In the future population growth continues to increase, leading to increasing food demand.
Learning from experience in the 20th century where even though food production exceeded population growth, but the condition can not be sustained because food production systems at the time did not consider environmental aspects. According to Salim (2010), conventional development has managed to increase economic growth, but failed in the social and environmental aspects. Therefore we need a proper system of food production in the agro-ecosystem to ensure its sustainability.
Development of agricultural production of food crops have been carried out with various programs, especially for rice intensification. These programs actually lead to saturation (leveling off) as a result of intensive use of chemical fertilizers, followed by the more limited availability of sources of nutrients for plants. These conditions provide opportunities for livestock development is through the use of animal manure to improve soil fertility, besides cattle can also use agricultural waste as feed. Thus the integration of livestock with crop production systems is expected to be one way out to realize food resources sustainability.
Crop livestock system (CLS) in Indonesia have long been known as paddy and livestock integration system (SIPT). This program has been implemented since 2002. SIPT program is to optimize the utilization of local resources such as the use of straw as livestock feed and cow manure can be processed into organic fertilizer which is very useful for improving the nutrients that plants need. With the integration of rice and livestock systems, is expected zero waste from both farming system (Director General of Livestock Production, 2002;
Diwyanto et al, 2002). This program is very good concept if it can be implemented by farmers. But the results of the Muslim (2006) research, the implementation of the integration system of rice and beef (SIPT), concluded that the technology has not fully responded applied by farmers (in the case Majalengka) because the majority of the farmers did not use manure on the farm even when a packet recommendation in the SIPT activities.
Implementation SIPT in West Lombok regency also experienced failures, because group members did not impound cattle ranchers. Priyanti (2007) states, the adoption of integrated crop livestock farming in Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java also has not been implemented in a balanced way by most farmer-breeders. The results Elly (2008), states that livestock farmers who receive assistance on SIPT program in South Sulawesi have largely failed because the response of farmers in adopting the program have been inadequate. This indicates that the program was introduced to farmers has not been able to be implemented, so it needs to make a model sustainable farming system based on socio economic conditions of farmers and also consider the ecological dimension.
The Agroecosystem
An ecosystem is a natural system that is formed by dynamic interactions between biotic and non-biotic elements in a defined area. Biotic elements include plants, insects (pests, natural enemies, decomposers), microbes and other living organisms, and non-biotic elements comprise weather components such as temperature, relative humidity, wind, sunshine, rain and soil. Each element has its special characteristics and role in the system that, as a function of time and place, will influence the distribution and population of living organisms. The term ecosystem also involves nutrient and energy flows within the system.
An agro-ecosystem is characterized by a much simpler composition with regard to the number of species residing in the system and the relative simplicity of energy flows than a natural, stable ecosystem. Therefore, the agro-ecosystem needs energy input to maintain its balance.
Agricultural activities are generally convert the natural ecosystem to artificial ecosystem that called agro-ecosystem. According to Conway (1997), agro-ecosystem is an ecological and socio-economic systems associated with the process of domestication of plants and / or animals by humans that aims to meet food needs. In the hierarchy can be seen in Figure1.
Figure1. Hierarchy of agro-ecosystems
Eco Farming and Food Resources Sustainability
Eco-farming is a form of agricultural cultivation that seek wherever possible to achieve harmony with their environment by considering the social, economic and ecological. Some experts say eco-farming as a reasonable organic farming, because the utilization of non-organic production inputs are still permitted in limited quantities by taking into account the carrying capacity and the ability to recover from environmental pollutants. In contrast to the absolute organic farming which does not allow the use of non-organic production inputs.
Eco-farming system characteristics include: (1) Utilization of local resources to the maximum but still pay attention to sustainability, (2) The use of external inputs are minimal, simply as a replacement if local resources are not available, (3) Emphasis on cultivation of food crops combined with other crops can be harvested before the main crop is produced, (4) Ensuring that the basic biological functions of soil, water, nutrients and humus can be maintained, (5) Maintain the diversity of plants and animals to balance ecological and economic stability by developing species and varieties local, and (6) Creating an attractive form of land management and capable of providing welfare for the local community (Egger,
Global
National
Regional
Village
Livelihood system
Non-farm employment Farming system
Livestock system Cropping system
1990). According to Leahy (2011), transfer of agricultural systems towards eco-farming is something that is urgent to end hunger and face the challenges of climate change.
The main obstacle in the utilization of waste in the system integration is one of the eco-farming system is the farmer have not use a forage crop waste and livestock waste optimally. This will cause high levels of pollution along with the increased productivity of livestock and rice farming partially. This condition is certainly influenced by the characteristics of farmers such as socio economics factors.
Farmer Socio Economy
National agricultural development in Indonesia is constrained, narrow land, labor becomes more scarce, aging, and less educated, and limited capital. Land the narrow limits of technology options, farmers are older and less educated slow to adopt technology, and limited capital hinder the application of technologies (Amin, 2010).
Various studies have explained that the variable characteristics of the farmer is the socio economic variables affect the process of receiving an agricultural innovation (Mafimisebi et al, 2006; Rahman, 2007; Rezvanfar, 2007; Rezvanfar and Arabi 2009) using linear regression, the dependent variable is a characteristic attribute of farmers (gender, age, experience, education, family size, income) and farm characteristics variables (type of farm, farm size and location). Meanwhile, according to Baidu-Forsan (1999), that farmer behavior adoption of technology can be measured from the attributes of farmers, farm attributes, the attributes of infrastructure and the perception of agricultural technologies. Oladel and Rantseo (2010), concluded from his research that the factors that still relevant to the application of farm technology by farmers is the level of education, number of livestock and income. So that the necessary effort to improve the level of education, access to farm and to training (Musaba, 2010).
Ghosh et al., (2005) states that the socio-economic factors include age, education, family income, land ownership, availability of resources, and socio-psychological factors are attitudes, motivation, risk, culture, and institutional real impact on farmers’ technology adoption. Ismail and Dianpratiwi (2008), explains that the perception of the attitude of farmers, farmer knowledge and skills related to a technological innovation influence the adoption of technology. Responsiveness of farmers to new technologies is very dependent on the attitudes, behaviors and knowledge level of farmers. According to Lawa et al (2007), factors affecting technology adoption by farmers is the socio-economic characteristics of farmers, institutional factors, and characteristics of technology, use of production facilities, the cost of technology, the technical implementation of production technology, risk, communication networks, extension agents, and technical efficiency. The influence of each factor varied magnitude and direction determination is a decision of a technology adoption.
Based on a review of some results of previous studies, it is to create a model of sustainable farming systems to realize the sustainability of food resources it would require the implementation of the concept of eco-farming is based on the socio economics of farmers, especially small farmers with limited land ownership level. The following conceptual frameworks for the development of eco-farming model (Figure 2).
Figure1. Conceptual frameworks of Eco-farming model based on farmers’ socio economics FARMING
SYSTEM
Functio
ns of agriculture DEMAND
Natural
Resources needs:
water, land & air
SUPPLY Environmental Carrying Capacity : water, land & air
Carrying capacity has not been
exceeded Carrying
Capacity Exceeded DRIVEN
Impact -Pollution -Emissions -Decreased Production - Poverty
MODEL
ECO FARMING BASED ON FARMER SOCIO ECONOMIC STATE
Social Economy
Support Resources
Existing condition &
sustainability status
RESPONS PRESSURE
STATE
Unsustainable Sustainable
Conclusion
Farmers' socio-economic factors play an important role in determining the characteristics of the farm, therefore it is necessary to study the existing conditions related to farming systems at farm household level, as well as the status of sustainability analysis to make the right eco-farming model for food resources sustainability.
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