Appanah S. 1993. Mass flowering of dipterocarp forests in the aseasonal tropics.
J Biosci. 18(4): 457–474.
Atmowidi T. 2008. Keanekaragaman dan Perilaku Kunjungan Serangga Penyerbuk serta Pengaruhnya dalam Pembentukan Biji Tanaman Caisin (Brassica rapa L: Brassicaceae) [disertasi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Bawa KS. 1990. Plant-pollinator interactions in tropical rain forest. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 21:399-422
Bernardino AS, Gaglianone MC. 2008. Nest distribution and nesting habits of
Xylocopa ordinaria Smith (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in a resting area in the northern rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Revis Brasil Entomol. 52(3):434-440. Bertoni R. 2013. Perbandingan Ukuran-Ukuran Bagian Tubuh Lebah Pekerja Apis
dorsata (Lebah Hutan) pada Empat Lokasi. skripsi. Bogor (ID). Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Beaurepaire AL, Kraus BF, Koeniger G, Koeniger N, Lim H, Moritz RFA. 2014. Extensive population admixture on drone congregation areas of the giant honey bee, Apis dorsata (Fabricius, 1793). Ecol and Evol 4(24):4669-4677.doi:10.1002/ece3.1284.
[BMKG] Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi, dan Geofisika. 2015. Data Iklim Bulanan Stasiun Klimatologi Maros. Makassar (ID): BMKG.
Bookhout TA. 1996. Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats. Kansas (US): Allen Press Inc.
Corlett RT. 2004. Flower visitors and pollination in the oriental (Indomalayan) region. Biol Rev. 79, 497–532.
Depra MS, Delaqua GCG, Freitas L, Gaglianone MC. 2014. Pollination deficit in open-field tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicon L., Solanaceae). J Poll Ecol. 12(1):1-8.
Dyer FC. 1985. Nocturnal orientation by the asian honey bee, Apis dorsata.
Animal Behavior. 33:769–774.
Engel MS. 2012. The honey bees of Indonesia (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Treubia.
39:41-49.
Faheem M, Aslam M, Razaq M. 2004. Pollination ecology with special reference to insects a review. J Res Sci. 4:395-409.
Fransk NR, Pratt SC, Mallon EB, Britton NF, Sumpter DJT. 2002. Information flow, opinion polling and collective intelligence in house-hunting social insects. PTRSL. 357: 1567-1583.
Gerling D, Velthuis HHW, Hefetz A. 1989. Bionomics of the large carpenter bee
Xylocopa pubescens and its implications for the evolution of sociality.
Annu Rev Entomol. 2:123–128.
Gottlieb D, Keasar T, Shimida A, Motro U. 2005. Possible foraging benefits of
bimodal daily activity in ProXylocopa olivieri (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Environ Entomol. 34:417-424.
Hadisoesilo S. 2001. Keanekaragaman spesies lebah madu asli Indonesia. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Bogor.
Hadisoesilo S, Kuntadi. 2007. Kearifan Tradisional dalam Budidaya Lebah Hutan (Apis dorsata). Departemen Kehutanan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. Bogor. ISBN: 978-979-3145-38-9.
Heinrich B. 1979. Bumblebee Economics. London (GB). Harvard Univ Pr.
Hepburn R, Radloff SE. 2011. Honeybees of Asia. New York (US). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Itioka T, Inoue T, Kaliang H, Kato M, Nagamitsu T, Momose K, Sakai S, Yumoto T, Mohamad SU, Hamid AA, dan Yamane S. 2001. Six-year population fluctuation of giant honeybee Apis dorsata (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a tropical lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak. Annals Entomol Soc America. 94:545–549.
Jasmi, Salmah S, Dahelmi S. 2014. Nesting sites of Apis cerana Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in two different altitudes of polyculture plantations in West Sumatera. Hayati J Biosci. 21(3):135-143.
Kahono S, Nakamura K, Amir M. 1999. Seasonal migration and colony behavior of the tropical honeybee Apis dorsata F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Treubia. 31(3)283-297.
Koeniger N, Koeniger G. 1980. Observations and experiments on migration and dance communication of Apis dorsata in Sri Lanka. J Apicul Research. 19(1):21–34.
Lo N, Gloag RS, Anderson DL, Oldroyd BP. 2010. A molecular phylogeny of the genus Apis suggests that the giant honey bee of the Philippines, A. breviligula Maa, and the plains honey bee of Southern India, A. indica
Fabricius, are valid species. Systematic Entomology. 35:226-233.
Luca PAD, Marin MV. 2013. What‟s the „Buzz‟ about? the ecology and
evolutionary significance of buzz pollination [current opinion]. Plant Biology 16:429-435.
Makinson JC. 2013. Collective Decision-Making in Honey Bee During Nest-Site Selection. [thesis]. Australia. School of Biological Science.
Makinson JC, Schaerf TM, Rattanawannee A, Oldroyd BP, Beekman M. 2014. Consensus building in giant honey bee, Apis dorsata, swarms on the move.
Animal behavior. 93:191-199.
Mead D. 2013. A guide to some bees and wasps of Indonesia. Sulang Language Data and Working Papers: Topics in Lexicography, no. 11. Sulawesi Language Alliance. http://sulang.org/.
Momose K, Yumoto T, Nagamitsu T, Kato M, Nagamasu H, Sakai S, Harrison RD, Itioka T, Hamid AA, Inoue T. 1998. Pollination biology in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. I. characteristics of the plant-pollinator community in a lowland dipterocarp forest. American J Bot. 85(10):1477–1501. ISSN 1537-2197.
Neumann P, Koeniger N, Koeniger G, Tingek S, Kryger P, Morits RFA. 2000. Home-site fidelity of migratory honeybees. Nature. 406:474-475.
24
Neupane KR, Woyke J, Poudel SM. 2013. Nesting site-preference and behavior of giant honey bee Apis dorsata. Paper presented on Apimondia, 29 September-4 October 2013 , Kyiv, Ukraine and published on abstract and working procedure Apimondia, 2013.
Oldroyd BP, Osborne KE, Mardan M. 2000. Colony relatedness in aggregations of Apis dorsata Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Insectes Sociaux. 47: 94-95.
Oldroyd BP, Nanork P. 2009. Conservation of asian honeybees. Apidologie. 40: 296-312.
Otis GW. 1996. Distribution of recently recognized species of honey bees (Apis
spp.) in Asia. J Kansas Entomol Soc. Supp. 69: 311-333.
Paar J, Oldroyd BP, Huettinger E, Kastberger G. 2004. Genetic structure of an
Apis dorsata populations: the significance of migration and colony aggregation. J Heredity. 95:119-126.
Purwatiningsih B, Leksono AS, Yanuwiadi B. 2012. Kajian komposisi serangga polinator pada tumbuhan penutup tanah di Poncokusumo Malang. Berk Penel Hayati.17:165-172.
Raffiudin R, Crozier R. H. 2007. Phylogenetic analysis of honeybee behavioral evolution. MPE. 43:543-552.
Rattanawannee A, Chanchao C. 2011. Bee diversity in Thailand and the applications of bee products, changing diversity in changing environment, PhD. Oscar Grillo (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-796-3, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/changing-diversity-in-changing-
environment/bee-diversity-in-thailand-and-the-applications-of-bee-products.
Rianti P, Suryobroto B, Atmowidi T. 2010. Diversity and efectiveness of insect pollinators of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae). Hayati J Biosci.
17(1):38-42.
Roy P, Leo R, Thomas SG, Varghese A, Sharma K, Prasad S, Bradbear N, Roberts S, Potts SG, Davidar P. 2011. Nesting requirements of the rock bee Apis dorsata in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. Tropical Ecology. 52(3):285-291.
Ruttner F. 1988. Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees. New York (US). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Sakagami FS, Matsumara T, Ito K. 1980. Apis laboriosa in Himalaya, the little known world largest honeybee (Hymenoptera:Apidae). Insect Matsum. 19:47-77.
Sarwono B. 2001. Lebah Madu. Jakarta: Agromedia Pustaka.
Sadeh A, Shmida A, Keasar T. 2007. The carpenter bee Xylocopapubescens as an agricultural pollinator in greenhouse. Apidologie. 38:508-517.
Sahebzadeh N, Nurazura A, Lau WH, Mardan M, Ali MA, Tan SG. 2013. Genetic structure of malaysian Apis dorsata in Marang District (Terengganu). J Agricul Research. 52(5):202-209.
Seeley TD. 1985. Honeybee Ecology A Study of Adaptation in Social Life. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey, United Kingdom. Starr CK, Schmidt PJ, Schmidt JO. 1987. Nest site-preferences of the giant honey
bee, Apis dorsata (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in Borneo. Pan Pasific Entomol. 63(1):37-42.
Tan NQ. 2007. Biology of Apis dorsata in Vietnam. Apidologie. 38:221–229. Tingek S, Koeniger G, Koeniger N. 1996. Description of a new cavity dwelling
species of Apis (Apis nuluensis) from Sabah, Borneo with note on its occurrence and reproductive biology (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Apini).
Senckenbergiana Biologica 76: 115-119.
Thomas SG, Varghese A, Roy P, Bradbear N, Potts SG, Davidar P. 2009. Characteristics of trees used as nest sites by Apis dorsata (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. J Trop Ecol. 25:559-562 Tongco MDC. 2007. Purposive sampling as a tool for Informant selection.
Ethnobot Resear Appl. 5:147-158.
Weihmann F, Waddoup D, Hotzl T, Katzberger G. 2014. Intraspesific aggression in giant honey bees (Apis dorsata). Insects. 5:689-704.doi:10.3390/insects 5030689.
Woyke J, Wilde J, Reddy CC. 2004. Open air nesting honey bees Apis dorsata
and Apis laboriosa differ from the cavity-nesting Apis mellifera and Apis cerana in brood hygiene behaviour. J Invert Phatol. 86:1-6.
Woyke J, Wilde J, Wilde M. 2012. Swarming and migration of Apis dorsata and
Apis laboriosa honey bees In India, Nephal and Bhutan. J Apicul Science.
26
Lampiran 1 Daftar pertanyaan wawancara Maros, 2015 Nama koresponden : Umur : Jenis kelamin : Pekerjaan : Desa/Kelurahan :
Daftar pertanyaan wawancara :
1. Pohon apa saja yang biasa digunakan sebagai pohon persarangan lebah madu hutan? Mulai bulan apa saja lebah madu hutan datang untuk bersarang?
2. Apakah ada waktu tertentu lebah madu hutan banyak/sedikit ditemukan? 3. Apa yang mempengaruhi keberadaan sarang di hutan Maros?
4. Berapa banyak sarang yang biasa ditemukan dalam satu pohon?
5. Apakah sarang yang ditemukan semakin banyak atau sebaliknya dari tahun ke tahun? Kira kira apa penyebabnya?
6. Bagaimana metode penandaan kepemilikan sarang di hutan, serta cara pengambilan madu dari sarang sampai pemasarannya ?
7. Apakah bapak menjadikan pekerjaan mencari madu sebagai pekerjaan utama?
8. Bagaimana kondisi hutan sekarang? Menurut bapak, apakah mempengaruhi keberadaan lebah madu hutan (jumlah sarang makin sedikit atau ukuran sarang makin kecil atau produksi madu semakin sedikit?
SEBARAN DAN KARAKTERISTIK PERSARANGAN LEBAH MADU HUTAN Apis dorsata binghami Cockerell
(HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)DI HUTAN MAROS, SULAWESI SELATAN
28