Press.
Arnott, R., & Stiglitz, J. E. (1988). The basic analytics of moral hazard. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 90(3), 383–413.
Biagi, B., & Detotto, C. (2012). Crime as tourism externality. Regional Studies, 48(4), 693–709.
Biagi, B., Brandono, M. G., & Detotto, C. (2012). The effect of tourism on crime in Italy: A dynamic panel approach. Economics– The Open-Access, Open Assessment E-Journal, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 6, 1–24.
Boyer, M., Dionne, G., & Kihlstrom, R. (1989). Insurance and the value of publicly available information. In Studies in the Economics of Uncertainty (pp. 137–155). New York, NY:
Springer.
Chassagnon, A. (2005). Heterogeneous risk in a moral hazard economy with adverse selection.
Mimeo, Paris School of Economics.
Chassagnon, A., & Chiappori, P. A. (2005). Insurance under moral hazard and adverse selection:
Efficiency and competition. Mimeo.
Cohen, E. (1996). The sociology of tourism, approaches, issues andfindings. In Y. Apostolopoulos, S. Leivadi, & A. Yiannakis (Eds.), The sociology of tourism: Theoretical and empirical investigations (Vol. 1, pp. 51–71). London: Routledge.
Gould, B., Weinberg, B., & Mustard, D. (2002). Crime rates and local labor market opportunities in the United States: 1979–1997. Review of Economics and Statistics, 84, 45–61.
Moira, P., Mylonopoulos, D., Vasilopoulou, P., & Kondoudaki, A. (2012). The management of delinquent behavior in Greek hotels. e-Journal of Science and Technology (e-JST), 3(8), 21–32.
Moira, P., Mylonopoulos, D., & Vasilopoulou, P. (2013). The different types of delinquent behavior in the hospitality industry. Case study from Greece. International Journal of Manage-ment and Sustainability, 2(11), 172–185.
Moufakkiv, O. (2005). An assessment of crime volume following casino gaming development in the city of Detroit. Gaming Research and Review Journal, 9, 15–28.
Rothschild, M., & Stiglitz, J. (1976). Equilibrium in competitive insurance markets: An essay on the economics of imperfect information. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90(4), 629–649.
Ryan, C. (1993). Crime, violence, terrorism and tourism: An accidental or intrinsic relationship.
Tourism Management, 14, 173–183.
Walker, D. (2008). Do casinos really cause crime? Econ Journal Watch, 4–20.
Ghost-Writers
Dimitrios Belias, Efstathios Velissariou, Alexandros Roditis, Michalis Chondrogiannis, Stavros Katsios, Dimitrios Kyriakou, Konstantinos Varsanis, and Athanasios Koustelios
1 Introduction
Business ethics have increasingly attracted the attention of the business world over the last years. Notwithstanding, business ethics cannot be considered as to be a novel issue, since it has its theoretical roots in ancient times, where many philosophers and authors wrote about the business ethics. Today there are conflicting views related to the concept of business ethics, which have also stimulated many public discussions.
Nevertheless, the numerous corporate scandals reported on a daily basis in the press, suggest that the need for ethical behaviour in business environment nowadays is as relevant as ever. Preventing unethical business behaviour is a complicated issue faced by business organisations today; and also a significant challenge for
D. Belias (*) · E. Velissariou · A. Roditis
Department of Business Administration, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
e-mail:[email protected] M. Chondrogiannis · S. Katsios
Department of Foreign Languages, Translation and Interpreting, Laboratory for Geocultural Analyses, Ionian University, Corfu, Greece
D. Kyriakou
Department of Economic Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece K. Varsanis
Department of Business Administration, Technological Educational Institute of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
A. Koustelios
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
A. Papathanassis et al. (eds.), Yellow Tourism, Tourism, Hospitality & Event Management,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94664-1_10
157
management, due to the fact that unethical business practices involve high cost for organizations, their stakeholders and the society in general (Bennett2003).
The paper is going to examine the phenomenon of ghost-writers in the tourism industry. More recently, we have seen the phenomenon of ‘water army’ in the tourist community. The term‘water army refers to ghost-writers that get paid to post comments serving particular commercial or political interests. These com-ments reflect a hidden motive, which is usually to manipulate and mislead public opinion for the benefit of certain interest groups. Particularly, this is a problem when governments are attempting to code and understand public opinion; it is difficult for them to hear the real voices from their target electorate. The existence of ‘water armies’ has been a long-standing issue for tourism companies and the industry as a whole, where it is fairly easy and cheap to hire people who upload misleading and/or manipulated content. So, this is an under-researched field of tourism as scientific literature on the topic seems rather limited. The aim of this paper is to examine the existing literature on ghost-writing in the context of tourism. First, we introduce the concept of business ethics and their application in tourism; and subsequently we discuss their applicability/relevance in relation to social-media campaigns.
2 Literature Review 2.1 Business Ethics
Business ethics is afield of applied ethics (Velasquez1992) that examines ethical issues that arise in a business environment. According to De George (1987), business ethics entail five kinds of activity categories. The most dominant activity is the analysis of immorality incidents in business. The second type entails the empirical study of business practices while the third type consists of clarifying basic terms and revealing ethical business issues. The forth kind of activity concerns meta-ethical questions and a review of ethics theory. Finally, thefifth kind aims at the resolution of embedded problems.